Opsiphanes farrago Stichel, 1904

Piovesan, Mônica, Casagrande, Mirna Martins & Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik, 2022, Systematics of Opsiphanes Doubleday, [1849] (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): an integrative approach, Zootaxa 5216 (1), pp. 1-278 : 105-108

Opsiphanes farrago Stichel, 1904 stat. nov.

( Figs 84–91 )

Opsiphanes sallei farrago Stichel, 1904 . Ins.-Börse 21 (1): 6; 1 male [holotype], Chanchamayo, [Junín], Peru, W. Hoffmanns leg.; collection Stichel.— Stichel, 1904, in Wytsman. Gen. Ins. 20, p. 20.— Stichel, 1909. Das Tierreich 25: 81.— Fruhstorfer, 1912, in Seitz. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 301.— Stichel, 1932. Lep. Cat. 51, p. 44; syn.: f. nicandrus.— Blandin & Descimon, 1975. Ann. Soc. ent. France 11 (1): 9.

Opsiphanes quiteria farraga [sic]; Smart, 1975. Enc. Butt. World, p. 243, figs 10 (male v), 11 (male v).

Opsiphanes mutatus subsp; D’Abrera, 1987 (Bristow Ms). Butt. Neotrop. Reg. 3, p. 417 (fig. male d); Bolivia.

Opsiphanes mutatus farrago ; Bristow, 1991. Zool. Jour. Linn. Soc. 101 (3): 281, fig. 31a (male d, v).— Casagrande, 2004. Brassolini , in Lamas (ed.) Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. 5A, p. 204.

Opsiphanes mutatus parodizi Bristow, 1991 . Zool. Jour. Linn. Soc. 101 (3): 281, fig. 31c (male d, v); holotype male, La Paz, Bolivia; NHMUK.— Casagrande, 2004. Brassolini , in Lamas (ed.) Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. 5A, p. 204. Syn. nov.

Opsiphanes mutatos [sic] parodizi; Gareca et al., 2006, in Gareca & Reichle. Marip. diurn. Bolivia, p. 87, fig. 49, (male d, v).

Taxonomic history. Fruhstorfer (1912) reproduced Stichel’s (1909) information. Smart (1975) considered Opsiphanes farrago stat. nov. as a subspecies of Opsiphanes quiteria . Bristow (1991) proposed a new combination: Opsiphanes mutatus farrago , which was followed by Casagrande (2004).

Type material. Opsiphanes sallei farrago Stichel, 1904 was described based on a male [holotype] from Chanchamayo, [Junín], Peru, collected by W. Hoffmanns and deposited in the Stichel collection. The [holotype] is deposited at the NHMUK, with the following labels: / Typus/ Type/ Holotype / Süd-Peru Chanchamayo e. c. H. Stichel / O. sallei farrago Stich. Type / Rothschild Bequest B. M. 1939-1./.

Opsiphanes mutatus parodizi Bristow, 1991 was described based on the holotype male, from La Paz, Bolívia, illustrated by D’Abrera (1987) and Bristow (1991), and deposited at the NHMUK, with the following labels: / [Holo]Type/ La Paz, Bolivia, 1000 m. Garlepp./ Ex Coll. Herbert Druce. 1913./ Joicey Bequest. Brit. Mus. 1934- 120./ Opsiphanes mutatus parodizi Bristow /.

Diagnosis. Opsiphanes farrago stat. nov. differs from Opsiphanes sallei , a closely related species, in having the DFW without a strongly angled oblique band on M 3 -CuA 1. Opsiphanes farrago stat. nov. is phenotypically more similar to Opsiphanes mutatus , but differs in having the DFW with an oblique band, usually the same width as the submarginal band of the DHW, and the DHW with the submarginal band generally evident up to the anal angle ( Fig. 84a ). Molecular analyses recovered Opsiphanes farrago stat. nov. as closely related to Opsiphanes sallei ( Fig. 2 ) (genetic distance 2.9–3.1%).

Male genitalia. Tegumen in dorsal view with anterior margin with concavity in the median region and wider than the posterior margin; anterior projection of saccus in lateral view less than twice as long as dorsal arms of saccus ( Fig. 88 ).

Female genitalia. Not examined.

Variation. FW, length: male: 43–51 mm (n=7), female: 59 mm (n=1). DFW, may or may not have a small yellow spot on the discal cell. DHW, the length of the yellow spot near the distal margin of the humeral cell, and the width and color of the submarginal band. VFW, the width and length of the oblique band, the portion from the costal margin with yellowish or whitish shades, and may or may not exceed CuA 1; EII submarginal line exceeds or not CuA 2. VHW, the size of the eyespot between Sc+R 1 and M 1, and the width of its dark-brown ring; the size and shape of the eyespot between M 3 and CuA 2 ( Figs 84–87 ).

Comments. After examination of the type material ( Figs 90–91 ) and considering the variation in the color, arrangement, and width of the spots that form the DHW submarginal band, the shape of the VFW spot on CuA 1 - CuA 2, and the shape of the VHW eyespot between Sc+R 1 and M 1, no characters were found to justify maintaining Opsiphanes mutatus parodizi Bristow, 1991 syn. nov. as a subspecies.

Natural history. Unknown.

Geographic distribution. Colombia (Meta) ; Peru (San Martín, Huánuco, Ucayali, Junín, Cuzco) ; Bolivia (Cochabamba) ; Venezuela (Aragua). A specimen of Opsiphanes farrago stat. nov., deposited at the USNM, was collected in French Guiana; [in all probability mislabeled] this is the only record outside the Andean region ( Fig. 89 ). It occurs at altitudes between 600 and 2,850 m .

Temporal distribution. February, March, May, June, September–December.

Etymology. Unknown.

Specimens examined. Photos of the [holotypus] of Opsiphanes farrago Stichel, 1904 stat. nov.; holotypus of Opsiphanes mutatus parodizi Bristow, 1991 syn. nov., and the following specimens: COLOMBIA: Meta —Ober Río Negro , 800 m, 1 male, Fassl leg., ex-coll. E. T. Owen, USNMENT01590309 (USNM). PERU: no data, 1 male,

ex-coll. F. Johnson, USNMENT01590308 ( USNM) . no department — Río Huallaga , 2 males, ex-coll. F. Johnson, AMNH_IZC 00352843, 00352844 ( AMNH) . San Martín —no locality, V-1990, 1 male, UFFLMNH MGCL 1103441 ( MGCL) , XI-1987, 1 male, II-1988, 1 male, L. Kassarov leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103445, 1103446 ( MGCL) . Huánuco —Carpish tunnel, 2,850 m, 26-III-1988, 1 male, M. Büche leg., OM 34.911 ( DZUP —OM) ; Tingo María , X-1975, 1 male, USNMENT00941280 ( USNM) , 670 m, 18-V-1988, 2 males, M. Büche leg., OM 34.923, 35.390 ( DZUP —OM), 700 m , XII-1981, 1 male, Schunke leg., DZ 42.835 ( DZUP) , 8-XI-1973, 1 male, Rojas leg., DZ 42.836 ( DZUP) . Ucayali — La Divisoria, 1,600 m, 16-VI-1991, 1 male, M. Büche leg., OM 35.273 ( DZUP —OM) . Junín — Río Perené , 300–800 m, IX– XI-1987, 18 males, Tello leg., OM 18.513–18.517, 18.595– 18.607 ( DZUP —OM) ; Chanchamayo , 1 male, ex-coll. B. P. Clark, USNMENT01590311 ( USNM) ; La Merced , 1 male, J. D. Rivas leg., ex-coll. F. M. Brown, AMNH_IZC 00352842 ( AMNH) ; Satipo , 2 males, OM 58.420, 58.393 ( DZUP —OM) , V-1987, 1 male, ex-coll. M. Florent, DZ 42.837 ( DZUP) , IX-1987, 1 male, L. Kassarov leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103447 ( MGCL) . Cuzco —Pilcopata (35 km SW), 16-II-1979, 1 male, W. E. Steiner leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103442 ( MGCL) . BOLIVIA: Cochabamba — Chapare ( Cristal Mayu ), 600 m, II-1956, 1 male, UFFLMNH MGCL 1103440 ( MGCL) . VENEZUELA: Aragua — Maracay ( Choroní ), 1,250 m, IX-1979, 1 female, Romero leg., DZ 2528 ( DZUP) .

Figures

FIGURE 2. Phylogenetic tree (Maximum Likelihood) inferred with IQ-TREE based on six molecular markers: cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) (mitochondrial), elongation factor 1-alpha (EF-1α), ribosomal protein S5 (RpS5), wingless (wg), Car- bamoylphosphate synthase domain protein (CAD), Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) (nuclear), rooted in Catoblepia amphirhoe (Hübner, [1825]). Asterisk (*) indicates SH-aLRT> = 80% and UFboot> = 95%. The scale bar represents the expected number of nucleotide substitutions per site. Data of the specimens used are described in table 2.

FIGURE 84. Opsiphanes farrago Stichel, 1904 stat. nov.: Male, dorsal and ventral views: a. Colombia: (USNMENT01590309- USNM) Rio Negro superior; b. Peru: (OM 34.923-DZUP—OM; CMBUT1227-19) Tingo Maria. White arrows indicate diagnostic characters of the species. Gray arrows indicate some diagnostic characters of the “sallei subgroup”.

FIGURE 85. Opsiphanes farrago Stichel, 1904 stat. nov.: Male, dorsal and ventral views: Peru: a. (OM 35.390-DZUP—OM; CMBUT1228-19) Tingo Maria, b. (OM 35.273-DZUP—OM; CMBUT1230-19) Ucayali.

FIGURE 86. Opsiphanes farrago Stichel, 1904 stat. nov.: Male, dorsal and ventral views: a. Peru: (OM 34.911-DZUP—OM; CMBUT1231-19), Huánuco; b. Bolivia: (FLMNH MGCL 1103440-MGCL) Cristal Mayu.

FIGURE 87. Opsiphanes farrago Stichel, 1904 stat. nov.: Female, dorsal and ventral views: a. Venezuela: (DZ 2528-DZUP; CMBUT1233-19) Choroní.

FIGURE 88. Opsiphanes farrago Stichel, 1904 stat. nov.: Male: a. abdomen, lateral view, b. detail of the scent organ, lateral view; genitalia: c. dorsal view, d. ventral view, e. lateral view; aedeagus: f. dorsal view, g. ventral view, h. lateral view (OM 18. 604-DZUP—OM).

FIGURE 89. Geographical distribution of Opsiphanes farrago Stichel, 1904 stat. nov.

FIGURE 90. Opsiphanes farrago Stichel, 1904 stat. nov. [Holotype] of Opsiphanes farrago Stichel, 1904 stat. nov.; a. dorsal view, b. ventral view.

FIGURE 91. Opsiphanes farrago Stichel, 1904 stat. nov. Holotype of Opsiphanes mutatus parodizi Bristow, 1991 syn. nov.; a. dorsal view, b. ventral view.