Elephantomyia (Elephantomyia) hallasana Podenas & Podeniene, 2020

Podenas, Sigitas, Podeniene, Virginija, Kim, Tae-Woo, Kim, A-Young, Park, Sun-Jae & Aukstikalnienė, Rasa, 2020, A new species of Elephantomyia crane fly (Diptera, Limoniidae) from Jeju Island, South Korea, ZooKeys 966, pp. 41-55 : 41

Elephantomyia (Elephantomyia) hallasana Podenas & Podeniene sp. nov. Figs 1 , 2 , 6 , 8-19

Type species.

Holotype: Male (pinned), South Korea, Jeju-do, Seogwipo-si, Saekdal-dong, 33°21.46'N, 126°27.85'E, alt. 1100 m, 2019.06.17, S. Podenas leg., (NIBR).

Paratypes: 1 male (in EtOH), 1 female (pinned), 2 larvae (one dissected and slide-mounted), South Korea, Jeju Island, Hallasan National Forest, 33°25.93'N, 126°35.87'E, alt. 580 m, 2017.05.24, S. Podenas, V. Podeniene leg. (NIBR); 1 female (pinned), South Korea, Jeju-do (do = Island), Jeju-si, Yonggang-dong, 33°25.83'N, 126°35.84'E, alt. 590 m, [at margin of Hallasan National Forest], 2017.05.24, S. Podenas, V. Podeniene leg., at light (NIBR); 3 females (pinned), 2 females (in EtOH), topotypic (NIBR).

Comparative material examined.

E. carbo carbo : holotype, male (slide-mounted) (Fig. 21 ), China, Czechwan, Mount Omei, White Cloud Temple, alt. 2743 m, 1937.06.12, Tsen leg. (USNM); E. dietziana : paratype, male (slide-mounted) (Fig. 26 ), Japan, Kiushiu, Kirishima, alt. 762 m, 3 May 1929, S. Issiki leg. (USNM); E. hokkaidensis : metatype, male (slide-mounted) (Figs 24 , 25 ), Japan, Kiushiu, Iwate, Funakosi, 20 September 1947, H. Yamamoto leg. (USNM); E. insolita : holotype, female (slide-mounted), China, Czechwan, Mount Omei, Chu Lao Tong Temple, alt. 1981 m, 6 June 1938, Tsen leg. (USNM); E. palmata : holotype, male (slide-mounted) (Fig. 22 ), Japan, Honshiu, Ontake, Hida, 6-10 July 1934, H. Ise leg. (USNM), paratypes: male (pinned, parts slide-mounted), Japan, Honshiu, Ontake, Hida, Southern Alps, alt. 1800 m, 10 July 1934, H. Ise leg. (USNM), male (pinned), Ontake, Hida, 6-10 July 1934, H. Ise leg. (USNM); E. plumbea (as E. dietziana plumbea ): allotype, male (slide-mounted), Japan, Shikoku, Imanoyama, alt. 865 m, 12 May 1951, Issiki-Ito leg. (USNM); E. tetracantha : holotype, male (slide-mounted) (Fig. 23 ), Japan, Shikoku, Mt. Tsurugi, 31 May 1950, Issiki-Ito leg. (USNM); E. edwardsi (Figs 3 , 7 ) and E. subterminalis (Fig. 4 ) listed in Podenas et al. (2015).

Diagnosis.

Adult. It is a brown to light-brown species with banded abdomen. Body length 6.7-10.5 mm. Head gray and bearing rostrum that is approximately as long as abdomen. Mesonotal prescutum has distinct median and indistinct lateral stripes. Pleuron dark brown. Wing unpatterned except elongate light brown stigma. Abdominal tergites yellow to yellowish brown frontally, dark brown posteriorly, pattern more distinct in male. Abdomen of female darker than that of male with a very distinct light-yellow spot on the seventh tergite. Male genitalia with elongate gonocoxite, distal portion of which extends distinctly beyond bases of gonostyli. Outer gonostylus slightly angulate medially, with apex turned outwards and bearing small subapical tooth, inner gonostylus wide and non-sclerotized. The paramere armed with 4 or 5 teeth.

Larva. Medium-sized, 9-17 mm long. Body covered with long, golden hairs. Head capsule reduced, weakly sclerotized, elongated, posterior part consists of two pairs of rods. Mandible small, with two prominent apical teeth; antenna long, apical segment much longer than basal. Esophageal region strengthened with oblique parallel ctenoid sclerotized structures. Spiracular disc with lateral and ventral lobes, entirely covered with pale sclerites. Ventral lobe bears long apical seta.

Description.

Adult (Fig. 1 ). General body color brown to light brown. Body length of male 6.7-8.8 mm, female 7.0-10.5 mm. Male wing: 6.5-7.4 mm, female wing: 6.7-9.2 mm.

Head. Gray, posterior yellowish. Vertex narrow, covered with sparse golden setae. Length of male antenna 1.2-1.3 mm, female 1.1-1.5 mm. Scape dark brown dusted with gray, approximately as long as wide. Pedicel nearly rounded, light brown. Flagellum with two basal segments brownish, remainder pale yellow. Flagellum 14-segmented. Basal flagellomere large, rounded. Segments decreasing in width towards apex, apical flagellomere very small. Longest flagellomeres at the middle of antennae. Verticils up to three times as long as respective segments. Short erect pubescence, covering segments, pale. Rostrum brown, as long as abdomen, covered with short brown pubescence. Male rostrum approximately 5.0 mm, female 6.1-8.6 mm long. Palpus very short, three-segmented, basal segment longer than two succeeding segments combined. Labella pale yellow.

Thorax. Brown to light brown, covered with sparse brownish gray-pruinosity. Cervical sclerites dark brown. Pronotum dark brown dorsally, yellow laterally, dusted with brownish pruinosity. Mesonotal prescutum with wide brown median line, darker anteriorly and less distinct posteriorly. Lateral stripe short, indistinct. Wing (Fig. 6 ) translucent, with weak brownish tint, slightly yellowish at base and along entire costal field. Stigma light brown, elongate. Veins brown. Wing venation: vein Sc long, tip of Sc1 at branching point of radial sector, Sc2 close to Sc1 tip, Rs comparatively short, angulate and short spurred at base, R2 (r-r) missing, cell r1 widened distally; both branches of Rs slightly arched, tips bent posteriorly; cross-vein r-m short; discal cell large, nearly rectangular, twice as long as wide, basal deflection of CuA1 at the middle of discal cell, both anal veins nearly straight, diverging, anal lobe long, slightly widened at middle. Halter brownish yellow, pale at base. Male halter 0.9-1.1 mm long; female 1.0-1.4 mm. Femur brown with yellow base, dark brown distally, tibiae brown, indistinctly darkened at apex, tarsomeres light brown, distal segment darker. Legs covered with short, semi-adherent, brownish setae. Male femur II: 4.9 mm, tibia II: 4.2 mm, tarsus II: 3.6 mm, female femur I: 4.2-5.6 mm long, II: 5.9 mm, III: 4.4-5.8 mm, tibia I: 6.0-7.3 mm, II: 6.6 mm, III: 5.3-6.8 mm, tarsus I: 6.2-7.3 mm, II: 5.2 mm, III: 4.6-5.0 mm long. Claw simple without subbasal spines or teeth in both sexes.

Male abdomen. Distinctly bicolored, tergites and sternites yellow at base and distinctly dark brown along posterior margin. First tergite darkened at base and along distal margin, with yellow spot medially. Male terminalia (Fig. 2 ) dark brown. Sclerites of ninth segment fused and forming complete ring, posterior margin dorsally with wide and deep invagination. Dorsal surface of ninth tergite with two densely setose emarginations. Gonocoxite long and slightly arched with two pairs of gonostyli attached slightly beyond midpoint of gonocoxite. Distal part of gonocoxite, beyond bases of gonostyli, large, with rounded apex. Outer gonostylus slightly angulate medially with apex turned outwards, distal apex darkened and distinctly bidentate. Inner gonostylus longer than outer gonostylus, wide, fleshy, and setose. Paramere with four or five long spines distally forming a comb-like structure. Aedeagus shaped as a long, coiled tube.

Female abdomen. Generally darker than in male, somewhat glossy. Transverse yellow sutures on tergites vary depending on specimen, but narrower than in male, less distinct on basal segments and well developed on posterior segments. Sutures on tergites more distinct laterally, but narrower and less distinct along middle of sclerite. Distinct yellow lateral spots present on 3-7, 5-7, or only on seventh tergite (Fig. 1 ). Tergites and sternites brown basally, dark brown distally. Seventh tergite distinctly yellow with narrowly darkened posterior margin, covered with sparse, dark brown, erect setae. Seventh sternite dark brown with narrow yellow transverse suture at base. Tenth tergite dark brown basally, rusty brown distally, covered with sparse brownish pruinosity. Cercus brown, paler at base, long and narrow, distal part raised. Eighth sternite glossy dark brown, hypovalva brown, pale apex, long and narrow, reaching to about two-thirds of cercus.

Larva. Body brownish yellow (Figs 8-10 ). Length 7.8-8.6 mm, width 0.9 mm.

Head. Head capsule 0.6 mm long, 0.15 mm wide, hemicephalic, elongated, weakly sclerotized and depressed dorsoventrally (Fig. 11 ). Genae reduced, posterior part of head capsule consists of one pair of rod-shaped internolateralia and one pair of rod-shaped externolateralia, all bent medially, internolateralia and externolateralia joined by membrane. Labrum narrow, transversal, with numerous long hairs on epipharynx and a pair of sclerotized, comb-shaped premandibles, pair of sensory rings with two sensory papillae situated on anterior part of labrum (Fig. 15 ). Frontoclypeal apotome membranous with a pair of sensory pits on anterior portion, a pair of similar structures anterolaterally and four pairs of pits on lateral part. Mandible slender (Fig. 13 ), ventral and dorsal edges without prominent teeth, two prominent apical teeth, medially with two long acute spines. Maxilla (Fig. 14 ) short and weakly sclerotized bearing inner (fused galea and lacinia) and outer lobes, cardo long and narrow, with a single long apical seta. Inner lobe elongate-oval, with numerous apical hairs, with large area bearing small sensory structures distally, and with elongated narrow sclerite on inner margin. Outer lobe cylindrical with apical sensory structures, with numerous hairs on apical and lateral parts and with large irregularly shaped sclerite at the base. Antenna long, reaching apex of mandible, one-segmented with four short sensory papillae and one large apical papilla. Basal segment subcylindrical, short and sclerotized, apical papilla sculptured, elongate-oval and nearly twice as long as basal segment (Fig. 12 ). Both antennae close to each other. Ventral side of head with numerous long hairs in the maxillary area. Hypopharynx consists of two pairs of rods (Fig. 17 ). Labium membranous with three pairs of sensory papillae apically. Esophageal region strengthened with oblique parallel ctenoid sclerotized structures (Fig. 16 ).

Thorax. All thoracic segments wider than long, covered with long, golden, silky hairs.

Abdomen. First abdominal segment wider than long. Second abdominal segment 1.5 times as long as wide. Abdominal segments II-VII almost twice as long as wide. Abdominal segments V-VII with ventral creeping welt each (Figs 9 , 10 ). Creeping welt with brown spines, arranged into longitudinal rows. All abdominal segments covered with long, golden, silky hairs.

Anal division. Spiracular field surrounded by four (two lateral and two ventral) lobes (Fig. 18 ). Lateral lobe 1.5 times as wide as long, covered with pale sclerite surrounding spiracle, three short setae located at the outer margin of lobe. Ventral lobe as long as width at the base and entirely covered by pale sclerite. Very long seta, 2.5 times as long as lobe itself, located close to apex of lobe. One short bifurcated and two short single setae located at the apical part of each lobe. Two pairs of short setae located on the dorsal margin of spiracular field. Spiracular field fringed with short tiny setae except inner margin of lateral lobes (Fig. 18 ). Spiracle small, rounded, distance between spiracles more than two diameters of spiracle itself. Anal field consists of two pairs of blunt, white, fleshy anal papillae, which are retracted and hardly visible in studied specimens. Tuft of very long dense hairs located in front of anal field.

Etymology.

The new species is named after the locality where it was collected, Hallasan National Park, which surrounds the highest mountain in South Korea, the shield volcano Hallasan.

Distribution.

Currently known only from Hallasan National Park, Jeju Island, South Korea.

Habitats.

Valley floor covered with deciduous trees and shrubs, and moss covered rocks (Fig. 20 ); deciduous forest with dense cover of bamboo-grass ( Sasa quelpaertensis ); park meadow with sparsely planted deciduous trees mixed with pines. Adults are attracted to light. Larvae were found under the bark of truncated deciduous tree trunks, in sap, with fungi together with Atypophtalmus (Microlimonia) sp. and Libnotes sp.

Elevation.

Less than 600 m to 1100 m.

Period of activity.

Adults on wing from late May through middle of June.

Figures

Figure 20. Habitat (type locality) of Elephantomyia (Elephantomyia) hallasana Podenas, Podeniene, sp. nov.

Figures 1 - 7. Elephantomyia (Elephantomyia). 1 E. (E.) hallasana Podenas, Podeniene, sp. nov., paratype, female, habitus view 2 E. (E.) hallasana sp. nov., paratype, male genitalia, dorsal view 3 E. (E.) edwardsi, male genitalia, dorsal view 4 E. (E.) subterminalis, holotype, male genitalia, dorsal view 5 E. (E.) sp., male genitalia, dorsal view (identified as E. subterminalis in Savchenko, 1986: fig. 101) 6 E. (E.) hallasana sp. nov., paratype, wing 7 E. (E.) edwardsi, wing. Abbreviations: A 1 - first anal vein, A 2 - second anal vein, aed - aedeagus, ant - antenna, cerc - cercus, CuA 1 - branch of cubital anal vein, d - discal cell, gonx - gonocoxite, hyp vlv - hypogynial valva, i gonst - inner gonostylus, o gonst - outer gonostylus, pm - paramere, r 1 - first radial cell, r-m - radio-medial cross vein, rst - rostrum, tg 9 - ninth tergite, th - thorax.

Figures 8 - 19. Larva of Elephantomyia (Elephantomyia). 8 - 18 E. (E.) hallasana Podenas, Podeniene, sp. nov., paratype 8 general view, dorsal aspect 9 general view, lateral aspect 10 general view, ventral aspect 11 head, dorsal view 12 antenna 13 mandible 14 maxilla 15 frontoclypeus 16 esophageal region 17 hypopharynx 18 spiracular field 19 spiracular field of E. (E.) edwardsi. Abbreviations: ant - antenna, c - cardo, el - externolateralia, esr - esophageal region, fa - frontoclypeal apotome, il - internolateralia, inl - inner lobe, la - labrum, ll - lateral lobe, ol - outer lobe, s - spiracle, vl - ventral lobe.

Figures 21 - 26. Elephantomyia (Elephantomyia). 21 E. (E.) carbo, holotype, wing 22 E. (E.) palmata, holotype, male genitalia, dorsal view 23 E. (E.) tetracantha, holotype, male genitalia, dorsal view 24 E. (E.) hokkaidensis, wing 25 E. (E.) hokkaidensis, male genitalia, dorsal view 26 E. (E.) dietziana, paratype, male genitalia, dorsal view.