Esola wellsi, Fuentes-Reinés & Suárez-Morales & Silva-Briano, 2021

Fuentes-Reines, Juan Manuel, Suarez-Morales, Eduardo & Silva-Briano, Marcelo, 2021, A new species of Esola Edwards, 1891 (Crustacea, Copepoda, Harpacticoida, Laophontidae) from the Caribbean coast of Colombia, ZooKeys 1074, pp. 1-15 : 1

publication ID	https://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1074.73030
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:74199D02-9E09-47BF-B700-EE650523DB4B
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B924D013-ABE9-4ADF-8E90-CBB3565E2DFA
taxon LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:act:B924D013-ABE9-4ADF-8E90-CBB3565E2DFA
treatment provided by	ZooKeys by Pensoft
scientific name	Esola wellsi
status	sp. nov.

Treatment

Esola wellsi sp. nov.

Figures 1 View Figure 1 , 2 View Figure 2 , 3 View Figure 3 , 4 View Figure 4 , 5 View Figure 5 , 6 View Figure 6 , 7 View Figure 7

Type material.

Adult female holotype (CBUMAG: MEI: 0034), male allotype (CBUMAG: MEI: 0036) from Rodadero Bay, Magdalena, northern Colombia, coll. J. Fuentes-Reinés, August 2015-June 2016. Paratypes: 7 females (CBUMAG: MEI: 0035) and 4 males (CBUMAG: MEI: 0037) same locality and collector. Two adult females processed for SEM examination.

Type locality.

Rodadero Beach, Gaira Bay, Magdalena, northern Colombia (11°14'10"N, 74°12'06"W).

Water temperature at this mangrove site varies seasonally between 30 and 32 °C, salinity is 36.1 psu, and pH is 8.3.

Etymology.

The species is named after Dr John B. Wells as a tribute for his longstanding, solid contributions to the taxonomic knowledge of harpacticoid copepods ( Grieve et al. 2019; Huys 2021). It is a noun in apposition, gender masculine.

Differential diagnosis.

With characters of laophontid genus Esola , body covered by dense pattern of small spinules, closely resembling E. bulbifera as redescribed by Huys and Lee (2000) in most respects, including body length and armature of legs 1-4, but female antennule distinctly 6-segmented, male geniculate antennule 7-segmented, subchirocer. Male P3 apophysis distinctively pectinate.

Description of female.

Habitus (Figs 1A View Figure 1 , 5B View Figure 5 ). Body roughly cylindrical in dorsal view, pro-some gradually tapering anteriorly. Total body length measured from anterior margin of rostrum to posterior margin of caudal rami ranging from 616 to 658 μm (average length = 640 μm, n = 8; holotype length = 658 μm).

Rostrum triangular in lateral view, rounded in dorsal view (Figs 5A View Figure 5 , 6C View Figure 6 ). Genital double-somite with dorsal suture, somite completely fused ventrally (Fig. 1B View Figure 1 ). Cephalothorax slightly wider than free prosomites, with anterodorsal row of spinules. Cephalosome with dense pattern of small spinules (Figs 5A View Figure 5 , 6C View Figure 6 ). Ventral surface of urosome smooth except for penultimate urosomite furnished with row of spinules along posterior margin. Urosomites (Figs 6B, D View Figure 6 , 7A View Figure 7 ) with dense pattern of dorsal and lateral small spinules. Anal somite short, with rounded anal operculum furnished with 12-16 large spinules (Figs 5C View Figure 5 , 6A View Figure 6 ).

Caudal rami (Figs 1D View Figure 1 , 5C View Figure 5 , 6A, B View Figure 6 ) subrectangular, length/width ratio = 2.6. Proximal half distinctly expanded, distal half narrow, concave. Outer margin furnished with spinules. Rami with 7 setal elements. Seta I small, spiniform. Seta II and III smooth and closely set, almost equally long, seta V about twice as long as seta IV, both lightly pinnate and with spinules at insertion point. Seta VI about ½ length of seta VII.

Antennule (Figs 2A View Figure 2 , 5D, E View Figure 5 ) 6-segmented. First segment with rows of small spinules along outer and distal margins, second segment longest, cylindrical, about 3.3 times as long as wide; third segment slender, about 3.4 times as long as wide, armed with aesthetasc fused with 1 smooth seta). Acrothek set on apical pedestal. Segmental antennule armature as follows, s = setae, ae = aesthetascs: 1(1s)-2(8s)-3(6s)-4(2+ae)-5(1s)-6(9+acrothek).

Antenna (Figs 2B View Figure 2 , 5F, G View Figure 5 ) 3-segmented, comprising coxa, allobasis, free 1-segmented ENP and 1-segmented EXP. Coxa small, with row of spinules. Allobasis elongate, with pinnate abexopodal seta inserted near distal margin. EXP slender, about 5 times longer than wide, with 4 well-developed pinnate setae (2 lateral, 2 apical). ENP slightly longer than allobasis, subquadrate, 1.1 times as long as wide, with row of spinules on inner and outer margins; lateral armature arising from distal half, consisting of small, slender seta flanked by 2 pinnate spines. Subdistal part with thick spine; apical armature consisting of 4 setae.

Mandible (Fig. 2C View Figure 2 ) with gnathal blade narrow, bearing several multicuspidate teeth plus short pinnate seta. Palp slender 2-segmented, first segment (basis) cylindrical, armed with single seta; second segment (endopod) subquadrate, with 3 subequally long apical setae.

Maxillule (Fig. 2D View Figure 2 ). Precoxal arthrite with 8 distal spines/setae, inner margin with single pinnate seta. Coxa with cylindrical endite carrying slender seta. Basal endite cylindrical, unfused, armed distally with 2 setae and 1 spine. Endopod incorporated in basis, forming small peduncle armed with single seta. Exopod 1-segmented, with plumose apical seta.

Maxilla (Fig. 2E View Figure 2 ). Syncoxa with row of long slender spinules on outer margin plus rounded smooth protuberance. Three armed syncoxal endites (1-3 in Fig. 2F View Figure 2 ) including small first endite, with single seta, second and third endites each armed with 2 stout elements. Allobasis transformed into strong, slightly curved, distally pinnate claw with single proximal slender seta. Endopod represented by 2 setae.

Maxilliped (Figs 2F View Figure 2 , 5H View Figure 5 ) slender, represented by cylindrical syncoxa with proximal patch of small spinules and short setules along outer margin, segment armed with 2 equally long distal plumose setae. Basis with rows of small, strong spinules along inner margin plus small spinule patches on medial and subdistal position of outer margin, basis about 1.4 times as long as syncoxa. ENP short, forming long, curved claw. Slender seta inserted at base.

P1 (Fig. 3A View Figure 3 ) with dense cuticular ornamentation on precoxa, coxa, and basis. Basis with short pinnate seta on anterior surface; with outer basipodal seta and distal seta, surface furnished with spinules. EXP short, 2-segmented, reaching proximal ¼ of ENP1 length. EXP1 with 1 outer spine, EXP2 with 2 outer spines and 1 outer geniculate seta, and 2 apical geniculate setae. ENP1 about 8 times as long as wide, ENP2 short, 1.6 times as long as wide, with long distal claw and slender accessory seta. Intercoxal sclerite narrow, smooth.

P2 (Fig. 3B View Figure 3 ) Coxa furnished with long spinules along outer margin. Basis with short bipinnate outer spine. ENP 2-segmented, shorter than EXP, almost reaching insertion of EXP2 inner seta; ENP1 with 1 inner seta, ENP2 with 2 inner, 2 apical, and 1 outer seta. EXP 3-segmented, segments with outer spinules; EXP1 smooth, EXP2 with inner seta, EXP 3with 7 elements (3 outer spines, 2 apical setae, 2 inner elements). Intercoxal sclerite narrow, smooth.

P3 (Fig. 3C View Figure 3 ) Coxa as in P2. Basis with lightly plumose outer seta. ENP 2-segmented, shorter than EXP, not reaching insertion of inner seta of P3EXP2; ENP 1 with single inner seta, ENP 2 with 6 elements, 2 inner, 2 apical, and 2 outer setae. EXP 3-segmented, outer margin of segments furnished with spinules; EXP 1 armed with outer spine, inner margin smooth; EXP 2 with inner seta; EXP3 armed with 7 elements (3 outer spines, 2 apical setae, 2 inner setae). Intercoxal sclerite narrow, smooth.

P4 (Fig. 3D View Figure 3 ) Coxa and basis as in P3. ENP 2-segmented, shorter than EXP, reaching tip of EXP2; ENP 1 with short, slender inner seta arrowed in Fig. 3D View Figure 3 ), ENP2 with 5 elements (2 inner, 2 apical, 1 outer). EXP 3-segmented, segments furnished with small spinules on outer margins (Fig. 6F View Figure 6 ). EXP1 lacking inner seta, EXP 2 with inner seta; EXP3 with 7 elements (3 outer spines, 2 apical setae, 2 inner elements). Intercoxal sclerite narrow, smooth.

Armature formula P2-P4

P5 (Figs 1E, F View Figure 1 , 7A-D View Figure 7 ) slender, with EXP and baseoendopod covered with small spinules. Setophore armed with long seta. Endopodal lobe short, reaching insertion of outer seta of EXP, with 1 short and 1 long pinnate setae apically, plus 2 long inner setae. EXP elongate, about 6 times as long as wide, armed with 6 elements (each arrowed in Fig. 1E, F View Figure 1 ).

Description of male.

Habitus (Fig. 4A View Figure 4 ) as in female except for urosome segmentation. Total body length ranging from 476 to 518 μm (average = 492 μm; n = 10; allotype = 476 μm).

Antennule (Fig. 3E View Figure 3 ) 7-segmented, subchirocer. Geniculation between segments 5 and 6. Segment 1 with row of spinules/setules on anterior and distal margins, with 2 spinous processes on inner margin (arrows in Fig. 3E View Figure 3 ). Segment 2 longest; segment 4 shortest; segment 5 bearing strong spiniform process proximally (arrowed in Fig. 3E View Figure 3 ) and very long distal aesthetasc. Segment 7 with 6 apical setae plus acrothek. Armature formula as follows: 1(1s)-2(9s)-3(4s)-4(2s)-5(7s, 1 pinnate + 1 spine + 2s + ae)-6(1s + 2process)-7(6s+ acrothek).

Mouthparts, P1, P2 and P4 as in female.

P3 (Figs 2G View Figure 2 , 4C, D View Figure 4 ) with 3-segmented EXP and ENP. EXP as in female. ENP1 and ENP2 with inner seta, ENP2 bearing distinctively dentate apophysis (arrowed in Figs 2G View Figure 2 , 4D View Figure 4 ), ENP3 with 2 lateral and 2 apical setae.

P5 (Fig. 4E View Figure 4 ) with basoendopod lacking endopodal lobe. EXP relatively smaller than in female, about 3.6 times as long as wide, armed with 5 setae (2 outer pinnate, 1 plumose apical, 1 pinnate inner distal, and 1 smooth inner proximal).

P6 (Fig. 4F View Figure 4 ) represented by small subrectangular segment armed with 1 small lateral and subequally long apical seta.

Anal operculum (Fig. 4B View Figure 4 ) stronger than in female, with 8-10 large spinules and small spinules on surface. Caudal ramus subrectangular, lacking bulbiform expansions as those observed in the female. Distal part about 1.5 times as long as wide.

Remarks.

Our specimens from Colombia were identified as members of the genus Esola by their possession of the generic characters proposed by Huys and Lee (2000), including: 1) body cylindrical, 2) genital double-somite and third urosomite laterally produced, 3) anal operculum spinulose, 4) caudal rami expanded, forming bulbous process dorsally, 5) sexual dimorphism in antennules, P3ENP, P5, and caudal rami, 6) female antennule 6-segmented, subchirocer, male antennule 7-segmented, 7) antennary exopod with 4 stout setae, 8) 2-segmented mandibular palp, 9) maxilliped slender, syncoxa armed with 2 setae, 10) P1EXP and ENP 2-segmented, EXP2 with 4 or 5 setae, ENP1 longer than ENP2, 11) P2-P4 EXP and ENP with 3 and 2 segments, respectively, 12) P5 ENP and EXP with 4 and 6 setae, respectively, and EXP longer than ENP.

The new species of Esola can be distinguished from its known congeners by a combination of characters including: 1) a relatively robust body; 2) female body length ranging from 616 to 630 µm; and 3) robust caudal rami. The most important characters of E. wellsi are: 1) mandibular palp with 4 setae 2) P1EXP2 with 3 geniculate setae, 3) P2 and P4 ENP1 with inner seta, 4) caudal rami length/distal width ratio = 2.0, and 5) outer apical length seta on female P5BENP short.

We followed Wells (2007) in identifying a group of morphologically similar species of Esola among which we compared E. wellsi sp. nov. According to our analysis, and following Wells (2007), the setal formula of the P2-4EXP3 (6:7:7), 2) the absence of an inner seta on P2-P4EXP1 (1-1-1), and the number of setae on P2-P4ENP (5-6-5) of E. wellsi sp. nov. are shared with several congeners: E. profunda , E. lobata , E. bulbifera , E. canalis , E. longicauda , and E. galapagoensis .

Overall, the new species most closely resembles E. bulbifera in the armature formula of P1-P5 and the armature of the mandibular palp. These two species can be distinguished by the following characters: 1) female antennule indistinctly 7-segmented in E. bulbifera versus distinctly 6-segmented in E. wellsi sp. nov. (compare Figs 2A View Figure 2 , 5D, E View Figure 5 with fig. 2C in Huys and Lee 2000), 2) P1ENP2 is more robust and relatively shorter in E. wellsi sp. nov. than in E. bulbifera (compare Fig. 3A View Figure 3 with fig. 3A in Huys and Lee 2000), 3) the P1ENP2 terminal claw is 3.5 times as long as ENP2 in E. wellsi sp. nov. versus 2.4 times in E. bulbifera (compare Fig. 3A View Figure 3 with fig. 3E in Huys and Lee 2000), 4) the first exopodal segment of P1EXP1 reaches the insertion of P1ENP in E. wellsi sp. nov. whereas in E. bulbifera it does not reach this level (compare Fig. 3A View Figure 3 with fig. 3A in Huys and Lee 2000), 5) the female P5 ENP outer seta is relatively shorter in E. wellsi sp. nov. than in E. bulbifera (compare Fig. 1F View Figure 1 with fig. 3D in Huys and Lee 2000), 6) the spiniform process on the male antennulary segment 5 is simple and spiniform in E. wellsi sp. nov. versus bifid in E. bulbifera (compare Fig. 3E View Figure 3 with fig. 5D in Huys and Lee 2000), 7) the male P3ENP2 of E. wellsi sp. nov. bears a dentate apophysis versus a simple process in E. bulbifera (compare Figs 2G View Figure 2 , 4D View Figure 4 with fig. 4D in Huys and Lee 2000), 8) the male P3ENP2 apophysis does not reach the distal margin of P3ENP3 in E. wellsi sp. nov. versus a process extending beyond distal margin of P3ENP3 as shown by E. bulbifera (compare Figs 2G View Figure 2 , 4D View Figure 4 with fig. 4D in Huys and Lee 2000), 9) the male P5 bears 2 outer elements in E. wellsi sp. nov. versus 3 outer setal elements in E. bulbifera (compare Fig. 4E View Figure 4 with fig. 5G in Huys and Lee 2000, 10) length/width ratio of male P5 EXP = 4.6 in the new species versus 4.3 in E. bulbifera , 11) the female caudal rami length/width ratio = 2.6 in E. wellsi sp. nov. (Figs 5C View Figure 5 , 6A View Figure 6 ) versus 2.3 in E. bulbifera (table 1 in Huys and Lee 2000), and 12) the dorsal caudal seta VII is as long as ramus in E. wellsi sp. nov. versus shorter than ramus in E. bulbifera (compare Fig. 6B View Figure 6 with fig. 1D in Huys and Lee 2000). These differences are considered sufficient to justify the proposal of a new species of Esola .

Distribution and ecology.

The new species is currently known only from the type locality, Rodadero Bay, Caribbean coast of Colombia. It was found in a mangrove system at a depth of 0.70 m, where the water temperature varies seasonally between 30 and 32 °C, salinity is 36.1 psu, and pH is 8.3. It is likely that it has a wider distributional range in similar habitats of the western Caribbean region.