Acidocerinae Zaitzev, 1908, 2021

Giron, Jennifer C. & Short, Andrew Edward Z., 2021, The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species, ZooKeys 1045, pp. 1-236 : 1

publication ID	https://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:2C3076FD-13FB-4842-A7F6-B0EBE9B23795
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scientific name	Acidocerinae Zaitzev, 1908
status

Treatment

Subfamily Acidocerinae Zaitzev, 1908

Acidocerini Zaitzev, 1908: 353, as subfamily.

Acidocerina as subtribe Acidocerina [of tribe Hydrophilini , subfamily Hydrophilinae ] in Hansen (1991: 282; 1999b: 155).

Acidocerina as tribe [of subfamily Hydrophilinae ] in Short and Fikáček (2011: 85).

Acidocerina as subfamily in Short and Fikáček (2013: 741).

Helopeltini Horn, 1873: 118; synonymized by Hansen (1991: 282); unavailable: generic name is preoccupied (ICZN 1999, Code Art. 39).

Helopeltis Type genus: Helopeltis Horn, 1873: 137 [synonym of Helobata Bergroth, 1888: 221].

Helopeltis Helocharae d’Orchymont, 1919c: 147; described as subtribe, synonymized by Hansen (1991: 282).

Helochares Type genus: Helochares Mulsant, 1844a: 197.

Horelophopsinae Hansen, 1997: 108.

Horelophopsis Type genus: Horelophopsis Hansen, 1997: 109; synonymized by Short and Fikáček (2013: 15, in table, discussed along the text).

Globulina García, 2001: 153; emended to Globulosina by Short and Hebauer (2006: 338); synonymized with tribe Acidocerini by Short and Fikáček 2011: 84.

Globulosis Type genus: Globulosis García, 2001: 153.

Type genus.

Acidocerus Klug, 1855: 649.

Diagnosis.

Body length 1.2-14.0 mm. Body shape oval in dorsal view, dorsoventrally flattened, or weakly to strongly convex in lateral view (Fig. 1 View Figure 1 ); surface even (without elevations or depressions), granulate (e.g., Figs 17 View Figure 17 , 33 View FIgure 33 ) or smooth on head and pronotum. From yellowish to dark brown in coloration (Fig. 1 View Figure 1 ), usually uniform, sometimes different regions of body colored differently. Shape of head variable (trapezoid, subquadrate, round; Fig. 11E-L View Figure 11 ). Anterior corners of frons sometimes extended posteriorly forming Tobochares canthus and emarginating anterior margin of eyes (e.g., Tobochares , Helobata ; e.g., Fig. 11B, C View Figure 11 ). Eyes varying in size, shape, degree of emargination, and degree of projection from outline of head (Fig. 11E-L View Figure 11 ); absent only in cavernicolous genus Troglochares Spangler, 1981a. Clypeus variable in shape (rectangular to trapezoid; Fig. 11E-L View Figure 11 ), with anterior margin from straight to mesally emarginate. Labrum usually exposed; concealed by clypeus in Helobata (Fig. 11L View Figure 11 ) and Helopeltarium (Fig. 1H View Figure 1 ). Mentum usually wider than long, with strong median anterior depression, may be limited by low transverse carina (Fig. 12A-C View Figure 12 ); surface of mentum with variable sculpture, ranging from smooth (Fig. 12A View Figure 12 ) to roughly punctate or obliquely striate (Fig. 12B View Figure 12 ). Antennae with eight or nine antennomeres (Fig. 12D, E View Figure 12 ), with cupule varying in symmetry and shape. Maxillary palps curved inward, ranging from very short (nearly half width of the head; e.g., Quadriops reticulatus , Fig. 12C View Figure 12 ) and stout, to very long and slender (nearly twice the width of the head; e.g., Peltochares , Fig. 11K View Figure 11 ). Pronotum evenly convex, usually with systematic punctures forming paired anterolateral semicircles and paired short posterolateral transverse bands. Elytra with or without sutural striae, with outer margins simple, slightly flared, or laterally explanate; elytral punctation variable (Fig. 13 View Figure 13 ). Hind wings usually well developed (Fig. 15A-F View Figure 15 ), seldom reduced along apical region (Fig. 15G View Figure 15 ). Surface of prosternum flat (e.g., Fig. 14A, B View Figure 14 ), convex or rarely medially carinate (e.g., Crucisternum ; Fig. 29C View Figure 29 ), with anterior margin straight or anteriorly projected. Posterior elevation of mesoventrite either only weakly bulging or with transverse (e.g., Fig. 14E, G View Figure 14 ) or longitudinal ridge (e.g., Fig. 14D, F View Figure 14 ); with strongly produced, anteriorly pointed and longitudinally carinate transverse ridge in Crucisternum (Fig. 14C View Figure 14 ). Anapleural sutures variable in shape and orientation. Metaventrite rather uniformly covered by hydrofuge pubescence (e.g., Fig. 14E View Figure 14 ), sometimes with posteromesal glabrous patch (e.g., Fig. 14D, F, G View Figure 14 ), sometimes also with posterolateral glabrous patches (e.g., Fig. 14D View Figure 14 ). Protibiae with anterior row of spines varying in shape and development; apical spurs of protibiae varying in development. Metafemora with tibial grooves of varying development; hydrofuge pubescence on anterior surface of metafemora absent, reduced to only basal or dorsal patch, or increasingly covering most of surface. Tarsomeres 5-5-5; tarsomeres variable in size, proportions, and dorsal and ventral coverage. Abdomen with five pubescent ventrites, density of setae ranging from sparse to very dense. Fifth abdominal ventrite with apex either rounded (Fig. 15I View Figure 15 ), truncate (Fig. 15J View Figure 15 ), or emarginate (Fig. 15H View Figure 15 ); apex with or without fringe of flat and stout setae. Aedeagus usually symmetrical (Fig. 16 View Figure 16 ), with basal piece varying in size from longer than parameres (e.g., Primocerus , Fig. 47 View Figure 47 ; Batochares , Fig. 22D View Figure 22 ), to reduced and virtually absent (e.g., Peltochares , Fig. 45 View Figure 45 ); parameres highly variable in shape, either slender and only connected to each other at base of ventral surface (e.g., Fig. 16A-D, G, H View Figure 16 ), or fused together forming tube-like structure (e.g., Fig. 16E, F View Figure 16 ); apex of parameres either simple, or bifurcated and modified with hooks and spines (e.g., Fig. 16C, D View Figure 16 ); median lobe either simple or with dorsal and ventral lobes, with well-developed lateral basal apodemes; further modifications (longitudinal divisions, presence of internal hooks and spines, development of gonopore) widespread.

Differential diagnosis.

Acidocerines can be generally recognized by their oval and moderately convex body shapes with slender maxillary palps and uniformly slender tibiae (usually strongly convex and sometimes rounded in Cylominae and Sphaeridiinae , with short and stout maxillary palps and stout to apically broadened tibiae). The maxillary palps are always curved inwards in Acidocerinae (maxillary palpomere 2 with inner margin straight to concave; Fig. 12F-J View Figure 12 ), with palpomeres 2-4 similar in length and proportions (curved outwards, zig-zag oriented, or with shorter palpomere 3 in most Enochrinae and Chaetarthriinae ). In addition, Acidocerines always bear five tarsomeres on the meso- and metatarsi (four in some enochrines).

Selected references.

Hansen 1991: diagnosis of the group (at the time as a subtribe, and including some genera now placed in the subfamily Enochrinae ), list of genera and subgenera with synonyms, key to genera, and description of each genus (8 out of the 23 recognized in this paper). Hansen 1999b: catalog with full list of species at the time (nearly 300), synonyms and references. Short and Fikáček 2013: Acidocerinae as a subfamily excluding enochrine genera, with Horelophopsinae as synonym, list of genera, general diagnosis. Short et al. (2021): molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the subfamily, groups of genera.

Remarks.

The subfamily Acidocerinae is a group with many contrasts. It includes some of the largest as well as smallest hydrophilids; some genera are either strikingly different from, or extremely similar to others; the external morphology of some genera is extremely uniform and species can only be recognized by characters of the male genitalia, or so variable that is difficult to diagnose the group as a unit; at the species level, the distributions can be very narrow and restricted to one or a few fairly close localities, or very broadly widespread across several continents. There is a trend for species living in the same kind of habitats to have certain shared morphological features. For example, species that live in aquatic habitats tend to have slender and relatively long maxillary palps and metafemora mostly covered by hydrofuge pubescence, whereas species living in hygropetric habitats tend to have shorter and stouter maxillary palps and reduced or absent coverage of hydrofuge pubescence on the metafemora.