Pseudanisentomon sininotiale Zhang & Yin, 1984

Bu, Yun, Xiong, Yan, Luan, Yun-Xia & Yin, Wen-Ying, 2019, Protura from Hainan Island, China: new species, checklist and distribution, ZooKeys 879, pp. 1-21 : 17-19

Pseudanisentomon sininotiale Zhang & Yin, 1984

Material examined.

2 females, locality 1, 27-XI-1984, coll. G. T. Jin & Z. Y. Liu. 2 females, 4 males, locality 4, 23-I-2004; 1 male, locality 3, 600 m elev., 27-I-2004, coll. Y. Xiong.

Distribution.

China (Hainan, Guangxi, Hunan).

Discussion.

The 34 species of Protura recorded from Hainan Island belong to 11 genera and five families ( Protentomidae , Berberentulidae , Sinentomidae , Fujientomidae and Eosentomidae ) (Table 5 ). Most species (91%) belong to Eosentomidae (21 species) and Berberentulidae (10 species), while the other three families are represented by one species each. Both Berberentulidae and Eosentomidae are widely distributed in China and have high species richness. In contrast, Sinentomidae , Protentomidae , and Fujientomidae each has fewer species occurring in China. Undoubtedly, proturans found in Hainan Island are mainly related to the fauna of Oriental Region and are distinctly different from those from Russian Far East and Siberia ( Bu et al. 2014; Shrubovych 2014), which are dominated by the family Acerentomidae .

By comparing the species distribution, we found that the Protura fauna of Hainan Island is closely related to those of neighboring mainland regions ( Yin 1999; Szeptycki 2007), and there are 13, 10, and 11 species shared with Guangdong, Guangxi, and Yunnan provinces, respectively ( Fig. 1 ; Table 5 ), which is consistent with the geological history of Hainan Island ( Wang 1991; Zhang and Fang 2012). Until the Quaternary period (2.5 million years ago), Hainan Island was still connected with Leizhou Peninsula of Guangdong Province. In the Middle Pleistocene, fault depression led to the separation of Hainan Island from the mainland. With sea level fluctuations, Hainan Island was connected to or separated from the mainland for several times. Since the end of the Quaternary period, due to the drastically rise of sea level, Hainan Island has been separated from the mainland without interruption.

Among the mainland regions neighboring Hainan Island, the Protura fauna of Yunnan Province has been systematically studied ( Zhang et al. 1996; Yin et al. 2000), and nearly 80 species were reported from that province, with the Berberentulidae and Ensentomidae having fairly high diversity ( Zhang et al. 1996; Yin et al. 2000). In this study, we found the diversity of Protura fauna from Hainan Island is very similar to that from Yunnan Province. The only difference is the presence of family Hesperentomidae in Yunnan, which is absent in Hainan Island.

Sampling localities in Hainan Island are still sparse, and additional collection of proturans should be made in the future, so as to reveal the true diversity and provide a better understanding of the biogeography of Protura on the Hainan Island.

Figures

Figure 1. The sampling localities in Hainan Island. Numbers 1 - 13 indicate the localities listed in Tables 1, 5.