SCOLYTINAE

Peck, Stewart B., 2016, The beetles of the Lesser Antilles (Insecta, Coleoptera): diversity and distributions, Insecta Mundi 2016 (460), pp. 1-360 : 229-238

SUBFAMILY SCOLYTINAE , thebark andambrosia beetles

This subfamily contains many economically important species using trees and shrubs or nuts and seeds as hosts. Some have symbiotic fungi which often stain harvested wood in addition to their boring damage. Some species bore under the bark and create distinctive “engraving” patterns. Several species are especially damaging to pine forests. Widespread species have often been distributed through human activity by being transported in wood or live trees and shrubs. Other introduced species should be expected. Data are drawn mostly from Bright (1985) and Wood and Bright (1992). Bright and Torres (2006) contains a key to identify the genera found in Puerto Rico and should apply to most or all of the genera in the Lesser Antilles. Wood (1977) contains data on species introduced into and out of the New World.

TRIBEHYLESININI

SUBTRIBETOMACINA

Phrixosomacaraibica Schedl 1966: 101 ; Woodand Bright 1992: 189. Distribution. Guadeloupe; single island endemic.

SUBTRIBEBOTHROSTERNINA

Bothrosternus isolatus Bright 1972: 28 ; Bright 1985: 171, 179; Daltry 2009: 69. Distribution. Dominica, Guadeloupe, Jamaica, St. Lucia; widespread Antilles endemic. Notes. The earlier records of Dominica and of Guadeloupe are not verified in Wood and Bright 1992: 215.

Cnesius gracilis Blandford 1896: 141 ; Bright 1985: 171. Wood and Bright 1992: 208. Distribution. Dominica. Mexico to Colombia; the Lesser Antilles and Latin America . Notes. Host trees: coffee, avocado, Serjania sp.

Cnesius guadeloupensis Eggers 1941b: 137 ; Wood and Bright 1992: 209. Distribution. Guadeloupe; singleisland endemic.

Cnesius insularis Eggers 1941b: 138 ; Wood and Bright 1992: 209. Distribution. Guadeloupe; single island endemic.

Cnesius longicollis Eggers 1941b: 137 ; Wood and Bright 1992: 209. Distribution. Guadeloupe; single island endemic.

Cnesinus undescribed species, Daltry 2009: 69. Distribution. St. Lucia; singleisland endemic.

Cnesinus strigicollis LeConte 1868: 171 ; Wood and Bright 1992: 241; Daltry 2009: 70. Distribution. St. Lucia. USA (MI and NY to TX, FL), Mexico (Chiapas) ; the Lesser Antillesand North and/or Central America .

Pagiocerus frontalis (Fabricius) 1801: 389 ( Bostrichus ); Bright 1985: 171; Wood and Bright 1992: 213; Daltry 2009: 70. = Pagiocerus caraibaicus Eggers 1941b: 136 of Guadeloupe. Distribution. Cuba, Dominica, Guadeloupe, St. Lucia. Widespread; Mexico to Chile and Argentina; introduced to USA (NC to FL to TX; Wood 1977: 68); widespread New World. Notes. Host trees: avocado and Ocotea membranacea (Sw.) R. Howard. Also a pest of stored corn.

SUBTRIBEPHLOEOTRIBINA

Phloeotribus insularis Eggers 1941b: 123 : Bright 1981: 155, 1985: 171; Wood and Bright 1992: 223. Distribution. Dominica, Guadeloupe; Lesser Antillesendemic.

SUBTRIBEPHLOEOSININA

Chramesus deplanatus Eggers 1941b: 124 ; Wood and Bright 1992: 265. Distribution. Guadeloupe; single island endemic. Notes. Ivie et al. (2008b: 280) list two unidentified species in this genus on Montserrat.

Chramesus undescribed species, Daltry 2009: 69. Distribution. St. Lucia, singleisland endemic.

Chramesusopacicollis Eggers 1941b: 124 : Bright 1981: 153, 1985: 171; Woodand Bright 1992: 267. Distribution. Cuba, Dominica, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Jamaica, Martinique (as Chramesusopacicollis nitidus Eggers 1941b: 125 ); widespread Antillesendemic.

Chramesus rotundatus (Chapuis) 1869: 47 ( Rhopalopleurus ); Bright 1981: 153, 1985: 171; Wood and Bright 1992: 268; Brightand Torres 2006: 395; Daltry 2009: 69. Distribution. Guadeloupe, Martinique, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia. Mexico (Veracruz) ; widespread Antillesand Latin America ? Notes. Hosts: Inga vera . (Willd.) Guaba.

Cladoctonus interruptus (Eggers) 1941b: 126 ( Hoplites ); Bright 1985: 171; Wood and Bright 1992: 239. Distribution. Guadeloupe. Colombia; the Lesser Antillesand Latin America . Notes. Hosts: Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg , Citrus sinensis L. Notes. Ivie et al. (2008b: 280) list an unidentified species in this genus from Montserrat.

Cladoctonus major (Eggers) 1941b: 125 ( Hoplites ); Wood and Bright 1992: 239. Distribution. Guadeloupe; singleisland endemic. Notes. Hosts: Ficus laurifolia Hort. Berol. ex Kunath and Bouche.

TRIBESCOLYTINI

SUBTRIBESCOLYTINA

Cnemonyx ficus Schwarz 1896: 44 ; Wood and Bright 1992: 315; Valentine and Ivie 2005: 282; Ivie et al. 2008b: 280; Turnbowand Thomas 2008: 31; Daltry 2009: 69; Thomaset al. 2013: 26. Distribution. Bahamas, Caymans, Guana, Montserrat, St. Croix, St. Lucia. USA (FL); widespread Antillesand North and/or Central America .

Cnemonyx vagabundus (Wood) 1961: 89 ( Loganius ); Bright 1981: 153, 1985: 171; Wood and Bright 1992: 318; Valentineand Ivie 2005: 282; Brightand Torres 2006: 394; Ivieet al. 2008b: 280; Daltry 2009: 69. Distribution. Antigua, Guana, Hispaniola, Jost Van Dyke, Mona, Montserrat, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, St. Vincent. USA (s FL); Panama; widespread Antillesand North and/or Central America .

SUBTRIBECTENOPHORINA

Gymnochilus insularis (Eggers) 1932: 232 ( Problechilus ); Bright 1981: 154, 1985: 172; Wood and Bright 1992: 386. Distribution. Dominica, Guadeloupe; Lesser Antillesendemic.

Gymnochilus reitteri Eichhoff 1878: 388 ; Wood and Bright 1992: 387; Ivie et al. 2008b: 279. Distribution. Montserrat. Mexico to Panama; widespread Antilles and North and/or Central America ?

Microborus aberrans Wichmann 1914: 143 ; Wood and Bright 1992: 383. = Microborus imitans Eggers 1941b: 131 of Guadeloupe. Distribution. Guadeloupe. Venezuela, French Guiana, Brazil; the Lesser Antilles and Latin America . Notes. Hosts: Clusia spp. Notes. Ivie et al. (2008b: 280) list an unidentified species in this genus from Montserrat.

Microborus lectus Wood 1971: 17 ; Bright 1981: 155, 1985: 172; Wood and Bright 1992: 384. Distribution. Dominica. Venezuela; the Lesser Antilles and Latin America . Notes. Host tree: Clusia spp. , in limbs and boles.

Pycnarthrum hispidum (Ferrari) 1867: 19 ( Hypoborus ); Wood and Bright 1992: 384; Brightand Torres 2006: 396; Ivieet al. 2008b: 279; Perez-Gelabert 2008: 138; Daltry 2009: 69; Thomaset al. 2013: 28. Distribution. Caymans, Cuba, Guadeloupe, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Montserrat, PuertoRico, St. Lucia, Virgin Islands. USA (FL, TX) through Mexico and Central America to Guyana and Venezuela; widespread New World. Notes. Hosts: Ficus sp.

Pycnarthrum pallidum (Chapuis) 1869: 41 ( Nemobius ); Bennett and Alam 1985: 30; Tucker 1952; Wood and Bright 1992: 385. Distribution. Barbados, Guadeloupe; Lesser Antillesendemic. Notes. Attacks bark of breadfruit and fig on Barbados.

Pycnarthrum undescribed species, Daltry 2009: 69. Distribution. St. Lucia; singleisland endemic.

Scolytodes atlanticus Bright and Tores 2006: 396 ; Daltry 2009: 69. Distribution. Puerto Rico, St. Lucia; widespread Antillesendemic.

Scolytodes discedens (Eggers) 1941b: 133 ( Hexacolus ); Bright 1985: 172; Wood and Bright 1992: 391. Distribution. Guadeloupe; singleisland endemic.

Scolytodes guyanensis (Schedl) 1937: 13 ( Erineophilus ); Bright 1985: 172; Wood and Bright 1992: 393. Distribution. Guadeloupe. Guyana; the Lesser Antillesand Latin America . Notes. Hosts: Swietenia sp.

Scolytodes imitans (Eggers) 1941b: 136 ( Prionosceles ); Bright 1985: 172; Wood and Bright 1992: 393. Distribution. Guadeloupe; singleisland endemic.

Scolytodes insularis (Schedl) 1952: 357 ( Hexacolus ); Bright 1985: 172; Wood and Bright 1992: 393. Distribution. Guadeloupe; singleisland endemic.

Scolytodes longicollis (Eggers) 1951: 152 ( Hexacolus ); Bright 1985: 172; Wood and Bright 1992: 394. Distribution. Guadeloupe; singleisland endemic.

Scolytodes maurus (Blandford) 1897: 178 ( Prionosceles ); Bright 1985: 172; Wood and Bright 1992: 394. Distribution. Dominica. Mexico to Panama, Venezuela; the Lesser Antilles and Latin America . Notes. Host tree: Cecropia peltata L., in leaf petioles.

Scolytodes nitidissimus (Eggers) 1941b: 135 ( Hexacolus ); Bright 1985: 172; Wood and Bright 1992: 396; Daltry 2009: 69. Distribution. Guadeloupe, St. Lucia; Lesser Antillesendemic.

Scolytodes notatus (Eggers) 1941b: 133 ( Hexacolus ); Bright 1981: 156, 1985: 172; Wood and Bright 1992: 396; Brightand Torres 2006: 394; Daltry 2009: 69. = Hexacolus pseudobicolor Eggers 1941b: 132 of Guadeloupe. = Hexacolus subparallelus Eggers 1941b: 134 of Guadeloupe. Distribution. Cuba, Dominica, Guadeloupe, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia. Mexico ?; widespread Antillesand Latin America ?

Scolytodes oblongus (Eggers) 1941b: 134 ( Hexacolus ); Bright 1985: 172; Wood and Bright 1992: 396. Distribution. Guadeloupe; singleisland endemic.

Scolytodes ovalis (Eggers) 1941b: 132 ( Hexacolus ); Bright 1985: 172; Woodand Bright 1992: 396. Distribution. Guadeloupe; singleisland endemic.

Scolytodes schwarzi (Hopkins) 1902: 36 ( Erineophilus ); Wood and Bright 1992: 399; Ivie et al. 2008b: 280; Turnbowand Thomas 2008: 34. Distribution. Bahamas, Montserrat. USA (FL), Mexico ; widespread Antillesand North and/or Central America .

Scolytodes striatulus Wood 1979: 136 ; Bright 1985: 172; Wood and Bright 1992: 399; Ivie et al. 2008b: 280. = Hylocurosoma striatum Eggers 1941b: 139 , replacement for name preoccupied by Eggers 1934. Distribution. Guadeloupe, Montserrat; Lesser Antillesendemic.

SUBTRIBEMICRACINA

Hylocurus sp. ; Ivieet al. 2008b: 280; Daltry 2009: 70. Distribution. Montserrat, St. Lucia; distribution category unknown. Notes. At least two undetermined species are listed.

Pseudothysanoes sp. ; Ivie et al. 2008b: 280. Distribution. Montserrat; distribution category unknown. Notes. Two undetermined species are listed.

Pseudothysanoes magnispinatus Bright and Torres 2006: 399 ; Daltry 2009: 69; Thomas et al. 2013: 28. Distribution. Caymans, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia; widespread Antillesendemic.

Stevewoodia minutum Bright 2010: 46 . Distribution. St. Lucia; single island endemic. Genus endemic to the Lesser Antilles.

SUBTRIBEDRYOCOETINA

Coccotrypes advena Blandford 1894: 100 ; Wood and Bright 1992: 592; Ivie et al. 2008b: 279; Perez-Gelabert 2008: 138; Daltry 2009: 70. Distribution. Cuba, Hispaniola, Montserrat, St. Lucia. USA (FL), Surinam, widespread Asia and Pacific Islands; native to Old World; introduced to the Lesser Antilles.

Coccotrypes anonae Hopkins 1915: 46 . Distribution. Cuba, Grenada, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands. Bermuda, USA (DC-FL), Mexico to Honduras, introduced to the Lesser Antilles; introduced to New World from se Asia. Notes: in palm seeds.

Coccotrypes carpophagus (Hornung) 1842: 116 ( Bostrichus ); Bennett and Alam 1985: 30; Wood and Bright 1992: 594; Brightand Torres 2006: 411. = Coccotrypes bakeri Hopkins 1915 of Cuba. = Coccotrypes anonae Hopkins 1915 of Cuba. = Coccotrypes hubbardi Hopkins 1915 of Montserrat. = Coccotrypes thrinacis Hopkins 1915 of Cuba. = Coccotrypes punctulatus Eggers 1951 of St. Thomas. Distribution. Barbados, Bermuda, Cuba, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Montserrat, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands. Widespread in North, Central, and South America , Africa, and Asia; introduced to the Lesser Antilles; introduced to New World; probably native to Africa (Wood 1977: 68). Notes. Attacks seeds of palms ( Thrinax spp. ), ivory-nut buttons, etc. on Barbados. Elsewhere it is known from nuts and seeds of many species of trees. Commonly intercepted in seeds and nuts in temperate countries, where it cannot breed.

[ Coccotrypes cylindricus Schedl 1949: 116 . Distribution. Cuba, Puerto Rico; to be expected in the Lesser Antilles; introduced to New World. Notes. In seeds of Euterpe globosa (R. Graham) Nichols palms.]

Coccotrypes cyperi (Beeson) 1929: 230 (Thanmurgides); Bright 1985: 172; Wood and Bright 1992: 598; Brightand Torres 2006: 411; Ivieet al. 2008b: 279; Perez-Gelabert 2008: 138; Daltry 2009: 70. = Dryocoetes subdepressus Eggers 1941b: 127 of Guadeloupe. = Dryocoetes insularis Eggers 1941b: 127 of Guadeloupe and of Martinique. = Coccotrypes insularis Eggers 1941b: 129 of Guadeloupe. = Dryocoetes subimpressus Eggers 1941b: 127 of Guadeloupe. = Poecilips carabaicus Schedl 1952: 345 of Guadeloupe and of Martinique. = Poecilips eggersi Schedl 1952: 347 of Guadeloupe. Distribution. Guadeloupe, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Martinique, Montserrat, PuertoRico, St. Lucia. USA (LA- FL), Central and South America and Pacific islands; widespread New World; widespread Asia, Australia. Notes. Hosts: known from 28 tree genera.

Coccotrypes dactyliperda (Fabricius) 1801: 387 ( Bostrichus ); Brightand Torres 2006: 411; Ivie et al. 2008b: 279; Thomaset al. 2013: 26. Distribution. Cuba, Bahamas, Caymans, Jamaica, Montserrat, Puerto Rico. Mexico to Panama, USA (CA-FL); introduced to the Lesser Antilles; introduced to New World; probably nativeto Africa (Wood 1977: 68); circum-tropical. Note. In seeds of Phoenix spp. palms;

[ Coccotrypes rhizophorae (Hopkins) 1915: 48 ( Spermatoplex ). Distribution. Introduced; to be expected in the Lesser Antilles. Mexico , Panama, Galapagos, USA (FL), Asia; introduced to New World; probably native to Indonesia (Wood 1977: 68). Notes. In seeds of red mangrove (Woodruff 1970: 1) and other seeds.]

Dendrocranulus guatemalensis (Hopkins) 1915: 44 ( Xylocleptes ); Bright 1985: 173; Wood and Bright 1992: 551. = Dendrocranulus parallelus Schedl 1938: 172 of Guadeloupe. Distribution. Guadeloupe. Mexico to Honduras; the Lesser Antilles and Latin America . Notes. Hosts: infesting stems of Cucurbitaceae .

SUBTRIBEXYLEBORINA

Ambrosiodmus devexulus (Wood) 1978: 398 ( Xyleborus ); Bright 1985: 173; Wood and Bright 1992: 673; Brightand Torres 2006: 413; Ivieet al. 2008b: 280. Distribution. Dominica, Hispaniola, Montserrat, Puerto Rico. USA (s FL); widespread Antillesand North and/or Central America . Notes. Host tree: Cedrela mexicana Roem.

Ambrosiodmus gundlachi Eggers 1931: 20 . Distribution. Bahamas, Cuba (type locality), Guadeloupe, Hispaniola , Jamaica, Puerto Rico. USA (LA-FL); widespread Antillesand North and/or Central America .

Ambrosiodmus lecontei Hopkins 1915: 56 ; Valentine and Ivie 2005: 282; Bright and Torres 2006: 413; Ivie et al. 2008b: 280; Turnbowand Thomas 2008: 29. Distribution. Bahamas, Cuba, Guadeloupe, Guana, Hispaniola, Montserrat, Puerto Rico. USA (FL-LA); widespread Antillesand North and/or Central America . Notes. Host trees: Cedrela mexicana Roem. and 11other tree genera.

Ambrosiodmus obliquus (LeConte) 1878: 432 ( Pityophthorus ); Bright 1985: 173; Wood and Bright 1992: 677; Brightand Torres 2006: 413; Daltry 2009: 70. = Xyleborus pseudobraziliensis Eggers 1941a: 101 of Guadeloupe. Distribution. Dominica, Guadeloupe, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico. USA (s FL); widespread Antilles and North and/or Central America . Notes. Host tree: Cedrela mexicana Roem.

Coptoborus vespatorius (Schedl) 1931: 342 ( Xyleborus ); Wood and Bright 1992: 665; Daltry 2009: 70. Distribution. St. Lucia. Trinidad; Mexico to Columbia to Argentina and Brazil; the Lesser Antilles and Latin America .

Dryocetoides capucinus (Eichhoff) 1869: 281 ( Xyleborus ); Bright 1985: 173; Wood and Bright 1992: 656. = Xyleborus capucinoides Eggers 1941a: 104 of Guadeloupe. Distribution. Guadeloupe, Hispaniola, Jamaica, St. Lucia. Mexico , Central and South America ; widespread Antilles and Latin America . Notes. Hosts: known from 18 genera of trees, especially Inga sp. and Miconia sp. Daltry 2009: 70 uses the genus Drycoetoides for St. Lucia.

Dryocetoides cristatus (Fabricius) 1801: 389 ( Bostrichus ), Wood and Bright 1992: 657; Daltry 2009: 70. Distribution. St. Lucia. Trinidad, Venezuela, Cayenne, Guyana, Brazil; introduced to Africa; the Lesser Antillesand Latin America .

Premnobius cavipennis Eichhoff 1878: 404 ; Bright 1985: 173; Woodand Bright 1992: 651; Cognato and Bright 1996: 72; Brightand Torres 2006: 412; Ivieet al. 2008b: 280; Turnbowand Thomas 2008: 3; Daltry 2009: 70. 4. Distribution. Bahamas, Cuba, Dominica, Guadeloupe, Jamaica, Montserrat, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia. USA (FL), Central and South America ; introduced to the Lesser Antilles; introduced to New World; native to Africa and Madagascar (Wood 1977: 68). Notes. Known to live in 54 genera of trees and woody vines.

Theoborustheobromae Hopkins 1915: 57 ; Bright 1985: 173; Woodand Bright 1992: 661; Daltry 2009: 70. = Xyleborus pseudococcotrypes Eggers 1941a: 105 of Guadeloupe. = Xyleborus hirtellus Schedl 1948: 271 of St. Vincent. Distribution. Barbados, Dominica, Guadeloupe, Hispaniola, St. Lucia, St. Vincent. Mexico to Panama, Colombia to French Guiana; widespread Antilles and Latin America . Notes. Host trees: Erythrina costaricensis Micheli , Ochroma sp. , Theobroma cacao L.

Xyleborinus buscki (Hopkins) 1915: 63 ( Xyleborus ); Bright 1981: 156, 1985: 173; Wood and Bright 1992: 806; Daltry 2009: 70. Distribution. Dominica, Guadeloupe, St. Lucia; Lesser Antillesendemic. Not St. Croix, contrary to Miskimen and Bond 1970: 100.

Xyleborinus gracilis (Eichhoff) 1868b: 145 ( Xyleborus ); Bright 1985: 173; Wood and Bright 1992: 808; Brightand Torres 2006: 420. = Xyleborus aspericauda Eggers 1941a: 106 of Guadeloupe. Distribution. Guadeloupe. Southern USA to Panama, South America , Azores, Galapagos Islands; widespread New World? Notes. Hosts: Cedrela fissilis Vell., Marcgravida sp., Pinus elliottii Engelm. , Terminalia sp. , Theobroma cacao L.

Xyleborinus longulus (Schedl) 1966: 117 ( Xyleborus ); Bright 1985: 173; Wood and Bright 1992: 808. Distribution. Guadeloupe; singleisland endemic.

Xyleborus affinis Eichhoff 1868a: 401 ; Miskimenand Bond 1970: 100; Bennettand Alam 1985: 30; Bright 1985: 173; Woodand Bright 1992: 706; Brightand Torres 2006: 41; Ivieet al. 2008b: 280; Turnbow and Thomas 2008: 35; Daltry 2009: 70; Thomaset al. 2013: 28. = Xyleborus sacchari Hopkins 1915: 64 of St. Vincent. Distribution. Bahamas, Barbados, Caymans, Cuba, Dominica, Guadeloupe, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Montserrat, Puerto Rico, St. Croix, St. Lucia. Widespread in North, Central, and South America ; widespread New World; Africa, Asia, Pacific Islands. Notes. Attacks fermenting sugarcane on Barbados. Several hundred host plants are known.

Xyleborus caraibicus Eggers 1941a: 103 ; Bright 1981: 157, 1985: 173; Wood and Bright 1992: 717; Daltry 2009: 70. Distribution. Dominica, Guadeloupe, St. Lucia. Costa Rica to Bolivia and Brazil, Trinidad; the Lesser Antilles and Latin America . Notes. Host trees: Ochroma sp. , Theobroma cacao L.

Xyleborus ferrugineus (Fabricius) 1801: 388 ( Bostrichus ); Bright 1985: 173; Bennettand Alam 1985: 31; Wood and Bright 1992: 735; Cognato and Bright 1996: 72; Valentine and Ivie 2005: 282; Bright and Torres 2006: 419; Ivieet al. 2008b: 280; Turnbowand Thomas 2008: 35; Daltry 2009: 70; Thomaset al. 2013: 28. = Xyleborus notatus Eggers 1941a: 107 of Guadeloupe. Distribution. Bahamas, Barbados, Caymans, Cuba, Dominica, Guadeloupe, Guana, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Montserrat, PuertoRico, St. Lucia. Widespread North, Central, and South America ; widespread New World; Africa, Pacific Islands. Notes. Found in many species of woody plants.

Xyleborus novagranadensis Eggers 1941a: 103 ; Bright 1985: 174; Woodand Bright 1992: 755. Distribution. Guadeloupe. Venezuela; the Lesser Antillesand Latin America .

[ Xyleborus perforans (Wollaston) 1857: 96 ( Tomicus ); Bennettand Alam 1985: 31; Woodand Bright 1992: 759. Distribution. Barbados, otherwise unreported from the New World; widespread in Asia and Africa, and Pacific islands. Probable misidentification for Barbados; otherwise the species then becomes introduced to New World. Notes. Supposedly attacks fermenting sugarcane on Barbados. Known from many host plants in Asia and Africa.]

Xyleborus posticus Eichhoff 1869: 281 ; Bright 1985: 174; Woodand Bright 1992: 764; Brightand Torres 2006: 419; Daltry 2009: 70. Distribution. Guadeloupe, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia. Mexico to Panama, Colombia to Trinidad to Brazil; widespread Antilles and Latin America . Notes. Hosts: Erythrina costaricensis Micheli , Ficus sp. , Spondias p urpurea L., Theobroma cacao L.

Xyleborus pusio Eggers 1941a: 105 ; Bright 1985 174; Woodand Bright 1992: 767. Distribution. Guadeloupe. Surinam; the Lesser Antillesand Latin America .

Xyleborus spinulosus Blandford 1898: 201 ; Bright 1985: 174; Wood and Bright 1992: 775; Bright and Torres 2006: 419; Ivieet al. 2008b: 280; Daltry 2009: 70. Distribution. Grenada, Guadeloupe, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Montserrat, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia. Mexico to Panama, Trinidad to Colombia and Argentina; widespread Antilles and Latin America . Notes. Hosts: Acacia spp. , Albizzia lebbeck (L.) Benth., Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg., Cecropia spp. , Citrus spp. , Gleditsia spp. , Mangifera indica L., Nicotiana spp. , Ochroma spp. , Pinus spp. , Qualea spp. , Rudgea spp. , Samanga spp. , and Terminalia spp.

Xyleborus volvulus (Fabricius) 1775: 454 ( Bostrichus ); Bright 1985: 174; Wood and Bright 1992: 780; Valentineand Ivie 2005: 282; Brightand Torres 2006: 419; Ivieet al. 2008b: 280; Turnbowand Thomas 2008: 35; Daltry 2009: 70. = Xyleborus grenadensis Hopkins 1915: 61 of Grenada. Distribution. Bahamas, Cuba, Dominica, Guana, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Montserrat, PuertoRico, St. Lucia. USA (FL); widespread in Central and South America ; widespread New World; introduced to Old World; in Africa, Asia (Wood 1977: 68). Notes. Found in many species of woody plants.

Xyleborus xylographus Say 1826: 256 ; Bright 1985: 174; Wood and Bright 1992: 783; Brightand Torres 2006: 420. Distribution. Cuba, Guadeloupe, Puerto Rico. Widespread from s Canada to s USA; widespread Antilles and North and/or Central America . Notes. Hosts: Quercus spp ; rare in other hosts.

Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff) 1875: 201 ( Xyleborus ); Woodand Bright 1992: 793; Valentineand Ivie 2005: 282; Daltry 2009: 70; Thomaset al. 2013: 28. Distribution. Caymans, Cuba, Guana, Montserrat, St. Lucia, Virgin Islands. USA (FL to TX); Brazil; introduced to the Lesser Antilles?; probably introduced to New World from Africa (Wood 1977: 68). Notes. The black twig borer. Found in wood of many hardwoods.

Xylosandrus curtulus (Eichhoff) 1869: 281 ( Xyleborus ); Wood and Bright 1992: 793. = Xyleborus curtuloides (Eggers) 1941a: 102 of Guadeloupe. Distribution. Guadeloupe. Mexico to Brazil; the Lesser Antilles and Latin America . Notes. Hosts; Ficus sp. , Phoradendron spp. , Serjania sp.

SUBTRIBECRYPHALINA

Cryptocarenus heveae (Hagedorn) 1912: 338 ( Stephanoderes ); Wood and Bright 1992: 903; Cognato and Bright 1996: 72; Brightand Torres 2006: 409; Valentineand Ivie 2005: 282; Ivieet al. 2008b: 279; Perez-Gelabert 2008: 138.; Daltry 2009: 69; Thomaset al. 2013: 26. = Cryptocarenus caraibicus Eggers 1937: 82 of Guadeloupe. Distribution. Caymans, Cuba, Dominica, Guadeloupe, Guana, Hispaniola, Montserrat, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, Virgin Islands. Mexico to Panama to Brazil; widespread Antilles and Latin America ; introduced to USA (s FL) and Africa (Wood 1977: 68); Notes. Host trees: Canavalia villosa Benth. , Coffea robusta L., Protium sp. , Serjania sp. , Xeiopia sp.

Cryptocarenus lepidus Wood 1971: 36 ; Wood and Bright 1992: 903; Cognato and Bright 1996: 72. Distribution. Dominica. Mexico to Brazil; the Lesser Antilles and Latin America . Notes. Host trees: Canavalia villosa Benth. , Coffea robusta L., Protium sp. , Serjania sp. , Xeiopia sp.

Cryptocarenus seriatus Eggers 1933: 10 ; Schedl 1957: 194; Bright 1985: 174; Wood and Bright 1992: 904; Cognato and Bright 1996: 72; Valentine and Ivie 2005: 282; Bright and Torres 2006: 409; Ivie et al. 2008b: 279; Turnbowand Thomas 2008: 31; Thomaset al. 2013: 26. Distribution. Bahamas, Caymans, Cuba, Dominica, Guana, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Montserrat, PuertoRico, St. Lucia, Virgin Islands. USA (introduced (FL, TX); Wood 1977: 68); Mexico to Brazil and Bolivia; widespread Antilles and Latin America . Notes. Known from 12 genera of herbs and trees.

Hypocryphalus mangiferae Stebbing 1914: 542 (Cryphalus) , Bennett and Alam 1985: 30; Woodand Bright 1992: 869; Brightand Torres 2006: 402; Daltry 2009: 70. = Cryphalus inops Eichhoff 1872: 131 of Guadeloupe. Distribution. Introduced to West Indies; Barbados, Guadeloupe, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia. USA (FL). Central and South America ; widespread in Africa, Asia, Australia, Pacific Islands; introduced to the Lesser Antilles; introduced to New World; native to India (Wood 1977: 68). Notes. Bores in twigs of Mangifera indica L. and Mangifera odorata Griffith.

Hypothenemus areccae (Hornung) 1842: 117 ( Bostrichus ); Wood and Bright 1992: 906; Turnbow and Thomas 2008: 31. = Stephanoderes martiniquensis Eggers 1941a: 99 of Martinique. Distribution. Bahamas, Martinique, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands. USA (FL), and Brazil; widespread Africa, Asia, Pacific islands; introduced to the Lesser Antilles; introduced to New World; native to se Asia (Wood 1977: 68). Notes. Hosts: many species of trees, shrubs, and herbs.

Hypothenemus birmanus (Eichhoff) 1878: 486 ; Wood and Bright 1992: 909; Ivie et al. 2008b: 281; Daltry 2009: 69; Thomaset al. 2013: 26. Distribution. Caymans, Cuba, Jamaica, Montserrat, St. Lucia. USA (FL), Mexico to Panama, Galapagos, widespread Asia and and Pacific Islands; probably introduced to New World, introduced to the Lesser Antilles.

Hypothenemus brunneus (Hopkins) 1915: 31 ( Stephanoderes ); Bright 1985: 174: Wood and Bright 1992: 911; Brightand Torres 2006: 405; Ivieet al. 2008b: 280; Turnbowand Thomas 2008: 32; Daltry 2009: 69; Thomaset al. 2013: 26. = Stephanoderes bituberculatus Eggers 1941b: 126 of Guadeloupe. Distribution. Bahamas, Caymans, Cuba, Guadeloupe, Jamaica, Montserrat, PuertoRico, St. Lucia, Virgin Islands. Southern USA through Mexico to Honduras and Galapagos Islands; introduced to the Lesser Antilles; introduced to New World; probably native to Africa (Wood 1977: 68). Notes. Hosts: many tree genera.

Hypothenemus ceibae Hopkins 1915: 20 , not Panzer 1791: 35 as cited in Woodruff et al. 1998; Wood and Bright 1992: 912. Distribution. Cuba, Grenada, Puerto Rico; widespread Antillesendemic. Notes. Hosts: Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn.

Hypothenemus collinus undescribed sp.; Daltry 2009: 69. Distribution. St. Lucia; single island endemic.

Hypothenemus columbi Hopkins 1915: 18 ; Wood 1982: 907; Wood and Bright 1992: 912; Daltry 2009: 69. Distribution. Bahamas, Cuba, St. Lucia. USA (FL-TX) to Colombia and Venezuela; widespread New World.

Hypothenemus crudiae (Panzer) 1791: 35 ( Bostrichus ); Wood and Bright 1992: 914; Bright and Torres 2006: 406; Perez-Gelabert 2008: 138; Daltry 2009: 69; Thomaset al. 2013: 26. Distribution. Caymans, Cuba, Grenada, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia. Widespread in North and Central America , Trinidad to Colombia and Argentina, Africa, Asia and Pacific islands; introduced to the Lesser Antilles; introduced to New World; probably native to se Asia (Wood 1977: 68). Notes. Hosts: found in many genera of trees and vines.

Hypothenemus comosus Bright 1972: 50 ; Wood and Bright 1992: 913; Ivieet al. 2008b: 281. Distribution. Jamaica, Montserrat; widespread Antillesendemic?

Hypothenemus dolosus Wood 1974: 21 ; Ivie et al. 2008b: 280. Distribution. Montserrat. Mexico to Costa Rica; the Lesser Antillesand Latin America ?

Hypothenemus erectus LeConte 1876: 356 ; Wood 1982: 885; Wood and Bright 1992: 918; Daltry 2009: 69. Distribution. Cuba, St. Lucia, St. Thomas. USA (TX) to Mexico to Venezuela; “Africa”; widespread New World.

Hypothenemus eruditus Westwood 1836: 34 ; Bright 1985: 175; Wood and Bright 1992: 919; Cognato and Bright 1996: 72; Brightand Torres 2006: 407; Ivie et al. 2008b: 280; Turnbow and Thomas 2008: 32; Perez-Gelabert 2008: 138; Daltry 2009: 69; Thomas et al. 2013: 26. = Hypothenemus sacchari Hopkins 1915: 17 of Nevis. Distribution. Bahamas, Caymans, Cuba, Dominica, Guadeloupe, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Montserrat, Nevis, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia. Widespread in North and Central America ; Trinidad; widespread New World; introduced to Old World, to Africa, Asia, Europe, and Australia (Wood 1977: 68). Notes. Found in many species of woody plants.

Hypothenemus gossypii (Hopkins) 1915: 25 ( Stephanoderes ); Wood and Bright 1992: 926; Ivieet al. 2008b: 281. Distribution. Cuba, Montserrat. USA (s FL), Mexico ; widespread Antillesand North and/or Central America .

Hypothenemus javanus (Eggers) 1908: 215 ( Stephanoderes ); Bright 1985: 933; Wood and Bright 1992: 932. = Stephanoderes prosper Schedl 1951: 103 of Guadeloupe. Distribution. Cuba, Guadeloupe, Hispaniola, Martinique. USA (FL), Mexico , Venezuela, Brazil; widespread New World; widespread Africa, Asia. Notes. Hosts: many genera of trees.

Hypothenemus javanus (Eggers) 1908: 215 ( Stephanoderes ). Distribution. Cuba, Hispaniola, Guadeloupe. USA (FL), Mexico , Venezuela, Brazil; introduced to the Lesser Antilles; introduced to New World; probably native to Africa. Notes. Hosts: in branches, bark, pods, and seeds of many hardwoods.

Hypothenemus obscurus (Fabricius) 1801: 395 ( Hylesinus ); Bennett and Alam 1985: 30; Woodand Bright 1992: 936; Brightand Torres 2006: 407; Ivieet al. 2008b: 281. = Stephanoderes moschatae Schaufuss 1905: 8 of Guadeloupe. = Stehanoderes seriatus Eichhoff 1872: 133 , misidentified in Bennett and Alam 1985: 30 of Barbados. Distribution. Barbados, Cuba, Hispaniola, Guadeloupe, Jamaica, Montserrat, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands. USA (FL), Mexico , South, and Central America ; widespread New World. Notes. Hosts: in Bertholletia excels Humb. and Bonpl. , Crotalaria sp. , Hymenaea courbaril L., Myristica fragans Houtt. , Tamarindus indica L., Theobroma cacao L., and in guava fruit. Intercepted worldwide in Brazil nuts. Bennett and Alam 1985 list two other species in this genus on Barbados boring in twigs of mango and attacking tamarind seeds.

Hypothenemus plumeriae (Nordlinger) 1856: 74 ; Wood and Bright 1992: 938; Ivie et al. 2008b: 281. = Hypothenemus guadeloupensis Schedl 1951: 98 of Guadeloupe. Distribution. Guadeloupe, Hispaniola, Montserrat. Mexico to Panama, Colombia to Trinidad to Brazil. Apparently native to Africa; introduced to the Lesser Antilles; introduced to New World. Notes. Hosts: Acacia spp. , Canavalia villosa Benth. , Cayaponia sp. , Coffea sp. , Daphnopsis seibertii Standl. , Dioclea megacarpa Rolfe. , Harungana madagascariensis Lam. ex Poiret. , Qualea sp. , Serjania sp.

Hypothenemus pubescens Hopkins 1915: 19 ; Wood and Bright 1992: 939; Ivie et al. 2008b: 280; Daltry 2009: 69; Thomaset al. 2013: 26. Distribution. Caymans, Montserrat, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia. USA (FL, TX), Mexico , Argentina and Brazil; widespread New World.

Hypothenemus seriatus (Eichhoff) 1872: 133 ( Stephanoderes ); Wood and Bright 1992: 940; Bright and Torres 2006: 408; Turnbowand Thomas 2008: 32. Distribution. Bahamas, Barbados, Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands. USA (TX-KY-WV-FL), Central and South America ; widespread New World; widespread in Africa, Asia, Pacific islands, Australia. Notes. Hosts: known from many genera of trees and shrubs.

Hypothenemus setosus (Eichhoff) 1868c: 391 ( Stephanoderes ); Wood and Bright 1992: 943; Bright and Torres 2006: 408. = Stephanoderes obscurus Eichhoff 1872: 133 of Antilles. = Stephanoderes depressus Eichhoff 1878: 155 of Antilles. Distribution. Cuba, Guadeloupe, Hispaniola, Jamaica, PuertoRico. USA (FL) to Mexico to Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil; introduced to the Lesser Antilles; introduced to New World; probably native to Africa. Notes. Hosts: Acacia pennatula (Schlecht. and Cham.) Benth. , Bauhinia variegata L., Cecropia spp. , Mangifera indica L., Theobroma cacao L.

Hypothenemus squamosus (Hopkins) 1915 ; 26 ( Stephanoderes ); Daltry 2009: 69; Thomas et al. 2013: 26. Distribution. Caymans, Cuba, St. Lucia. USA (FL), Mexico ; widespread Antillesand North and/or Central America .

Scolytogenes knabi (Hopkins) 1915: 34 ; Wood and Bright 1992: 862; Brightand Torres 2006: 402. = Cryphalomorphus carabaicus Schedl 1951: 96 of Guadeloupe. =C ryphalomorphus minutissimus Schedl 1951: 97 of Guadeloupe. Distribution. Cuba, Hispaniola, Guadeloupe, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Tortola. USA (FL) to Mexico to Brazil; Japan (introduced). Probably introduced to New World; introduced to the Lesser Antilles. Notes. Hosts: Caloncition sp., Candiosperma sp., Ipomoea pescaprae (L.) R. Br., Serjania spp. , and other lianas.

Trischidias atoma (Hopkins) 1915: 6 ( Hypothenemus ); Wood 1982: 873; Wood and Bright 1992: 947; Daltry 2009: 69. Distribution. St. Lucia; widespread USA; Brazil; widespread New World?

SUBTRIBEPITYOPHTHORINA

Araptus eggersianus (Schedl) 1958: 144 ( Pityophthorus ); Wood and Bright 1992: 955. = Pityophthorus denticulatus Eggers 1941b: 129 (preoccupied by Wichmann 1915: 102) of Guadeloupe. = Pityophthorus guadeloupensis Nunberg l956: 208 (preoccupied by Schedl 1951: 73) of Guadeloupe. Distribution. Guadeloupe; single island endemic. Notes. Ivie et al. (2008b: 280) list two unidentified species in this genus from Montserrat.

Araptus elegans undescribed species; Daltry 2009: 70. Distribution. St. Lucia; singleisland endemic.

Araptus g uadeloupeanus Wood 1989: 177; Woodand Bright 1992: 957. = Brachydendrulus guadeloupensis Schedl 1970: 91 (preoccupied by Schedl 1951: 73) of Guadeloupe. Distribution. Guadeloupe; single island endemic.

Araptus hymenaeae (Eggers) 1933: 9 ( Neodryocoetes ); Bright 1981: 152, 1985; 176; Wood and Bright 1992: 957; Brightand Torres 2006: 420. = Neodryocoetes insularis Eggers 1941b: 128 of Guadeloupe. Distribution. Guadeloupe, Hispaniola, Jamaica, PuertoRico, St. Lucia, St. Vincent. Panama, Trinidad, widespread South America ; widespread Antillesand Latin America . Notes. Hosts: Brownea sp. , Cajanus cajon (L.) Millsp., Ceratonia sp. , Cicer arietinum L., Erythrina sp. , seeds of Hymenaea courbaril L.

Araptus laevigatus (Eggers) 1933: 6 ( Pityophthorus ); Bright 1985: 176; Wood and Bright 1992: 958. = Neopityophthorus insularis Eggers 1941b: 130 of Guadeloupe. = Neodryocoetes guadelopensis Schedl 1951: 73 of Guadeloupe. Distribution. Guadeloupe. Costa Rica to French Guiana and Brazil; the Lesser Antilles and Latin America . Notes. Hosts: Brownea sp. , Cynometra hemitomophylla (Donn. Sm.) Britt. and Rose , Daphnopsis seiberti Standl. , Entada gigas (L.) Fawc. and Rendle., Euterpe oleracea Mart. , in seeds.

Araptus laevis (Schedl) 1938: 181 ( Neopityophthorus ); Bright 1985: 176; Woodand Bright 1992: 958. Distribution. Guadeloupe; singleisland endemic.

Araptus squamosus undescribed species; Daltry 2009: 70. Distribution. St. Lucia; single island endemic.

Araptus xylotrupes (Eichhoff) 1872: 135 ( Pityophthorus ), Bennett and Alam 1985: 30; Wood and Bright 1992: 963. Distribution. Barbados (probable introduction); introduced to the Lesser Antilles? South America ( Argentina, Brazil). Not reported elsewhere in West Indies. Notes. Attacks seeds of pigeon pea in dry pods on Barbados.

Pityophthorus pudens (Blackman) 1942: 199 ( Pityophthoroides ); Bright and Torres 2006: 423; Daltry 2009: 70. Distribution. Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia; widespread Antillesendemic.

Pityophthorus punctatus Eggers 1941b: 130 ; Bright 1985: 176; Wood and Bright 1992: 1025. Distribution. Guadeloupe; singleisland endemic.

Pityophthorus silvaticus undescribed species, Daltry 2009: 70. Distribution. St. Lucia; single island endemic.

Pityophthorus subconcentralis Schedl 1938: 183 ; Bright 1985: 176; Wood and Bright 1992: 1029. Distribution. Guadeloupe; singleisland endemic.

Pityophthorus woodruffi undescribed species; Daltry 2009: 70. Distribution. St. Lucia; singleisland endemic.

Sphenoceras antillicus undescribed species; Daltry 2009: 70. Distribution. St. Lucia; singleisland endemic.

SUBTRIBECORYTHYLINA

Corythylus luridus Blandford 1904: 256 ; Bright 1985: 176; Wood and Bright 1992: 1074. Distribution. Guadeloupe. Guatemala, Panama; the Lesser Antillesand Latin America . Notes. Ivieet al. (2008b: 280) list an unidentified species in this genus from Montserrat, and Daltry (2009: 70) lists two from St. Lucia.

Corythylus papulans Eichhoff 1869: 280 ; Wood and Bright 1992: 1076; Perez-Gelabert 2008: 138. = Corthylus spinifer Schwarz 1891: 114 in Woodruff et al. 1998: 34 of Grenada; Bright 1985: 176. Distribution. Bahamas, Cuba, Grenada; Hispaniola. USA (FL), Mexico to Panama to Venezuela to Brazil; widespread New World. Notes. Hosts: in branches of Persea americana Mill. , Salix spp. , Spondias mombin L., Spondias purpurea L., Theobroma cacao L., and other trees.

Corthylus subasperulus Eggers 1941b: 141 ; Bright 1985: 176. Wood and Bright 1992: 1080. Distribution. Dominica, Guadeloupe; Lesser Antillesendemic.

Corthylus tuberculatus Eggers 1941b: 140 ; Bright 1981: 153, 1985: 176. Wood and Bright 1992: 1080; Brightand Torres 2006: 427. Distribution. Dominica, Guadeloupe, Puerto Rico; widespread Antilles endemic.

Microcorythylus brevis Eggers 1935: 155 ; Bright 1985: 176: Wood and Bright 1992: 1065. Distribution. Guadeloupe; single island endemic. Notes. Daltry 2009: 70 lists an undetermined species from St. Lucia.

Monarthrum denticulatum Wood 1981: 122 ; Woodand Bright 1992: 1053. = Pterocyclon dentatum Eggers 1941a: 10 l (preoccupied by Eggers 1931) of Guadeloupe. Distribution. Guadeloupe; singleisland endemic.

Monarthrum ferrugineum Bright undescribed species; Daltry 2009: 70. Distribution. St. Lucia; single island endemic

Monarthrum mali (Fitch) 1855: 326 ( Tomicus ); Bright and Torres 2006: 423. Distribution. Cuba, Dominica, Guadeloupe, Puerto Rico. USA (widespread), Canada (BC, introduced); widespread Antilles and North and/or Central America . Notes. Hosts: Acer sp. , Betula sp. , Fagus sp. , Liquidambar sp. , Nyssa sp. , Quercus sp.

Monarthrum praeustum (Eggers) 1941a: 100 ( Pterocyclon ); Bright 1981: 155; Wood and Bright 1992: 1061; Daltry 2009: 70. Distribution. Dominica, Guadeloupe, PuertoRico, St. Lucia; widespread Antilles endemic. Notes. Hosts: Dacryodes excelsa Vahl , Inga laurina (Sw.) Willd.

Tricolus gracilis Eggers 1937: 87 ; Bright 1985: 176; Wood and Bright 1992: 1043. Distribution. Guadeloupe; singleisland endemic.

Tricolus perdiligens Schledl 1950: 171 ; Wood and Bright 1992: 1044; Cognato and Bright 1996: 72. Distribution. Dominica, Hispaniola, Jamaica; widespread Antillesendemic.