Paraphyllum Hancock, 1913

Skejo, Josip, Gupta, Sunil Kumar, Chandra, Kailash, Panhwar, Waheed Ali & Franjević, Damjan, 2019, Oriental macropterous leaf-mimic pygmy grasshoppers-genera Oxyphyllum and Paraphyllum (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) and their taxonomic assignment, Zootaxa 4590 (5), pp. 546-560 : 553

Genus Paraphyllum Hancock, 1913

http:// orthoptera .speciesfile.org/Common/basic/Taxa.aspx?TaxonNameID=1100592

Paraphyllum Hancock, 1913: 40 (original description of the genus),

Paraphyllum: Günther 1938: 322 (included in the key to Cladonotinae genera),

Paraphyllum: Blackith 1992: 133 (listed in catalogue of SE Asian Tetrigoidea),

Paraphyllum: Yin et al. 1996: 893 (listed in catalogue of Orthoptera ),

Paraphyllum: Otte 1997: 25 (listed in catalogue of Orthoptera ),

Paraphyllum: Tumbrinck 2014: 350 , 378(included in the key and revision, assigned to Cladonotinae ).

Type species. Paraphyllum antennatum Hancock 1913 , by original designation.

Composition and distribution. Type species only, inhabiting Borneo.

Justification of the generic placement. The genus Paraphyllum is assigned to Metrodorinae because of numerous morphological features shared with Asian Metrodorinae genera, such as genera Mazarredia Bolívar, 1887 , Bermania Storozhenko, 2012 , Xistra Bolívar, 1887 and Xistrella Bolívar, 1909 (here provisionally, we call this group Mazarredia genus group) (see e.g. Bolívar 1887; Storozhenko 2012). It does not share characters with Cladonotini or Xerophyllini (see Table 1 .). Other Metrodorinae groups (e.g. Malagassy and South American) are not assessed here because it was already shown that Metrodorinae represents a 'garbage can', a polyphyletic group made for easier identification of macropterous Tetrigidae with uncertain placement ( Pavón-Gonzalo et al. 2012). Metrodorinae are often defined as a group of genera with antennae with 11-16 segments, filiform antennae without widened segments (there are numerous exceptions from this), narrow scutellum (also numerous exceptions exist), lateral pronotal lobes directed sidewards and not having acute spines (also a character with numerous exceptions). It can be seen that it is not easy nor practical to define Metrodorinae . Future studies of Metrodorinae should concentrate on separating it into good evolutionary units, with combined morphological and molecular phylogeny. Shared characters in the group of Asian Metrodorinae composed roughly of genera Bermania , Camelotettix Hancock, 1907 , Mazarredia , Metamazarredia Günther, 1939 , Orthotettix Hancock, 1909 , Paraphyllum , Timoritettix Günther, 1937 , Xistrella and maybe also Falconius Bolívar, 1898 are: (1) 14-15 segmented antennae usually with very long medial segments and sometimes modified subapical segments, (2) short frontal costa, (3) large lateral ocelli and median ocellus, (4) elevated (to horn like) lateral and transversal carinae of the vertex in frontal view, (5) V-shaped (diagonal, obtuse angled) lateral carinae of the vertex in dorsal view, (6) elongated femora, (7) modified various parts of pronotum (humeral angles, or interhumeral carinae, or median carina, not homologous to projections in Scelimeninae and Cladonotinae ), and (8) elongated first tarsal segment of the hind tarsi, having widely separated pulvilli which are not sharp.

Generic diagnosis. This genus is easily distinguished from other Asian Metrodorinae (morphologically similar genera: Bermania , Camelotettix , Mazarredia , Metamazarredia , Orthotettix , Timoritettix , and Xistrella ) by the following set of characters: (1) median carina of the pronotum strongly elevated and compressed, high as rest of the animal, (2) dorsum of pronotum conically elevated above the tegmina, (3) interhumeral carina absent on the first sight—fused with numerous veins on leaf-like elevation, (4) head, parts of all the legs and alae black, while tegmina, pronotum, most of hind femur external surface, and abdomen bright in colouration—in females usually more orange and with longer pronotum, alae surpassing its apex, while males are brownish-green and have shorter pronotum and shorter alae, not surpassing pronotal tip.