Nereis alacranensis, Ramírez-Hernández, Adriana, Hernández-Alcántara, Pablo & Solís-Weiss, Vivianne, 2015

Ramírez-Hernández, Adriana, Hernández-Alcántara, Pablo & Solís-Weiss, Vivianne, 2015, Nereis alacranensis, a new species of polychaete (Annelida, Nereididae) from Alacranes Reef, southern Gulf of Mexico, with a key to Nereis from the Grand Caribbean, Zootaxa 4012 (1), pp. 156-166 : 157-163

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.1.8
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:361EA0FD-D34A-4657-A1BE-9F49150599AA
DOI	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5671239
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/484E87FE-FFA5-2E03-879F-55CA9CF2FB4A
treatment provided by	Plazi
scientific name	Nereis alacranensis
status	sp. nov.

Treatment

Nereis alacranensis View in CoL new species

Figures 1 View FIGURE 1 A–G, 2A–I, 3A–B

Type material. Holotype: Atokous individual collected from Arrecife Alacranes, Yucatán, southern Gulf of Mexico, ( CNAP – ICML: POH-39-002), Station 14B (22°24'46"N, 89°39'53"W), 12 December 2009, 1 m, coll. V. Solís-Weiss.

Paratypes: ( CNAP – ICML: POP-39-004): 7 atokous individuals, two of them coated with gold for SEM studies, Station 14B (22°24'46"N, 89°39'53"W), 12 December 2009, 1 m; 3 specimens, Station 14 (22°24'46"N, 89°39'53"W), 12 December 2009, 1 m; 1 specimen, Station 14B (22°24'46"N, 89°39'53"W), 12 December 2009, 1 m; 1 specimen, Station 14C (22°24'46"N, 89°39'53"W), 12 December 2009, 1 m. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales de Madrid ( MNCN): 5 atokous individuals, 2 specimens ( MNCP 16.01/16646), Station 15 (22°23'44"N, 89°39'5"W), 12 December 2009, 1 m; 3 specimens ( MNCP 16.01/16645), Station 14B (22°24'46"N, 89°39'53"W), 12 December 2009, 1m. All paratypes collected by V. Solís-Weiss.

Non-type material examined. 25 specimens ( CNAP – ICML: PO-39-032), 1 specimen, Station 14 (22°24'46"N, 89°39'53"W), 12 December 2009, 1 m; 18 specimens, Station 14B (22°24'46"N, 89°39'53"W), 12 December 2009, 1 m; 2 specimens, Station 14C (22°24'46"N, 89°39'53"W), 12 December 2009, 1 m; 4 specimens, Station 15 (22°23'44"N, 89°39'5"W), 12 December 2009, 1 m. All specimens collected by V. Solís-Weiss.

Additional material examined. Nereis baolingi de León-González & Solís-Weiss, 2000: Paratype, UANL 3982, western shores of the Baja California Peninsula, Mexican Pacific.

Description. Holotype complete with 63 chaetigers, 28 mm long, 2 mm wide. Paratypes with 56–63 chaetigers, 17–28 mm long, 1–2 mm wide. Body thin anteriorly, gradually tapering posteriorly towards pygidium. Colour cream in preserved specimens. Prostomium pentagonal, as long as wide, anterior margin entire; two pairs of eyes round and large, arranged trapezoidally; pair of smooth tapered antennae situated at anterior end; one pair of palps with large palpophores and short cylindrical palpostyles ( Fig. 1 View FIGURE 1 A, 2A). Peristomium longer than length of first chaetiger, as large as anterior and middle chaetigers; four pairs of tentacular cirri of unequal length, with distinct cirrophores; posterior dorsal tentacular cirri longest, reaching chaetiger 3. A peristomial ventral plate present, located in the external side of the peristomium; it is a brown coarse arc shaped plate, with numerous and irregular rigid wrinkles ( Fig. 1 View FIGURE 1 B, 2B, 3A, B). Proboscis with a pair of light brown dentate jaws, each with 7–9 teeth. Black paragnaths usually with a pointed tip on both maxillary and oral rings. Maxillary ring of pharynx with paragnaths arranged in discrete areas ( Fig. 2 View FIGURE 2 A, B): area I absent; area II with 4 conical paragnaths (3–5 in paratypes) in irregular arrangement; area III absent; area IV with 5 conical paragnaths (5–8 in paratypes) in a curved row. Oral ring with paragnaths: area V absent; area VI with 5 conical paragnaths (3–7 in paratypes) in irregular arrangement; areas VII to VIII with 7 conical paragnaths arranged in a single transverse row. First two parapodia uniramous; with notopodial dorsal ligules shorter than long dorsal cirri; with small, triangular prechaetal lobe and shorter, rounded postchaetal lobe; neuropodial ventral ligule long, conical; ventral cirri long ( Fig. 1 View FIGURE 1 D, 2D). All following parapodia biramous ( Fig. 1 View FIGURE 1 E–G). From parapodium 3, long dorsal cirri and conical notopodial dorsal ligules with rounded tips; with long, conical notopodial ventral ligule ( Fig. 1 View FIGURE 1 E–G, 2G). Neuropodia with ventral ligules and long ventral cirri, which are longer in posterior parapodia; with short, rounded pre- and postchaetal lobes. Notochaetae: only homogomph spinigers in anterior parapodia ( Fig. 2 View FIGURE 2 C); heterogomph and sesquigomph spinigers absent; from chaetiger 15, homogomph falcigers with short blades, entire distally, multidentate, with up to 7 small lateral teeth, first and subsequent lateral teeth much smaller than terminal tooth ( Fig. 2 View FIGURE 2 E, F). Sesquigomph falcigers absent. Number of notochaetae vary along body: 3–4 at parapodium 3, 5–6 at parapodium 10, about 3 around parapodium 25, and 2 around parapodium 50. Neurochaetae grouped in two clearly separate fascicles. Dorsal fascicle with heterogomph falcigers and all spinigers homogomph, 7–10 chaetae per fascicle; heterogomph falcigers with serrated blades, about 14–17 short, slender lateral teeth, with a curved terminal tooth ( Fig. 2 View FIGURE 2 H). Ventral fascicle with homogomph and heterogomph spinigers, and heterogomph falcigers; around 10–15 chaetae per fascicle, their number decreases towards the posterior region of body; heterogomph falcigers with about 15 lateral teeth, well separated between them, and a distal curved tooth, which is clearly thicker than lateral teeth ( Fig. 2 View FIGURE 2 I). Pygidium with a pair of long and slender anal cirri (1 mm) ( Fig. 1 View FIGURE 1 C).

Remarks. Nereis alacranensis n. sp. is characterized by a peculiar brown coarse arc shaped plate in the external ventral region of the peristomium, which together with the lack of paragnaths in areas I, III and V, the presence of 3–7 cones in area VI, 7 cones in a transversal row in areas VII–VIII, and the short notopodial homogomph falcigers with up to 7 lateral teeth, clearly separate it from the other species of the genus ( Table 1 View TABLE 1 ).

Etymology. The new species is named after the marine region where it was found: Alacranes Reef National Park, southern Gulf of Mexico.

Habitat. Intertidal (1 m), on dead coral rocks, associated to seagrasses and sponges.

Distribution. Alacranes Reef, Yucatán, southern Gulf of México.

Discussion. All of the species of Nereis are characterized by the presence of paragnaths in at least one of the areas of both pharyngeal rings and by having notopodial homogomph falcigers in posterior parapodia. However, due to the high number of species that share those characteristics (241 species), they have been assembled in several groups. Nereis alacranensis sp. n. belongs to the group lacking paragnaths in areas I and V of the pharynx, with cones in a single row or absent in areas VII and VIII, and short blades in notopodial homogomph falcigers. Only five other species share those morphological characteristics ( Table 1 View TABLE 1 ): Nereis anoculopsis Fauchald, 1972 , recorded in deep waters, and N. baolingi de León-González & Solís-Weiss, 2000, collected on the continental shelf, both from the Mexican Pacific ( Fauchald 1972; de León-González & Solís-Weiss 2000), N. cirriseta Hutchings & Turvey, 1982 , from Australia, N. eugeniae ( Kinberg, 1866) , widely distributed in the southeastern Pacific Ocean ( Kinberg 1866; Ríos et al. 2003; Rozbaczylo et al. 2005), Falkland Islands ( Monro 1936, Darbyshire 2014), and South Africa ( Day 1960, 1967), and N. grayi Pettibone, 1956 , from the northeastern Atlantic Ocean ( Pettibone 1956; Day 1973; Gardiner 1976), and the Gulf of Mexico ( Taylor 1984; Fauchald et al. 2009).

The pharyngeal structure of N. eugeniae can be differentiated from all other species in this group by the presence of 9–11 paragnaths in area II, 2–6 small cones in area III, and no paragnaths in area IV. In other species, including, N. alacranensis n. sp., the maximum number of cones is 7 in area II, no paragnaths in area III, and at least 2 cones in area IV ( Table 1 View TABLE 1 ). The morphological characteristics of N. eugeniae vary depending on the different authors’ descriptions, mainly when referring to the paragnaths’ distribution. However, thanks to the revision of that species by Darbyshire (2014), which integrates the information of Ehlers (1897), Monro (1930) and Hartman (1964, 1967), we know that, occasionally, up to 18 cones have been found in area III in this species. Notwithstanding, the morphological differences, between N. eugeniae and the new species are significant ( Table 1 View TABLE 1 ).

Nereis grayi View in CoL is distributed in the Gulf of Mexico ( Pettibone 1956; Taylor 1984), just as N. alacranensis View in CoL n. sp., but differs from the new species by the absence of paragnaths in areas VII and VIII, and the presence of long tentacular cirri, which extend to chaetiger 8. Those characteristics separate N. grayi View in CoL from the other species in the group, in which two or more cones are present in areas VII and VIII, and the tentacular cirri are short, extending to chaetiger 4 at most. In addition, in both N. grayi View in CoL and N. eugeniae View in CoL , the notopodial homogomph falcigers are smooth, in contrast with the other species listed in Table 1 View TABLE 1 , which have dentate homogomph falcigers.

The shape of the notopodial homogomph falcigers and the length of the tentacular cirri are very similar in the four remaining species. However, N. anoculopsis View in CoL can be differentiated, since it has only two cones in areas VII and VIII, while N. baolingi View in CoL , N. cirriseta View in CoL and N. alacranensis View in CoL n. sp. have up to 7 cones arranged in a row. On the other hand, N. cirriseta View in CoL and N. alacranensis View in CoL n. sp. can be differentiated from N. baolingi View in CoL by the presence of 3 to 6 (7) cones in area VI of the pharynx, while no paragnaths are present in area VI in the last species. Still, N. baolingi View in CoL and N. alacranensis View in CoL n. sp. are close, since no paragnaths are found in either species in areas I, III and V, 7 cones in a transverse row are present in areas VII and VIII and short tentacular cirri are present, as well as short, dentate notopodial homogomph falcigers. Nevertheless, the revision of type material of N. baolingi View in CoL enabled us to confirm that this species can be separated from the new species, since it has very few paragnaths in the pharynx, 2 cones in areas II and IV, cones are absent in area VI ( Fig. 3 View FIGURE 3 D, E), the maxillary teeth are thick and distally quadrate ( Fig. 3 View FIGURE 3 F), and the notopodial homogomph falcigers have only 3–4 thick lateral teeth ( Fig. 3 View FIGURE 3 C).

Finally, it is clear that the number, arrangement and distribution of the paragnaths in N. cirriseta View in CoL and N. alacranensis View in CoL n. sp. are very similar ( Table 1 View TABLE 1 ); however, besides the fact that N. cirriseta View in CoL lives on rocks in the Australian coasts, the new species can be clearly separated because in N. cirriseta View in CoL the posterior notopodial falcigers have noticeably elongated blades, which instigated its specific name, the lateral teeth of the blades are very fine, bristle-like, and the ventral cirri extend at most from three quarters to tip of the ventral neuropodial lobes, while in N. alacranensis View in CoL , the blades of the notopodial falcigers are similar along the body, their teeth are thicker ( Fig. 2 View FIGURE 2 E, F), and the ventral cirri are as long as the ventral neuropodial lobes ( Figs. 1 View FIGURE 1 D–G). All these characteristics, besides the important new morphological structure observed in N. alacranensis View in CoL n. sp., the peristomial brown, coarse arc shaped plate, allow us to conclude that it is certainly a new species of Nereis View in CoL .

Morphological structures	N. anoculopsis Fauchald, 1972	N. baolingi de León- González & Solís-Weiss, 2000	N. eugeniae (Kinberg, 1866)	N. grayi Pettibone, 1956	N. cirriseta Hutchings & Turvey,1982	N. alacranensis n. sp.
Area I	0	0	0	0	0	0
Area II	4 cones in transverse row	2 cones	9–11 cones in two rows	2–3 small cones	2–7 cones in 1 or 2 oblique rows	3–5 cones in diagonal row
Area III	0	0	absent or 2–6 small cones in irregular row	0	0, rarely 1 small cone	0
Area IV	4 cones in group	2 cones	absent or grouped (0–18)	10–13 cones in triangular group	4–10 cones irregularly in oblique crescent	5–8 cones in curved row
Area V	0	0	0–1	0	0	0
Area VI	0	0	3–6 cones in small group	3–4 small cones	3–6 cones in oval group or transverse row	3–7 cones in irregular arrangement
Area VII–VIII	2 cones in transverse row	7 cones in transverse row	0–11 cones sparse in irregular row	0	4–7 cones in transverse row	7 cones in transverse row
Blades of notopodial homogomph falcigers	Short, with 6–7 thick teeth; similar along body	Short with 3–4 short teeth; similar along body	Short and smooth; similar along body	Short and smooth; similar along body	Short with several small bristle-like teeth; posterior falcigers with clearly elongate blades	Short with up to 7 short teeth; similar along body
Tentacular cirri	Short (chaetiger 4)	Short (chaetiger 2)	Short (chaetiger 2)	Long (chaetiger 8)	Short (chaetiger 3)	Short (chaetiger 3)
Habitat	On soft sediments; 1,632 m	On rocky ledges and shingle; intertidal		On soft sediments; intertidal to160 m	On rocks; intertidal and sublittoral to10 m	On dead coral rocks, associated with sponges and seagrasses; intertidal
Distribution	Mexican Pacific	Mexican Pacific	Strait of Magellan, Chile; Falkland Islands; Kerguelen Islands; South Africa	Northwest Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico	West and South Australia	Southern Gulf of Mexico