Lupaeus Castro & Den Heyer, 2009

Skvarla, Michael J., Fisher, J. Ray & Dowling, Ashley P. G., 2014, A review of Cunaxidae (Acariformes, Trombidiformes): Histories and diagnoses of subfamilies and genera, keys to world species, and some new locality records, ZooKeys 418, pp. 1-103 : 25-26

Lupaeus Castro & Den Heyer, 2009

Historical review.

Berlese (1916) described Eupalus subterraneus . Thor and Willmann (1941) redescribed Eupalus subterraneus . Baker and Hoffmann (1948) erected Cunaxoides in place of Eupalus as Eupalus was preoccupied; they also described Cunaxoides minutus and redescribed and illustrated Cunaxoides subterraneus . Den Heyer (1979b) erected Pulaeus , moving those species with f2 present and setae present on basifemora IV to the new genus from Cunaxoides ; he also described Pulaeus martini and Pulaeus clarae and placed Pulaeus into the subfamily Cunaxoidinae . Pulaeus platygnathus was described by Bu and Li (1991). Corpuz-Raros (1996b) described Pulaeus dentatus , Pulaeus lenis , Pulaeus longisetus , Pulaeus villacarlosae , and Pulaeus filipinus from the Philippines. Hu (1997) reported Pulaeus platygnathus from China. Lin and Zhang (2000) reported Pulaeus platygnathus from China. Lin and Zhang (2003) reported Pulaeus minutus from China. Corpuz-Raros (2007) described Pulaeus polilloensis and Pulaeus philippinensis from the Philippines. Castro and Den Heyer (2009) erected Lupaeus and moved into it those species of Pulaeus that possess two pointed processes on the pedipalp tibiotarsus and 1 simple seta on basifemora IV; they also described Lupaeus lectus and Lupaeus lobidorsalis and provided a key to the Brazilian and South African species. Sergeyenko (2011b) described Lupaeus valentinae . Den Heyer et al. (2013) described Lupaeus iranensis and Lupaeus sativae .

Diagnosis.

Gnathosoma. Pedipalps 3-segmented. Femurogenua at least twice as long as wide, complemented with 6 setae. Tibiotarsi at least twice as long as wide, usually complemented with 6 setae; they possess 2 or 3 pointed processes and may possess a bladder- or knob-like apophysis ( Fig. 24a ). Subcapitulum with 6 pairs of setae (hg1 - 4 and 2 pairs of adoral setae); setae hg4 often the longest. Chelicera with seta present.

Idiosoma, dorsal. Proterosoma bears a well-sclerotized shield complemented with 2 pairs of setae (lps and mps) and 2 pairs of setose sensillae (at and pt). Dorsal hysterosoma bears a sclerotized plate that is variable in size and fused with the proterosomal shield; it may be complemented with a variable number of setae depending on the size of the plate. Setae c1 - h1, c2, f2, and h2 present. Cupule im present laterad and posterior of e1. Integument not covered in shields or plates is striated.

Idiosoma, ventral. Coxae sclerotized and well-defined. Coxae I-II may be fused and may coalesce medially to form a sternal shield. Coxae III-IV may be fused. Each coxa complemented with 2-4 setae. Genital plates each bear 4 setae (g1 - 4). Setae g1,2,4 usually occur in a straight line near the midline and setae g3 occur near the edge of the genital plates ( Fig. 24b ). 2 pairs of genital papillae visible underneath the plates. Anal plates bear 1 pair of setae; 1 pair of setae present ventrally on the integument near the anal plates. Cupule ih present ventrally laterad; the integumental setae associated with the anal plates. Integument not covered in shields or plates striated. Legs. Tarsi never constricted apically so as to end in lobes. Trichobothrium on leg tibia IV present. Basifemora setal formula 4-6-3-1. Depression of the famulus occurs on distal half of tarsus I. Tibiae I-II possess striated blunt solenidia. Ambulacral claws rippled and occur on either side of a 4-rayed empodium.

Key to adult female Lupaeus

Lupaeus longisetus is known only from the male and is not included in the key. It can be recognized by the following characters: small platelet between the edges of a divided sternal shield absent, basifemora I with 3 sts, and setae e1 elongate and barbed ( Fig. 25a ).

Lupaeus polilloensis is only known from the male and is not included in the key. It can be recoginized by the following characters: small platelet between the edges of a divided sternal shield absent; basifemora I-II setal formula 4-6; platelets complemented with setae f1, f2 with fused medially into one plate; and the dorsal shield densely granulate ( Fig. 25b ).

As suggested by Den Heyer (2011b) the following species are moved to Lupaeus from Pulaeus : Lupaeus minutus (Baker and Hoffmann) and Lupaeus subterraneus (Berlese).

1	Small platelet ventromedially between edges of divided sternal plate present ( Fig. 26a ); South Africa, Brazil	Lupaeus martini (Den Heyer, 1979)
-	Small platelet ventromedially between edges of divided sternal plate absent ( Fig. 26b )	2
2 (1)	Basifemora I with 4 sts	3
-	Basifemora I with 5 sts; Philippines	Lupaeus filipinus (Corpuz-Raros, 1996)
3 (2)	Basifemora II with 4 sts; USA	Lupaeus minutus (Baker & Hoffmann, 1948)
-	Basifemora II with 5 sts	4
-	Basifemora II with 6 sts	7
4 (3)	Setae f1 shorter than c1; Philippines	Lupaeus lenis (Corpuz-Raros, 1996)
-	Setae f1 the same length as c1	Lupaeus lectus Castro & Den Heyer, 2009
-	Setae f1 longer than c1, usually by at least 1.5 times	5
5 (4)	Genua I with 9 total simple setae and solenidia; Philippines	Lupaeus dentatus (Corpuz-Raros, 1996)
-	Genua I with 7 total simple setae and solenidia	6
6 (5)	Setae c1 - e1 equal in length; Brazil	Lupaeus lobidorsalis Castro & Den Heyer, 2009
-	Setae e1 one-fourth longer than c1, d1; Italy, USA	Lupaeus subterraneus (Berlese, 1916)
7 (3)	Setae f1, f2 on platelets, which may be separate or fused medially ( Fig. 27a )	8
-	Setae f1, f2 on integeument ( Fig. 27b )	11
8 (7)	Tibia II with 1 s, 5 sts	9
-	Tibia II with 2 s (1 asl, 1 bsl), 5 sts; Ukraine	Lupaeus valentinae Sergeyenko, 2011
9 (8)	Pedipalp tibiotarsus with 4 sts; Philippines	Lupaeus villacarlosae (Corpuz-Raros, 1996)
-	Pedipalp tibiotarsus with 5 sts	10
10 (9)	Tarsus I with 3 asl, 2 terminal solenidion, 1 fam, 20 or 21 sts; tarsus IV with 14 sts	Lupaeus iranensis Den Heyer, 2013
-	Tarsus I with 3 asl, 1 dorsodistal solenidion, 1 terminal solenidion, 1 fam, 22 sts; tarsus IV with 16 sts	Lupaeus sativae Den Heyer, 2013
11 (7)	Cheliceral seta not as long as width of cheliceral digit; China	Lupaeus platygnathus (Bu & Li, 1991)
-	Cheliceral seta longer than width of cheliceral digit; South Africa, Brazil	Lupaeus clarae (Den Heyer, 1979)

Figures

Figures 24 - 27. Lupaeus illustrations. 24 a Pedipalp tibiotarsus 24 b Genital setae not in a row, g 3 out of line 25 - 27 Lupaeus key illustrations. Setae and cupules removed from figures 25 a, b to increase clairity 25 a Lupaeus longisetus, dorsal 25 b Lupaeus polilloensis, dorsal 26 a Ventral, small platelet present 26 b Ventral, small platelet absent 27 a Setae f 1, f 2 born on small platelets 27 b Setae f 1, f 2 born on integument.