Taeniogonalos Schulz, 1906

Chen, Hua-yan, van Achterberg, Cornelis, He, Jun-hua & Xu, Zai-fu, 2014, A revision of the Chinese Trigonalyidae (Hymenoptera, Trigonalyoidea), ZooKeys 385, pp. 1-207 : 66-67

Taeniogonalos Schulz, 1906 Figs 267-592

Taeniogonalos Schulz, 1906: 212; Weinstein and Austin 1991: 416; Tsuneki 1991: 59; Carmean and Kimsey 1998: 65. Type species (by monotypy): Trigonalys maculata Smith, 1851.

Labidogonalos Schulz, 1906: 207; Weinstein and Austin 1991: 414; Carmean and Kimsey 1998: 65. Type species (by monotypy): Trigonalys ornata Smith, 1851.

Poecilogonalos Schulz, 1906: 212; Marshakov 1981: 105; Tsuneki 1991: 46; Weinstein and Austin 1991: 422; Tsuneki 1991: 46; Lelej 1995: 14. Type species (by monotypy): Trigonalys thwaitesii Westwood, 1874. Synonymized by Carmean and Kimsey 1998.

Nanogonalos Schulz, 1906: 211; Teranishi 1929: 150; Marshakov 1981: 107; Tsuneki 1991: 56; Weinstein and Austin 1991: 421. Synonymized by Carmean and Kimsey 1998. Type species (by monotypy): Nanogonalos enderleini De Santis, 1980.

Ischnogonalos Schulz, 1907: 11; 1908: 33; Bischoff 1933: 482, 1938: 11; Weinstein and Austin 1991: 413; Carmean and Kimsey 1998: 65. Type species (by monotypy): Trigonalys dubia Magretti, 1997. Syn. n.

Lycogastroides Strand, 1912: 129; Weinstein and Austin 1991: 413. Type species (by original designation): Lycogastroides gracilicornis Strand, 1912. Synonymized by Carmean and Kimsey 1998.

Lycogonalos Bischoff, 1913: 155; Weinstein and Austin 1991: 415. Type species (by original designation): Lycogonalos flavicincta Bischoff, 1913. Synonymized by Carmean and Kimsey 1998.

Taiwanogonalos Tsuneki, 1991: 35. Type species (by original designation): Taiwanogonalos alishana Tsuneki, 1991. Synonymized by Carmean and Kimsey 1998.

Diagnosis.

Body length 4.3-13.0 mm; antenna with 21-26 segments, without pale band and slender medially (Fig. 306), of male with linear tyloids (= elevated elongate areas) on 11 th– 16th antennal segments (Fig. 415); supra-antennal elevations smooth or punctate, without depression dorsally, remain far separated from each other medially and without horizontal “shelf” between antennal bases (Figs 269, 319, 330, 363, 374, 408, 419, 430, 454, 465, 487, 509, 520, 551, 562, 573, 584); temple usually punctate or reticulate-punctate and moderately shiny (Fig. 587); occipital carina ending at hypostomal carina at level of mandibular base; vertex flattened, without median depression dorsally (Fig. 584); apical segment of labial palp widened and obtuse, more or less triangular (Fig. 457); mandibles wide in anterior view and sublaterally attached to head (Fig. 453); mesoscutum and scutellum distinctly punctate or rugose (Fig. 458); metanotum at least partly convex latero-dorsally and often sculptured (Fig. 309); vein 1-SR of fore wing medium-sized to long (Figs 272, 489); fore wing often with subapical dark patch (Fig. 410) or large part of fore wing dark brown (Fig. 449); triangular dorso-apical part of hind trochanter separated by an oblique groove; fore trochanter subparallel-sided and distinctly longer than hind trochanter; hind tarsus slightly or not modified; propodeal foramen more or less arched dorsally and often with a lamelliform carina; second sternite convex in lateral view (Fig. 312; but less so in males: Figs 316, 581), strongly sclerotized and frequently densely punctate (Fig. 592), sometimes with a medio-posterior elevation (Fig. 592) but without pair of small teeth; third sternite at most 0.7 times as long as second sternite; basal half of third sternite flat, without a distinct ledge anteriorly (Fig. 592); hypopygium of ♀ pointing anteriorly toward second sternite or straight down or pointing posteriad; body variable, often moderately robust (Figs 317, 328, 452, 485, 507, 582).

Biology.

Reared as hyperparasitoid of parasitoid wasps ( Ichneumonidae and Braconidae ) and parasitoid flies ( Tachinidae ) in caterpillars, but some species are primary parasitoids of Pergid sawflies in Australia ( Raff 1934; Carne 1969; He and Chen 1986; Weinstein and Austin 1995; Carmean and Kimsey 1998).

Notes.

The enigmatic genus Ischnogonalos Schulz, 1907, is synonymized; it fits well in the genus Taeniogonalos as redefined in this paper. Unfortunately, the holotype of the type species could not be found. It is aberrant because of the comparatively slender first metasomal tergite, the posteriorly protruding propodeum, the swollen male antennal segments and the pair of minute teeth medio-posteriorly on the second metasomal sternite.

Trigonalys lachrymosa Westwood, 1874, from Mindanao (Philippines) was assigned to the genus Lycogaster Shuckard by Bischoff (1938) without giving arguments and the name was changed into Lycogaster lacrimosa . The holotype should be in the Semper collection (ZMB?) but could not be traced. Judging from the original description and the figure it does not belong in the genus Lycogaster . The comparatively long vein 1-SR of the fore wing, the narrow third submarginal cell of the fore wing and the yellow pattern of the mesosoma (middle lobe of mesoscutum antero-laterally, axilla and metanotum laterally with yellow patches) indicate that it belongs to the genus Taeniogonalos , resulting in the new combination Trigonalys lachrymosa (Westwood, 1874), comb. n.

Key to Chinese species of Taeniogonalos Schulz, 1906