Acroclisoides solus Grissell & Smith, 2006

Tselikh, Ekaterina V., Mitroiu, Mircea-Dan, Lee, Jaehyeon, Dale-Skey, Natalie & Ku, Deok-Seo, 2025, Revision of Acroclisoides Girault & Dodd, 1915 (Chalcidoidea, Pteromalidae, Metasteninae), ZooKeys 1257, pp. 153-214 : 153-214

Acroclisoides solus Grissell & Smith, 2006 stat. rev.

Figs 144–151

Acroclisoides solus Grissell & Smith, 2006: 925, 926–928. Holotype female ( USNM, examined).

Type material examined.

Holotype • female, USA: “ West Virginia, Hardy County, 3 mi. NE Mathias , 38°55'N, 78°49'E, 30. VII – 12. VIII. 2004 coll. D. R. Smith Malaise trap ” ( USNM).

Additional material examined.

China • 25 females, 1 male, “ CHINA: Beijing Province Haidian, Lengquan village 40°01'08"N, 116°13'10"E 27. VI. 2013, on mulberry ”, “ Ex: Plautia fimbriata eggs (primary host most likely Trissolcus plautiae CABI label: FCP-P 591 ”, “ FCP-P 591 ” ( CNC) • 3 females, 1 male, “ CHINA: Beijing Province Haidian, Lengquan village 40°01'08"N, 116°13'10"E 4. VII. 2013, on mulberry ”, “ Ex: Plautia fimbriata eggs (primary host most likely Trissolcus plautiae CABI label: FCP-P 671 ”, “ FCP-P 671 ” ( ZISP) . Japan • 3 females, “ JAPAN: Fukuoka City eggs Plautia stali 3. IX. 1975 M. Miyahara (no. 1, Tachikawa) ”, “ Acroclisoides? luzonensis Gah. det. Z. Bouček, 1976 ”, “ NHMUK 013455966 ” ( NHMUK) • 2 females, “ Japan, Honshu, Kobe Hyo-go Pref., Rokka Mts. Maya Mt. , coll. S. Belokobylskij 24. VII. 2005 ” ( ZISP) . Republic of Korea • 1 female, “ S. Korea [GB] Yeongyang-gun, Irwol-myeon, Mt. IIwol-san , 36°48'29"N, 129°05'25"E, 14. VII. 2015 coll. E. Tselikh ” ( ZISP) • 1 female, “ Korea (GB) Bongwha-gun, Seokpo-myeon, Seokpo-ri , Malaise trap, 31. IX. 2016, coll. J. H. Lee ” ( SMNE) • 1 female, “ Soheul-eup , Pocheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 29. V. 2015, Park, Choi, Nam, Shin, Kim, 37°45'29.2"N 127°10'0.4"E ” ( SMNE) • 3 females, “ Soheul-eup , Pocheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 12. VI – 30. VI. 2017, Kim, Kim, Nam, 37°45'1.6"N 127°08'34.9"E ” ( SMNE) • 1 female, “ (GB), Taeha-ri Hakpo , Seo-Myeon, Ulleung-gun, VII. 1 – VII. 15.2017, Malaise Trap, Ku Deokseo ” ( SMNE) • 1 female, “ (JN), Jangioa-ri , Wando-eup, Wando-gun, VIII. 16 – VIII. 29.2020, Malaise Trap, Ku Deokseo, Lee Jaehyeon ” ( SMNE) • 1 female, “ (GB), Dahyeon-ri , Bukhu-myeon, Andong-si, V. 31 – VI. 16.2021, Malaise Trap, Gwon Gimyeon ” ( SMNE) • 1 female, “ (GW), Mandae-Ri , Haean-Myeon, Yanggu-Gun, Gangwon-do, VII. 5 – VIII. 11.2021, Malaise Trap, Y. H. Park, M. H. Kim, D. H. Park, J. Y. Kim ” ( SMNE) • 2 females, “ (GN), Muchon-ri , Namsang-gun, Geochang-gun, VII. 28 – VIII. 15.2021, ( Malaise Trap), Lee Jaehyeon, Jeong Hyojin ” • 1 female, “ Korea, Gyeongsangnam-do, Geochang-gun, Namsang-myeon, Jeoncheok-ri , 35°37'15.3"N, 27°57'51.4"E, 26. VI. 2022, coll. E. V. Tselikh ” ( ZISP) • 3 females, “ Republic of Korea: Gyeongsangnam-do, Geochang-gun, 35°44'54"N, 127°56'26"E, 30. 06. 2022, coll. E. Tselikh ” ( ZISP) • 1 female, “ S. Korea, (GB), JuWangSan-myeon, Cheongsong-gun, (Mt), JuWangSan SW, 18. VI. 2023, coll. J. H. Lee ” ( SMNE) • 2 females, “ S. Korea: [GN], Geochang-gun, Mari-myeon, Yeongseung-ri , 35.714060N 127.876007E, 06. VII. 2023, coll. E. V. Tselikh ” ( ZISP) • 3 females, “ South Korea, (GN), Geochang-gun, Science Museum Natural Enemy , 20. VII. 2024, coll. E. Tselikh ” ( ZISP) • 6 females, “ S. Korea: [GN], Sancheong-gun, Chahwang-myeon, Silmae-ri , 35.49413N 127.94170E, 22. VII. 2024, coll. V. Chemyreva ” ( ZISP) • 1 female, “ S. Korea: [GN], Jinju-si, Geumsan-myeon, Galjeon-ri , 35.18906N, 128.1779E, 25. VII. 2024 coll. Tselikh ” ( ZISP) • 2 females “ S. Korea, GN, Goseong - gun, Hail-myeon, Suyang-ri , 34°58'34.8"N, 128°12'08.3"E, 7. VIII. 2024, coll. Tselikh ” ( ZISP) • 12 females “ South Korea, (GN), Daegu, Dalseong-gun, Yang-ri , 35.71331N, 128.51140E, 9. 08. 2024, coll E. Tselikh ” ( NHMUK, ZISP) . Russia • 1 female, “ RUSSIA: Amur Prov., 40 km SW Svobodny , 27–29.07. 2003 coll. S. Belokobylskij ” ( ZISP) • 2 females, “ RUSSIA: Amur Prov., Khingan Reserve, 3 km. E Uril , 3–4.08. 2022 coll. O. Kosheleva ” ( ZISP) • 1 female, “ RUSSIA: Primorskii Reg., 30 km E Spassk , forest, 7. 07. 1993 coll. S. Belokobylskij ” ( ZISP) • 2 females, “ RUSSIA: Primorskii Reg., Novokachalinsk, Khanka Lake , 12–16.08. 2003 coll. S. Belokobylskij ” ( ZISP) • 1 female, “ RUSSIA: Primorskii Reg., 18 km SE Lazo, Lazovsky Reserve , forest, 24–29.08. 2006 coll. S. Belokobylskij ” ( ZISP) . USA • 1 female, “ Ohio, Geauga Co. Holden Arboretum Stibbins Gulch Aug. 14, 2004 sweep – T. Pucci ”, “ Univ. Calif. Riverside Ent. Res. Museum UCRC ENT 508661 ” ( UCR) • 1 female, “ USA: NY: Seneca Co. 4.5 mi. SW Lodi , 200 m 42°33'45"N, 76°52'27"E 30. vii – 14. viii. 2010 G. Loeb. S. Triapitsyn, vinevard MT ”, “ Univ. Calif. Riverside Ent. Res. Museum UCRC ENT 284394 ” ( UCR) .

Description.

Female. Body length 1.70–1.80 mm; fore wing length 1.40–1.50 mm.

Coloration. Head and mesosoma dorsally dark blue with diffuse metallic coppery luster, head frontally green with diffuse metallic coppery luster, antenna with scape, pedicel and anelli yellowish brown, F 1 – F 5 and clava brown, F 6 yellow. Fore and hind coxa dark blue with diffuse metallic violet luster, mid coxae yellowish brown, all femora and tibiae yellowish brown, all tarsi yellow. Fore wing with one spot near S, venation brown. Propodeum dorsally dark blue with diffuse metallic coppery luster. Metasoma dorsally dark brown with metallic blue and violet luster; ovipositor sheaths brown.

Sculpture. Head and mesosoma reticulate; clypeus reticulate-striate; scutellum, frenal area and propodeum reticulate, nucha alutaceous; petiole smooth; metasoma smooth and shiny.

Head. Head in dorsal view 2.21–2.30 × as broad as long and 1.34–1.38 × as broad as mesoscutum; in frontal view 1.54–1.59 × as broad as high. POL 0.67–0.71 × as long as OOL. Eye height 1.10–1.12 × eye length and 1.64–1.65 × malar space. Distance between antennal toruli and lower margin of clypeus 2.80–2.87 × distance between antennal toruli and median ocellus. Antenna with scape 0.94–1.00 × as long as eye height and 1.00–1.06 × as long as eye length; pedicel 1.20–1.25 × as long as broad; combined length of pedicel and flagellum 0.88–0.90 × breadth of head; F 1 – F 6 longer than broad, F 1 1.25–1.75 × as long as broad and with 2 rows of sensilla; clava 2.50–3.30 × as long as broad, with small microsetose area on eC 3 and C 4. Lower posterior corner of gena with sharp spine. Lower margin of clypeus concave bilaterally, in middle emarginate.

Mesosoma. Mesosoma 1.09–1.16 × as long as broad. Scutellum moderately arched, 0.77–0.80 × as long as broad, frenal area not clear differentiated by sculpture. Propodeum 0.60–0.80 × as long as scutellum, without costula but with median carina, nucha not small. Fore wing 2.05–2.07 × as long as its maximum width; basal cell and basal vein setose; speculum closed below; M 0.64–0.70 × as long as PM and 0.85–0.92 × as long as S, stigma small.

Metasoma. Metasoma 1.62–1.85 × as long as broad, 1.16–1.33 × as long as mesosoma, 0.89–0.90 × as long as mesosoma and head. Petiole 0.90–1.10 × as long as broad. Ovipositor sheaths projecting slightly beyond apex of metasoma.

Male. Body length 1.50–1.60 mm; fore wing length 1.25–1.30 mm. Distance between antennal toruli and lower margin of clypeus 2.57–2.60 × distance between antennal toruli and median ocellus. Antenna with pedicel 1.40–1.45 × as long as broad. Otherwise, similar to female.

Biology.

Eggs parasitoid of hemipterans Plautia fimbriata Stål, 1865 (new host record) and P. stali Scott, 1874 (new host record) ( Pentatomidae ). Hyperparasitoids of Trissolcus plautiae (Watanabe, 1954) ( Scelionidae ) (new host record).

Distribution.

China, Japan, Russia (new records), Italy, Republic of Korea, Switzerland (as A. sinicus ), USA ( Grissell and Smith 2006; Sabbatini Peverieri et al. 2019).

Comments.

Acroclisoides solus Grissell & Smith was synonymized with A. sinicus (Huang & Liao) by Sabbatini Peverieri et al. (2019), based on morphological and molecular evidence. However, after examining many additional specimens (see above), we noticed that with a few exceptions they can be grouped in two morphs based on the characters mentioned in the key. Moreover, no type specimen of A. sinicus was sequenced in the mentioned study, so based on these findings we prefer to treat these specimens as two different species until further evidence proves otherwise. The specimens listed in Sabbatini Peverieri et al. (2019) and deposited in MICO, not repeated here, should be treated as A. solus , except the following one that probably belongs to A. sinicus : “ 1 ♀ S. Korea: Chungbuk, Okcheon-gun, Bougimyeon, Soesan-li, 150 m, Malaise trap, 10. ix – 03. x. 2004, 36°16.594'N, 127°36.742'E, Tripotin rec. ( MICO) ”. The species was introduced both in Europe and North America from Asia, but its exact origin is still unknown. Acroclisoides solus belongs to a group of species where females have a fore wing with one spot near S However, two females from South Korea listed in Sabbatini Peverieri et al. (2019) had hyaline fore wings even if they were genetically very close to the spotted females. Thus they run to A. bicolor in the present key; nevertheless they should be regarded as exceptions and can be separated from A. bicolor by the shape of gena (with a distinct spine in A. solus and without in A. bicolor ).

Figures

Figures 144–151. Acroclisoides solus Grissell & Smith, 2006, female, holotype 144, 146. and female, not type 145, 147–151. 144. Habitus, lateral view; 145. Mesosoma and propodeum, dorsal view; 146. Antenna; 147. Head, frontal view; 148. Fore wing; 149. Head, lateral view; 150. Habitus, dorsal view; 151. Head and pronotum, dorsal view.