Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee , 1854

Mally, Richard, Korycinska, Anastasia, Agassiz, David J. L., Hall, Jayne, Hodgetts, Jennifer & Nuss, Matthias, 2015, Discovery of an unknown diversity of Leucinodes species damaging Solanaceae fruits in sub-Saharan Africa and moving in trade (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Pyraloidea), ZooKeys 472, pp. 117-162 : 123-125

Taxon classification Animalia Lepidoptera Crambidae

Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee, 1854 Figs 1, 11-12, 13, 23, 31, 35, 36-37

Leucinodes orbonalis Guenée 1854: 223.

Type-localities.

Bangladesh, Sylhet (male syntype); Java (female syntype).

Material examined.

Type-specimens. Syntype ♂ [rectangular whitish label with red border, red letters] "Typicum | Specimen", [rectangular whitish label with black border] "Ex. Musaeo | Ach. Guénée”, [rectangular beige label] "Paravicini Coll. | B.M. 1937-383.", [rectangular brownish label] "Orbonalis | Gn. Silhet", [rectangular pale yellow label] "Leucinodes Gn. | orbonalis Gn. | Type ♂ 756.3.", [square white label in red letters, slide number and gender in black] " Pyralidae | Brit.Mus. | Slide No. | 4496♂" (BMNH); syntype ♀ [rectangular whitish label with red border, red letters] "Typicum | Specimen", [rectangular whitish label with black border] "Ex. Musaeo | Ach. Guénée”, [rectangular white label] "Paravicini Coll. | B.M. 1937-383.", [rectangular pale yellow label] " Leucinodes Gn. | orbonalis Gn. | Type ♀ 756.3.", transparent capsule with abdomen and left hindwing (BMNH). - Additional material. VIETNAM. 1♂ Lao Cai Province, surrounding of Mt. Fan Si Pan, Nui Se, 1927m, 22°21.168'N 103°46.477'E, 20./21.x.2001, leg. S. Löffler, prep. RM503, DNA Barcode BC MTD 01185 (SMTD); SINGAPORE. 1♂ 1♀ leg. H.N. Ridley, BMNH Pyralidae slides No. 23092 & No. 23100 (BMNH); THE NETHERLANDS (IMPORT). 1♂ Amsterdam (Schiphol), import Thailand, 22.xi.2006, ex larva 26.xi.2006, ex pupa 6.xii.2006, leg. S. Roes, det. M v. d. Straten, prep. RM641; 1♀ Amsterdam (Schiphol), import Thailand, 8.ii.2005, ex larva, leg. R. Hulzinga, det. M v. d. Straten, prep. RM642 (NPPO); GREAT BRITAIN (IMPORT). see Suppl. material 2 (Fera material).

Diagnosis.

Wing pattern indistinguishable from those of Leucinodes africensis sp. n., Leucinodes rimavallis sp. n., Leucinodes pseudorbonalis sp. n., Leucinodes kenyensis sp. n. and " Leucinodes spp.", but distinguished from Leucinodes malawiensis by the absence of the forewing basal transversal streak and the presence of the apical half moon-shaped patch, and from Leucinodes laisalis , Leucinodes ethiopica and Leucinodes ugandensis sp. n. by the predominantly white forewing ground colour. Frons usually more strongly bulged than in other Leucinodes species, but Leucinodes pseudorbonalis can be very similar in this feature. In male genitalia distinguishable by: dorsal margin of valval sacculus concave; apical sclerotized sacculus process elongated cone-shaped and crossing with the similar-sized fibula (as in Leucinodes pseudorbonalis ); juxta slender, tapering (similar in Leucinodes africensis and Leucinodes rimavallis ); saccus of vinculum short, less prominent. Female genitalia: antrum only slightly bulged, exocuticula without sclerotized strip.

Redescription of adults.

Head. As for the genus, with frons strongly bulged (Figs 11-12).

Thorax. As for the genus, with dorsal side brown.

Wings. Forewing length ♂ 8.5-10.5 m, ♀ 9.5-12.0 m; forewing ground colour white, basal area light- to dark brown, delimited by dark brown to grey antemedial line; median area with pale brown, faint proximal discoidal stigma; distal discoidal stigma pale brown, reaching from costa to forewing centre; central dorsum with prominent orange to dark brown L-shaped or triangular spot leading to forewing centre and often meeting with distal discoidal stigma; antemedial line sinuate, more or less distinct, but with prominent subcostal bulge; subapical half of termen with half moon-shaped brown to grey-grown spot; marginal line dotted; fringe and marginal line darkened at the tips of the half moon-shaped spot; hindwing ground colour white, internal area white, with discoidal spot, basicostally often with auxiliary spot; medial line sinuate, distal half approaching the discoidal spot, then turning towards dorsum; external area pale brown to gray; marginal line dotted.

Abdomen. First segment whitish, remainder brownish.

Male genitalia. As for the genus, apart from: juxta subulate, with short, broadly convex base, at 2/3 length slightly broadened; valvae broad, relatively short, nearly triangular; costa simple, slightly convex, subapically with a short concave portion; fibula hooked, its widened base emerging ventrad of costa base; sacculus ventrally convex, dorsally concave, at distal end with spike-shaped, strongly sclerotized process, oriented dorsad and crossing with fibula; distal ventral valva margin granulated (ga in Fig. 13), valva apex rounded, strongly granulated; distal 2/3 of ventral valva margin loosely covered with long thin setae; phallus simple, tapering posteriad, posterior apodeme dorsally elongate, ventrally with subapical, weakly serrated sclerite; ventral and dorsal portion of posterior apodeme separated by a slim, less strongly sclerotized region.

Female genitalia. As for the genus, apart from: anterior antrum with spoon-shaped posteriad indentation, flanked on either side by a sclerotized portion (as in Fig. 31); sternite 8 anterior edge arched (ae in Fig. 31), with a sclerite process leading in each of the lateral pockets; both apophysis pairs simple, slightly curved.

Immature stages.

Larva. MSD1 and MSD2 of meso- and metathorax usually on a shared pinaculum, earlier instars frequently have the MSD setae on separate pinacula on one or both segments; dorsal abdominal pinacula show apparent differentiation between West- and East-Asian populations: in live western specimens (e.g., from Pakistan), the abdominal D1 pinacula usually have an unpigmented cream coloured area near to their anteriomedian margin. This unpigmented area may be contiguous with the unmelanized cuticle surrounding the pinaculum or be surrounded by the melanized cuticle of the pinaculum (illustrated on A3-6 in Fig. 35); this cream white, unpigmented area may darken in preserved specimens, and in pre-pupae may be ringed in black. Eastern specimens (e.g., from Thailand) often have dark spots on at least some of the D1 pinacula (illustrated on A2 in Fig. 35); geographically intermediate populations (e.g., Sri Lanka) often show an intermediate form with black spots on occasional pinacula, and any unpigmented area is usually ringed with black pigmentation (illustrated on A7 in Fig. 35). East-Asian populations usually have mesally triordinal crochets, whereas the crochets of West-Asian populations are mesally biordinal. Pupa. Cremaster forms a variable shelf-like, sub-rectangular structure, much wider than long, usually with distinct distal corners and median notch; dorsal surface spinulose, with additional small but distinct spines which are variable in extent, form and number; cocoon of dark brown silk, may be white or beige when newly spun.

Distribution.

India, Indonesia: Java ( Guenée 1854), Sri Lanka ( Walker 1859, Moore 1885), Myanmar (Burma), Andaman Islands ( Pagenstecher 1900), Bangladesh, Brunei, Cambodia, China, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam ( CABI 2012a), Australia ( Shaffer et al. 1996); imported to Great Britain, the Netherlands (pers. comm. M. van der Straten), Denmark (pers. comm. O. Karsholt) and the U.S.A. ( Boateng et al. 2005, Solis 2006).

Food plants.

Solanaceae : Solanum melongena L., Solanum aculeatissimum Jacq., Solanum aethiopicum L., Solanum erianthum D. Don., Solanum anguivi Lam. (as Solanum indicum L.), Solanum integrifolium Poir., Solanum lycopersicum L., Solanum macrocarpon L., Solanum mammosum L., Solanum nigrum L., Solanum torvum Sw., Solanum tuberosum L., Solanum viarum Dunal, Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad., Physalis minima L., Physalis peruviana L., Capsicum annuum L. ( van der Straten 2005; Hayden et al. 2013).

Remarks.

Leucinodes orbonalis has previously been reported in Europe from the Netherlands ( van der Gaag et al. 2005) and Great Britain ( Agassiz 1983; Higgott 2009) as well as from the following African countries due to misidentification: South Africa ( Walker 1859; Pagenstecher 1900; Kemal and Koçak 2007); Kenya ( Poulton 1916); Ghana (for example, Frempong and Buahin 1977, Frempong 1979, Duodu 1986, Horna et al. 2007); Lesotho, Zambia and Zimbabwe ( Kopij 2005); Burundi, Cameroon, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Tanzania and Uganda ( CABI 2012a). We have not found a single specimen from Africa belonging to this species and therefore postulate that Leucinodes orbonalis does not occur in Africa.