Wallaceodendron Koord., Meded. Lands Plantentuin 19: 630. 1898.

Bruneau, Anne, de Queiroz, Luciano Paganucci, Ringelberg, Jens J., Borges, Leonardo M., Bortoluzzi, Roseli Lopes da Costa, Brown, Gillian K., Cardoso, Domingos B. O. S., Clark, Ruth P., Conceicao, Adilva de Souza, Cota, Matheus Martins Teixeira, Demeulenaere, Else, de Stefano, Rodrigo Duno, Ebinger, John E., Ferm, Julia, Fonseca-Cortes, Andres, Gagnon, Edeline, Grether, Rosaura, Guerra, Ethiene, Haston, Elspeth, Herendeen, Patrick S., Hernandez, Hector M., Hopkins, Helen C. F., Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, Isau, Hughes, Colin E., Ickert-Bond, Stefanie M., Iganci, Joao, Koenen, Erik J. M., Lewis, Gwilym P., de Lima, Haroldo Cavalcante, de Lima, Alexandre Gibau, Luckow, Melissa, Marazzi, Brigitte, Maslin, Bruce R., Morales, Matias, Morim, Marli Pires, Murphy, Daniel J., O'Donnell, Shawn A., Oliveira, Filipe Gomes, Oliveira, Ana Carla da Silva, Rando, Juliana Gastaldello, Ribeiro, Petala Gomes, Ribeiro, Carolina Lima, Santos, Felipe da Silva, Seigler, David S., da Silva, Guilherme Sousa, Simon, Marcelo F., Soares, Marcos Vinicius Batista & Terra, Vanessa, 2024, Advances in Legume Systematics 14. Classification of Caesalpinioideae. Part 2: Higher-level classification, PhytoKeys 240, pp. 1-552 : 1

Wallaceodendron Koord., Meded. Lands Plantentuin 19: 630. 1898.

Figs 226 , 227 , 228 , 229

Type.

Wallaceodendron celebicum Koord.

Description.

Unarmed medium-sized to large trees up to 45 m. Stipules caducous. Leaves bipinnate, extrafloral nectaries between pinnae pairs; pinnae 2-3 pairs; leaflets 3-6 pairs per pinna, opposite. Inflorescence a solitary or paired raceme, peduncle 5-16 cm long. Flowers uniform, bisexual, 5-merous, subtended by ca. 2 mm long, triangular, caducous bracts; calyx gamosepalous, valvate; corolla gamopetalous, valvate; stamens numerous, united into a tube at the base, staminal tube and corolla tube shortly united at the base; pollen in 16-celled polyads with a perforated tectum; ovary solitary. Fruit a woody legume, flat, straight to slightly curved, tardily dehiscent, not segmented, not reddish inside; exocarp thin, crustaceous, mesocarp woody, endocarp chartaceous loosening and at dehiscence forming small, closed envelopes around each seed. Seeds strongly flattened, circular, unwinged, with U-shaped pleurogram, without aril; testa with a thick sclerotesta.

Chromosome number.

2 n = 26 ( Goldblatt 1981a; Cannon et al. 2015).

Included species and geographic distribution.

Monospecific ( W. celebicum ), endemic to Malesia [North Sulawesi (Celebes) and the Philippines] (Fig. 229 ).

Ecology.

Wallaceodendron can be found along seashores and inland in primary rainforest to 850 m elevation.

Etymology.

Named after the British botanist Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913), explorer, zoologist, and plant collector ( Quattrocchi 1999).

Human uses.

Wallaceodendron celebicum [ banúyo (=ironwood), derham mahogany] is used for furniture, flooring, light construction, telegraph poles, music instruments, decorative veneers, carvings and sculptures ( Sosef et al. 1998; Nielsen 1992; Lewis and Rico Acre 2005).

Notes.

Fosberg (1960) commented on the possibility of combining Wallaceodendron with Serianthes based on the nearly identical flowers, but argued to keep them separate based on the unique features of fruit dehiscence in Wallaceodendron with small, closed envelopes of endocarp around each seed. These propagules are adapted to wind and water dispersal ( Augspurger 1989; Nielsen 1992).

Taxonomic references.

Nielsen (1981a, 1992); Nielsen et al. (1983a); Sosef et al. (1998).

Figures

Figure 226. Habit and leaf morphology diversity in genera of the Archidendron clade A Archidendron clypearia (Jack) I. C. Nielsen B Heliodendron thozetianum (F. Muell.) Gill. K. Br. & Bayly C Falcataria falcata (L.) Greuter & R. Rankin D Heliodendron basalticum (F. Muell.) Gill. K. Br. & Bayly E Serianthes kanehirae Fosberg var. kanehirae F Serianthes kanehirae var. yapensis Fosberg G Pararchidendron pruinosum (Benth.) I. C. Nielsen H Paraserianthes lophantha subsp. montana (Jungh.) Benth. with tomentose stems and leaves I Wallaceodendron celebicum Koord. Photo credits A C Ng B R Cumming C J Teo D D Richter E, F JB Friday G G Brown H F and K Starr I Plantoholic Sheila.

Figure 227. Inflorescence and flower diversity of genera in the Archidendron clade A Archidendron vaillantii (F. Muell.) F. Muell. B Archidendropsis paivana (E. Fourn.) I. C. Nielsen C Falcataria falcata (L.) Greuter & R. Rankin D Heliodendron thozetianum (F. Muell.) Gill. K. Br. & Bayly E Serianthes sp. F Pararchidendron pruinosum (Benth.) I. C. Nielsen G Paraserianthes lophantha (Willd.) I. C. Nielsen H Wallaceodendron celebicum Koord. Photo credits A, F A Furhmann B B Henry C JB Friday D S Worboys E T Rodd G AndyBonsai H Plantaholic Sheila.

Figure 228. Fruit and seed diversity of genera in the Archidendron clade A fruit of Archidendron lucyi F. Muell. (Brown 169) B open pod of Archidendropsis streptocarpa (E. Fourn.) I. C. Nielsen showing winged seeds C opened pod of Falcataria falcata (L.) Greuter & R. Rankin D Heliodendron xanthoxylon (C. T. White & W. D. Francis) Gill. K. Br. & Bayly opened pod (Hyland 9229) E Heliodendron basalticum (F. Muell.) Gill. K. Br. & Bayly winged seeds (Canning & B. Rimes 6173) F-H Serianthes dilmyi Fosberg showing the indehiscent (to very tardily dehiscent) (rarely) woody pods with transverse seeds which are each isolated in a chamber I Pararchidendron pruinosum (Benth.) I. C. Nielsen fruit and seedling J Paraserianthes lophantha (Willd.) I. C. Nielsen immature pods (Brown 204 A) K Wallaceodendron celebicum Koord. pod. Photo credits A, I, J G Brown B B Henry C JB Friday D, E Queensland Herbarium F-H R CJ Lim K Plantaholic Sheila.

Figure 229. Distribution of Wallaceodendron based on quality-controlled digitised herbarium records. See Suppl. material 1 for the source of occurrence data.