Rhaucus Simon, 1879

García, Andrés F. & Kury, Adriano B., 2017, Taxonomic revision of the Andean harvestman genus Rhaucus Simon, 1879 (Arachnida, Opiliones, Cosmetidae), Zootaxa 4338 (3), pp. 401-440 : 403-404

Rhaucus Simon, 1879

Rhaucus Simon, 1879: 213 ; Pickard-Cambridge, 1905: 572; Roewer, 1912a: 77; 1923: 349; Mello-Leitão, 1923: 113; Mello- Leitão, 1926: 334; Mello-Leitão, 1932: 57; Mello-Leitão, 1933: 106; 110; Mello-Leitão, 1935: 113; Roewer, 1943: 13; Kury, 2003: 83.

Rhaucus (Rhaucus) : Sørensen in Henriksen, 1932: 352.

Cynorta [part.]: Goodnight & Goodnight, 1953: 37.

Neorhaucus Pickard-Cambridge, 1905: 572 ; Roewer, 1912a: 24; Roewer, 1923: 305; Mello-Leitão, 1926: 331; Roewer, 1927: 548; Mello-Leitão, 1932: 89; Mello-Leitão, 1933: 107; Mello-Leitão, 1935: 114; Kury, 2003: 73. New synonymy

Pararhaucus Pickard-Cambridge, 1905: 572 ; Roewer, 1912a: 101; Roewer, 1912b: 142; Roewer, 1923: 378; Mello-Leitão, 1926: 335; Roewer, 1928: 551; Mello-Leitão, 1932: 88; Mello-Leitão, 1933: 107; Mello-Leitão, 1935: 114 [junior subjective synonym of Paecilaema C. L. Koch, 1839 by Goodnight & Goodnight (1953b: 54)]. New synonymy Megarhaucus Mello-Leitão, 1941: 169 ; Kury, 2003: 67. New synonymy

Etymology. From Greek Ῥαῦκος (name of two cities in Crete). Gender masculine.

Type species. Type of Rhaucus Simon, 1879 : Rhaucus vulneratus Simon, 1879 , by subsequent designation of Pickard-Cambridge (1905).Type of Neorhaucus Pickard-Cambridge, 1905 : Neorhaucus aurolineatus Pickard- Cambridge, 1905, by monotypy. Type of Pararhaucus Pickard-Cambridge, 1905 : Pararhaucus obscurus Pickard- Cambridge, 1905, by monotypy. Type of Megarhaucus Mello-Leitão, 1941 : Megarhaucus robustus Mello-Leitão, 1941 , by original designation.

Diagnosis. DS alpha type (in Cynorta , Eulibitia and Flirtea beta type), tegument granular ( Figs 3a , 10a ) (in Eulibitia , Flirtea and Metarhaucus smooth). Mesotergum clearly delimited, divided into four areas by well-marked grooves. Area III with a pair of tubercles varying between acuminate, dome-shaped or mammilliform ( Figs 6c , 12c , 15c ) (in Cynorta and Flirtea acuminate medium/high spines; in Eulibitia , very short tubercles). Pedipalpal tibia wide, spoon shaped ( Figs 4b , 8b ) (in Cynorta , Erginus , Eulibitia and Flirtea elongated, in Roquettea spatulate). Coxae IV with prominent multi-tuberculated clavi inguines ( Figs 4h–i ) (in Cynorta and Flirtea one large apophysis, in Eulibitia two irregular tubercles, in Taito wrinkled granules) and a multicapitate apophysis (mca) of at least seven tubercles ( Fig. 4i ) (in Cynorta three fused tubercles, in Taito two tubercles, in Platymessa two fused tubercles). Legs III–IV curved, robust and very granular, with a pair of ventral rows of spines from Fe to Ti ( Figs 3d–e , 7d–e ) (in Cynorta , Erginus , Eulibitia and Flirtea straight, thin and mostly smooth). Femur IV shorter than DS length (longer in Cynorta , Erginus , Eulibitia and Flirtea ). VP of penis short (in Flirtea very elongated), with two lateral patches of type 4 microsetae not reaching the center of the VP in ventral view ( Figs 5c , 8h ) (in Cynorta covering the entire surface, in Eulibitia covering only lateral margins, in Flirtea smooth). VP of penis with two large MS A ( Figs 5b , 11g , 14i ) (in Cynorta one MS A extremely reduced, in Flirtea one MS A larger).

Included species. Rhaucus vulneratus Simon, 1879 ; Rhaucus quinquelineatus Simon, 1879 comb. rest.; Rhaucus serripes ( Simon, 1879) comb. rest.; Rhaucus robustus ( Mello-Leitão, 1941) comb. nov.; Rhaucus florezi sp. nov.

Geographical distribution and habitat. Kury (2003) correctly stated that Rhaucus inhabits Andean highlands in Colombia, near Bogotá (and not Brazilian Amazon), but also gave an isolated record from Monterredondo (Cauca, 1400 m a.s.l.). This record is probably a mistake and should refer to Monterredondo, a locality in the road from Bogotá to Chingaza National Natural Park ( Fig. 21b ) very close to where R. robustus , R. quinquelineatus , and R. vulneratus have been collected. Ranges of species of Rhaucus show a significant degree of overlap ( Figs 22 , 23 ). They seem to be endemic to the Northern Andes in Colombia, from areas of Santander, Boyacá and Cundinamarca over 2300 m a.s.l. where montane forests and páramos from the Eastern mountain chain are dominant.

Figures

FIGURE 3. Rhaucus vulneratus (ICN-AO- 437). Male: a. Dorsal view, b. Lateral view, c. Tarsus I – IV, d. Leg III: Dorsal, ventral and retrolateral view, e. Leg IV, Tr to Ti: dorsal, ventral and retrolateral view. Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIGURE 4. Rhaucus vulneratus SEM (ICN-AO- 437). Male: a – d, pedipalp: a. Ectal view, b. Mesal view, c. Detail of tibia, dorso-mesal view, d. Tarsus. e – f, chelicera: e. Basichelicerite, dorso-mesal view, f. Fingers, ectal view. Body: g. Ozopore (Oz), dorsal-anterior (dap) and dorsal-posterior (dpp) processes from coxae I – II, lateral view, h. Coxae I – IV, ventral view (arrow indicates pedipalpal ditch; rectangle indicates extension of detail in Figure 4 i), i. Detail of Figure 4 h showing clavi inguines (ci) and coxa IV multicapitate apophysis (mca).

FIGURE 5. SEM of genitalia of Rhaucus vulneratus (ICN-AO- 437): a – e, penis of two male specimens: a. Lateral view, showing the A – E macrosetae, b. Dorsal view, also showing asymmetry of MS A, c. Ventral view, d. Stylus and thumb-like process (indicated by arrow), lateral view, e. Detail of MS E and microsetae of VP. f – g, ovipositor: f. Latero-apical view, g. Tip of seta.

FIGURE 6. Rhaucus quinquelineatus (ICN-AO- 465). Habitus: a – d, male, a. Dorsal view, b. Ventral view, c. Frontal view, d. Lateral view. e. Female, lateral view. Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIGURE 7. Rhaucus quinquelineatus (ICN-AO- 465). Male: a. Dorsal view, b. Lateral view, c. Tarsus I – IV, d. Leg III: dorsal, ventral and retrolateral view, e. Leg IV: dorsal, ventral and retrolateral view. Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIGURE 8. Rhaucus quinquelineatus SEM (ICN-AO- 465). Male: a – c, pedipalp: a. Ectal view, b. Mesal view, c. Tarsus. d – e, chelicera: d. Basichelicerite, dorsal view, e. Fingers, ectal view. f – h, penis: f. Lateral view, g. Dorsal view, h. Ventral view.

FIGURE 10. Rhaucus serripes (ICN-AO- 1376). Male: a. Dorsal view, b. Lateral view, c. Tarsus I – IV, d. Leg III: dorsal, ventral and retrolateral view, e. Leg IV: dorsal, ventral and retrolateral view. Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIGURE 11. Rhaucus serripes SEM (ICN-AO- 1376). Male: a – c, pedipalp: a. Ectal view, b. Mesal view, c. Tarsus. d – f, chelicera: d. Basichelicerite, dorsal view, e. Dorso-ectal view, f. Fingers, ectal view. g – I, penis: g. Lateral view, h. Dorsal view, i. Ventral view.

FIGURE 12. Rhaucus robustus (ICN-AO- 1161). Habitus: a – d, male, a. Dorsal view, b. Ventral view, c. Frontal view, d. Lateral view. e. Female, lateral view. Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIGURE 14. Rhaucus robustus SEM (ICN-AO- 1161). Male: a – c, pedipalp: a. Ectal view, b. Mesal view, c. Tarsus. d – f, chelicera, d. Basichelicerite, dorso-mesal view, e. Dorso-ectal view, f. Fingers, ectal view. g – j, penis: g. Lateral view, h. Dorsal view, i. Ventral view, j. Stylus, apical view.

FIGURE 15. Rhaucus florezi sp. nov. (ICN-AO- 1187). Habitus: a – d, male, a. Dorsal view, b. Ventral view, c. Frontal view, d. Lateral view. e. Female, lateral view. Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIGURE 21. Type material of Metarhaucus reticulatus, male syntype (SMF RI 299), herein synonymyzed under Rhaucus serripes: a. Habitus, dorsal view; b. Lateral view; c. Catalog card with detailed data. Images by: G. Miranda.

FIGURE 22. Central Colombia, showing the geographic distribution of Rhaucus quinquelineatus and Rhaucus vulneratus. Shaded areas in the background are WWF ecoregions. Abbreviations: NAP = Northern Andean Paramo; COMF = Cordillera Oriental Montane Forests; MVMF = Magdalena Valley Montane Forests. Solid red lines: administrative boundaries.

FIGURE 23. Central Colombia, showing the geographic distribution of Rhaucus florezi sp. nov., Rhaucus serripes and Rhaucus robustus. Shaded areas in the background are WWF ecoregions. Abbreviations: NAP = Northern Andean Páramo; COMF = Cordillera Oriental Montane Forests; MVMF = Magdalena Valley Montane Forests. Solid red lines: administrative boundaries.