Tipula (Vestiplex) serricauda Alexander, 1914

Starkevich, Pavel, Podėnas, Sigitas, Podėnienė, Virginija, Park, Sun-Jae & Kim, A-Young, 2021, Tipula (Vestiplex) crane flies (Diptera, Tipulidae) of Korea, ZooKeys 1061, pp. 23-55 : 23

Tipula (Vestiplex) serricauda Alexander, 1914

Figs 30-37 , 38-41 , 42-46 , 47-53 , 54-55 , 88

Tipula serricauda Alexander 1914: 237; 1920b: 18.

Tipula asio Alexander 1918: 68 (synonymy after Alexander 1953: 156).

Tipula (Vestiplex) asio : Alexander 1935: 118.

Tipula (Vestiplex) serricauda : Alexander 1935: 118; Oosterbroek and Theowald 1992: 159.

Type material examined.

Holotype, female, JAPAN, Tokyo, August 1912 (USNM).

Other examined material

(Fig. 88 ). SOUTH KOREA, 2 males, #14, Oho-ri , east coast, 10-50 ft, 128°30'E, 38°20'N, 11 June 1954, G.W. Byers (SEM) ; 1 female, Geongsanbuk-do, Chilgok-gun, Jicheon-myeon , Mt Hwanghaksan , 4 June 1978, Seon-hui Lee (KU) ; 1 male, 1 female, Jeollanam-do, Suncheon-si, Songgwang-myeon, Mt Jogyesan , 23 May 1988, Dokgo (KU) ; 1 male, Hadong-gun, Okjong-myeon, Wolhoeng-ri , 24 May 1990, M.J. Gang, IN0000296230 (NIBR) ; 1 male, Chungcheongnam-do, Gongju-si, Gyeryong-myeon , 5-7 June 1997, Yeong Lee (KU) ; 1 male, Minjeong Kim (KU); 1 male, Hadong-gun, Geumseong-myeon, Gadoek-ri , Hwaryeokbonbu , 19-20 September 1998, J.S. Jeon, IN0000298240 (NIBR) ; 3 males, 1 female, Goseong-gun, Sangri-myeon, Osan-ri , Mt Odu , 10-11 September 1999, J.S. Jeon, IN0000298933, IN0000298927, IN0000298197, IN0000297995 (NIBR) ; 3 females, J.S. Park , IN0000298194, IN00000298192, IN0000298188 (NIBR) ; 2 males, 1 female, S.Y. Lee, IN0000298932, IN0000298935, IN0000298193 (NIBR); 2 females, G.H. Gang , IN0000298196, IN0000298187(NIBR) ; 2 females, Hadong-gun, Geumseong-myeon, Gadoek-ri , Hwaryeokbonbu , 22-23 September 2000, J.S. Park, NIBR IN0000333964 (NIBR) ; 1 male, Gwangyang-si, Junggun-dong, Mt Gaya , Hanseokgwangwangnongwon , 22-23 September 2000, J.H. Son, IN0000333965 ; 2 females, K.L. Han , IN0000333962, IN0000333956 (NIBR) ; 1 male, Gwangyang-si, Junggun-dong, Mt Gaya , Hanseokgwangwangnongwon , 26-27 May 2001, J.S. Park, IN0000323569 (NIBR) ; 2 females, Gwangyang-si, Junggun-dong, Mt Gaya , Gunjangijae , 31 May-1 June 2003, T. H. An, IN0000298937, IN0000299044 (NIBR) ; 1 male, Changpyeong-ri, Bongsung-myeon, Bonghwa-gun , Gyeongsangbuk-do, 36°55.12'N, 128°48.65'E, 2014.05.05, H.-W. Byun (NIBR) ; 1 male, Jeollanam-do, Gurye-gun, Toji-myeon, Naeseo-ri , Jirisan National Park , Piagol valley , 35°15.95'N, 127°34.85'E, alt. 450 m, 24 August 2014, S. Podenas (NIBR) ; 1 female, 1 larva, Piagol valley , 35°16.47'N, 127°33.82'E, alt. 600 m, 1 May 2015, female emerged 5 June 2015, V. Podeniene (NIBR) ; 1 male, 2 females, Piagol valley , 35°15.95'N, 127°34.85'E, alt. 450 m, 2 June 2016, S. Podenas (NIBR) ; 1 male, 6 females, Piagol valley , 35°15.95'N, 127°34. 85'E, alt. 450 m, 3 June 2016, S. Podenas (NIBR) ; 16 males, 4 females, Piagol valley , 35°15.95'N, 127°34.85'E, alt. 450 m, 3 June 2016, S. Podenas (NIBR) ; 1 male, 2 females, Piagol valley , 35°16.31'N, 127°33.29'E, alt. 500 m, 3 June 2016, S. Podenas (NIBR) ; 2 males, 3 females, Piagol valley , 35°16.4'N, 127°34.15'E, alt. 550 m, 3 June 2016, S. Podenas (NIBR) ; 8 males (in alcohol), Piagol valley , 35°15.95'N, 127°34.85'E, alt. 450 m, 24 June 2016 S. Podenas, at light (NIBR) ; 4 males (in alcohol), 26 June 2016, S. Podenas, at light (NIBR); 3 males (in alcohol), 2 males, 2 females, Jeju-do, Jeju Island, Seogwipo, Sanghyo-dong , 33°18.51'N, 126°33.57'E, alt. 500 m, 22 May 2017, S. Podenas (NIBR) ; 2 males, Jeju-do, Jeju Island, Cheju, Jochon-eup , Seonheul-ri , 33°30.59'N, 126°42.92'E, alt. 1500 m, 23 May 2017, at light, S. Podenas (NIBR) ; 1 male, Jeju-do, Jeju Island, Jeju-si, Yonggang-dong , 33°25.82'N, 126°35.84'E, alt. 600 m, 24 May 2017, at light, S. Podenas, V. Podeniene (NIBR) ; 1 male, Gyeonggi-do, Gunpo-si, Suri-dong , 37°21.03'N, 126°54.93'E, alt. 140 m, 27 May 2017, S. Podenas, at light, (NIBR) ; 1 male, 1 female (in alcohol), Jeju-do, Jeju Island, Seogwipo, Saekdal-dong , 33°21.45'N, 126°27.85'E, alt. 1100 m, 19 June 2019, S. Podenas (NIBR) ; 1 male, 18 June 2019, H.-Y. Seo (NIBR). Also material listed by Starkevich et al. (2015).

Diagnosis.

Tipula (V.) serricauda can be recognized by the gonocoxite being armed with a black spine and the ninth tergite divided by pale membrane with ventral portion yellow and bearing a pair of blackened lobes. The body is yellowish, with short antenna reaching the pronotum if bent backward. Female can be recognized by the short, plate-shaped hypovalvae.

Male. Body length 12.9-17.3 mm, wing length 15.6-20.2 mm. General body coloration yellowish.

Head. Yellowish dusted with gray, vertex and occiput yellowish, with dark brown median line. Rostrum yellowish with conspicuous nasus. Antenna 12-segmented, if bent backward reaching pronotum. Scape, pedicel, the first and second flagellar segments yellow; flagellar segments 3-10 darkened at base and yellow apically; remaining segments dark brown. Each flagellomere, except first one, with small, inconspicuous enlargement. Apical flagellomere very small, reduced, distinctly shorter than preceding segment. Verticils longer than corresponding segments. Palpus dark brown.

Thorax. Brownish yellow. Pronotum gray with brown median line. Prescutum and presutural scutum with four longitudinal, grayish-brown stripes bordered by darker brown. Intermediate pair brownish, fused anteriorly and posteriorly, separated in the first third. Lateral stripe grayish. Interspace between median and lateral stripes light brown. Postsutural scutum yellowish, dusted with light gray; scutal lobe with two yellowish spots. Scutellum yellowish; postnotum yellowish, lightly dusted with gray with brown median line. Pleura brownish yellow, lightly dusted with gray. Coxa yellowish; trochanter yellow; femur yellow, distally brown; tibia yellowish brown; tarsal segments dark brown; claw with tooth. Wing distinctly patterned with brown. Halter yellow, knob brown with distal part pale yellow.

Abdomen. Brownish yellow, tergites 1 and 2 with brown spots; tergites 3-5 with dorsal stripe which varies from pale to brown; tergites 6-9 with dorsal stripe distinct, dark brown. Lateral stripe distinct, dark brown. Posterior and lateral margins of tergites pale. First sternite yellowish, sternites 2-4 reddish yellow, remaining sternites passing into brown.

Hypopygium. Brownish (Fig. 30 ). Ninth tergite divided by pale membrane; dorsal portion brown medially, provided with long setae; ventral portion yellow with a pair of blackened, microscopically roughened lobes on either side of midline (Fig. 31 ). Tip of lobe obliquely truncated; anal plate shaped as a brown, oblong sclerite. Gonocoxite apically produced into a strong, black spine; ventromesal portion a black point (Fig. 32 ). Outer gonostylus club-shaped (Fig. 33 ). Inner gonostylus yellow; beak slender and blackened; lower beak small, nearly triangular (Fig. 34 ). Dorsal margin with distinct incision; dorso-lateral crest rounded. Dorsal surface medially with blackened area. Adminiculum triangular in ventral view; apex acute and split (Figs 30 , 35 ), fused medially forming a distinct sclerite with raised base. Ventral lobe of appendage of ninth sternite blackened, roughly rounded, and provided with setae; dorsal lobe reduced into small, rounded sclerite (Fig. 35 ). Semen pump with central vesicle swollen (Figs 36 , 37 ). Compressor apodeme with median incision forming a 65° angle with posterior immovable apodeme. Posterior immovable apodeme longer than compressor apodeme, basally narrow, apically flattened. Anterior immovable rounded. Intromittent organ tube-shaped, about three times as long as semen pump, basally and medially brownish-yellow, passing into yellow towards acute apex.

Female. Body length 20.2-21.1 mm, wing length 16.4-17.1 mm. Generally similar to male. Antenna, if bent backward, reaching pronotum; scape, pedicel, and two basal flagellar segments yellow; remaining flagellomeres vary from yellow to bicolored. Abdomen trivittate, with broad dorsal stripe.

Female terminalia. Tenth tergite shining brown. Cercus reddish brown, nearly straight with tip narrowed and upturned; ventral margin with small, distinct serration; dorsal margin distally also with small serration (Fig. 38 ). Eighth sternite brown, apically darker brown (Fig. 39 ). Hypovalva short, dark brown, in the shape of an obliquely truncated plate. Lateral angle of eighth sternite obtuse, with small and distinct incision. Median incision between hypovalvae with serrated edge and provided with setae. Ninth sternite with lateral sclerites nearly straight, posteriorly with incision; surface covered by short setae (Fig. 40 ). Furca long and narrow (Fig. 40 ). Spermathecae nearly oval (Fig. 41 ).

Larva (N = 1). Length 29 mm, width 4 mm. Body light brown (Figs 42-44 ).

Head capsule. Length 2.3 mm, width 1.2 mm. Head capsule prognathous, hemicephalic, oval, slightly depressed dorsoventrally, and heavily sclerotized (Figs 45 , 46 ). Internolateralia and externolateralia separated by incisions which reach almost middle of head capsule. Externolateralia widely separated ventrally (Fig. 46 ). Premaxillary suture separates side plate from rest of head capsule. Side plate wide, elongated, with two sensory pits and two long setae anteromedially; a short seta located posteromedially (Fig. 47 ). Hypostomium asymmetrical, basally fused with ventral margins of genae and side plates; bearing eight sharp teeth: four on left side, most prominent tooth in middle, and three on right side (Fig. 48 ). Prementum visible from below, bearing five large, sharp teeth on anterior margin; sides of prementum strongly sclerotized (Fig. 49 ). Labial area entirely covered with firm bristles and bearing a pair of cone-shaped palpes. Prementum dorsally fused with hemispherical and membranous hypopharynx which is covered with numerous short hairs. Lateral arm of hypopharynx curved and strongly sclerotized. Frontoclypeus fused with internolateralia. Clypeal part of frontoclypeus membranous, frontal part sclerotized. One long seta and three sensory pits on anterior part of clypeus; three short setae near inner margin of antenna (Fig. 50 ). Clypeolabral suture obscure. Dorsal ecdysial sutures (frontal sutures) present, meeting each other posteriorly and forming a short median coronal suture. Ecdysial sutures enclose V-shaped frontoclypeus and extend anteriorly only to base of clypeus. Labrum trapezoidal and composed of two triangular plates separated by membranous area (Fig. 50 ). Apical part of labrum and epipharynx covered with numerous, short hairs. Membranous part of labrum with a pair of medium-long setae in middle. Labral plates sclerotized only posteriorly and bearing numerous long firm spines on outer margin. Each plate bears a long seta, one long and two very short papillae on anterior part, one long seta almost at middle, and a sensory pit on postero-lateral part (Fig. 51 ). Antenna elongated, cylindrical. It has just one cylindrical segment, which is three times as long as wide at base (Fig. 51 ). Apically it has one small cone-shaped and several (exact number difficult to establish) small, peg-like sensillae; dorsally it has a sensory pit near middle. Mandible 1-segmented and more sclerotized than rest of head capsule, armed with four teeth (Fig. 52 ). Apical tooth is the most prominent; first dorsal and ventral teeth smaller than apical; second dorsal tooth smallest. Prostheca or lacinia mobilis present on dorsal side of mesal mandibular base; prostheca sclerotized, distinctly widening distally, and set with numerous hairs. Lateral margin of mandible with two long setae near base; a sensory pit present at base of dorsal side of mandible. Mandibles operate in horizontal plane. Conspicuous larval eye spot present below base of mandible. Maxilla consists of cardo and outer and inner lobes. Cardo wedge-shaped, bearing two long setae near distal end and a long seta near its base (Fig. 53 ). Outer lobe (stipes) sclerotized, except apex, which bears prominent, cylindrical palpus with several sensory structures. Short sensory structure and several long, sclerotized spines (exact number difficult to establish) on inner margin of stipes. Inner lobe (galea fused with lacinia) ventrally bears elongated, narrow sclerite extending around inner margin onto its dorsal surface; diamond-shaped sclerite present dorsally at base (Fig. 53 ); apical part with numerous short hairs, three long setae, and prominent sensory structure. Lacinia armed with several stout bristles and bears a ridge with sclerotized spines on outer margin.

Thorax. All thoracic segments wider than long. Anterior part of second and third segments covered with much denser pubescence than posterior (Figs 42-44 ).

Abdomen. First abdominal segment almost twice as long as wide. Abdominal segments II-VII almost as long as wide. All abdominal segments except last one covered by short microscopic hairs arranged into transverse rows, which are interrupted by pubescence on ventral and dorsal sides. Most macrosetae dark brown except L2 and L3. Dorsal setae D2 and D3 longest; seta D1 only slightly shorter than D2 and D3; setae D4-D6 short and appressed, more than three times shorter than D2 and D3. Setae D2 + D3 and D5 + D6 close to each other and separate from others. Lateral setae L2 and L3 very short and pale; L1 and L4 long and almost equal in length; L2 dorsolateral to L1. Setae L1, L4 more than four times as long as L2 and L3. V2 almost equal to V3 and both the longest of ventral setae. Setae V4 and V5 slightly shorter than V2 and V3. Seta V1 very short, more than five times shorter than V2 and V3.

Anal division. Dorsal and lateral lobes of spiracular disc subconical, lateral lobes in dorsolateral position (closer to dorsal than to ventral lobes). Dorsal and lateral lobes similar in length, twice as long as wide at base (Fig. 54 ). Ventral lobe very small, triangular, its length almost equal to width at base. Ventral lobe almost five times as short as dorsal or lateral lobe. Dorsal lobe completely sclerotized, with apex extended into acute, anteriorly directed point (Fig. 55 ). Lateral lobe with long, narrow, curved, dark sclerite that starts near base of spiracle and extends to mid-length of lobe; a long seta present in middle of outer edge of lobe. Ventral lobe with three small, dark spots at base; outermost spot most prominent. Distal half of lobe sclerotized, with long apical seta. Spiracle subcircular, inner circle black, outer ring brown; distance between spiracles almost twice diameter of a spiracle. Remaining area around spiracles white and glabrous. Four white, fleshy anal papillae arranged into anterior and posterior pairs. Anterior papilla broadly rounded; posterior papilla more elongated (Fig. 54 ). A brown band separates anus and anal papillae; this band connected to marginal band.

Habitat.

Larvae were found under leaf litter and woody debris accumulated on boulders. Two identical last instar larvae were collected and one of them was kept for rearing. A female emerged after 36 days and identified as T. (V.) serricauda .

Known distribution.

China, Japan, and South Korea ( Starkevich et al. 2015; Oosterbroek 2019).

Remarks.

A single male belonging to T. (V.) serricauda was erroneously identified and published as T. (Mediotipula) anatoliensis Theowald, 1978 by Baek and Bae (2016) based on Korean material. The hypopygium, with broken apical part of gonocoxite ( Baek and Bae 2016: fig. 2E), is identical to that of T. (V.) serricauda and can be easily recognized by the shape of inner gonostylus.

New data received from the larvae of T. (V.) serricauda once again confirm that the most important synapomorphy in the subgenus T. (Vestiplex) is a brown band separating the anus from the anal papillae, which is a unique character for this subgenus. According to the type of sclerotization of the spiracular field, larvae of the subgenus T. (Vestiplex) (based on T. (V.) nubeculosa Meigen, 1804, T. (V.) hortorum Linnaeus, 1758, T. (V.) montana Curtis, 1834, T. (V.) excisa Schummel, 1833, T. (V.) scripta Meigen, 1830, T. (V.) platymera Walker, 1856, T. (V.) arctica Curtis, 1835, T. (V.) semivittata Savchenko, 1960, and T. (V.) serricauda ) can be divided into four groups. The first group includes larvae of such species as T. (V.) scripta , T. (V.) platymera , and T. (V.) semivittata . They possess sclerotized dorsal lobes with sclerotization encompassing the apices of the lobes and forming an acute, slightly anteriorly directed point. In addition, each lateral lobe has a thin, straight, and more or less vertical sclerite. The ventral lobes of this first group have sclerotized apices with several short setae and a narrow sclerotized band (with three dark spots inside) extending across the base. The second group includes T. (V.) arctica , T. (V.) nubeculosa , and T. (V.) hortorum . This group possesses sclerotized dorsal lobes but the sclerotization does not reach the apex of the lobe. Lateral and ventral lobes are very similar to that of the first group. The third group includes T. (V.) excisa and T. (V.) montana . This group of species possesses sclerotized dorsal lobes, with the sclerotization reaching the apex, but never forming anteriorly directed points. The lateral and ventral lobes are very similar to that of the first and second groups. The fourth group consists of only T. (V.) serricauda . Each dorsal lobe of this species is sclerotized both anteriorly and posteriorly, with each apex forming an acute, strongly anteriorly directed point. Each lateral lobe has a long, narrow, curved, dark sclerite, extending from near the base of a spiracle to the mid-length of each lobe. Each ventral lobe has a sclerotized distal part with a long apical seta, the base of each lobe with three small dark spots, with the narrow band missing. Sclerotization of the spiracular field of the fourth group most resembles that of larvae of T. (Triplicitipula) but not as seen in other groups of the subgenus T. (Vestiplex) . The macrosetal arrangement on the dorsum and venter of the abdomen appears to be consistent in the subgenus, but the arrangement of the abdominal lateral setae is species-specific. Head capsules have never been comparatively studied in detail for the genus Tipula or the subgenus T. (Vestiplex) ; thus, comparison has been impossible among species and subgenera.

Figures

Figures 30 - 37. Male terminalia of T. (Vestiplex) serricauda 30 hypopygium, lateral view 31 ninth tergite, dorsal view 32 left gonocoxite, lateral view 33 left outer gonostylus 34 left inner gonostylus, lateral view 35 ninth sternite, ventral view (ninth tergite, outer and inner gonostyles removed) 36 semen pump and intromittent organ, lateral view 37 semen pump, dorsal view. Abbreviations: adm, adminiculum; ap, anal plate; dl, dorsal lobe of appendage of ninth sternite; dp, dorsal portion of ninth tergite; gcx, gonocoxite; ig, inner gonostylus; og, outer gonostylus; t 9, ninth tergite; vp, ventral portion of ninth tergite. Scale bars: 0.7 mm (30); 0.5 mm (31 - 37).

Figures 38 - 41. Female terminalia of T. (Vestiplex) serricauda 38 ovipositor, left lateral view 39 eighth sternite with hypovalvae, ventral view 40 ninth sternite with furca, dorsal view 41 spermatheca, dorsal view. Abbreviations: f, furca; s 9, ninth sternite. Scale bars: 0.25 mm (38); 0.5 mm (39 - 41).

Figures 42 - 46. Larva of T. (Vestiplex) serricauda 42 general view, dorsal aspect 43 general view, lateral aspect 44 general view ventral aspect 45 general view of head capsule, dorsal aspect 46 general view of head capsule, ventral aspect. Scale bars: 5 mm (42 - 44); 1 mm (45 - 46).

Figures 47 - 53. Larva of T. (Vestiplex) serricauda 47 side plates 48 hypostoma 49 hypopharynx and prementum 50 frontoclypeus 51 labrum and antennae 52 right mandible, dorsal view 53 left maxilla, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (47, 49, 51 - 53); 0.5 mm (48, 50).

Figures 54 - 55. Larva of T. (Vestiplex) serricauda 54 spiracular field 55 anal division, lateral view. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figures 86 - 90. Collecting sites of T. (Vestiplex) in Korean Peninsula 86 T. (V.) coquillettiana 87 T. (V.) kuwayamai 88 T. (V.) serricauda 89 T. (V.) tchukchi 90 T. (V.) verecunda.