Peromyscus Gloger 1841

Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn, 2005, Order Rodentia - Family Cricetidae, Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 2, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 955-1189 : 1061

Peromyscus Gloger 1841

Peromyscus Gloger 1841 , Gemein. Hand.-Hilfsbuch. Nat., Vol. 1: 95.

Type Species: Peromyscus arboreus Gloger 1841

Synonyms: Haplomylomys Osgood 1904 ; Sitomys Fitzinger 1867 ; Vesperimus Coues 1874 ; Trinodontomys Rhoads 1894 .

Species and subspecies: 56 species:

Species Peromyscus attwateri J. A. Allen 1895

Species Peromyscus aztecus Saussure 1860

Species Peromyscus beatae Thomas 1903

Species Peromyscus boylii Baird 1855

Species Peromyscus bullatus Osgood 1904

Species Peromyscus californicus Gambel 1848

Species Peromyscus caniceps Burt 1932

Species Peromyscus crinitus Merriam 1891

Species Peromyscus dickeyi Burt 1932

Species Peromyscus difficilis J. A. Allen 1891

Species Peromyscus eremicus Baird 1857

Species Peromyscus eva Thomas 1898

Species Peromyscus fraterculus Miller 1892

Species Peromyscus furvus J. A. Allen and Chapman 1897

Species Peromyscus gossypinus Le Conte 1853

Species Peromyscus grandis Goodwin 1932

Species Peromyscus gratus Merriam 1898

Species Peromyscus guardia Townsend 1912

Species Peromyscus guatemalensis Merriam 1898

Species Peromyscus gymnotis Thomas 1894

Species Peromyscus hooperi Lee and Schmidly 1977

Species Peromyscus hylocetes Merriam 1898

Species Peromyscus interparietalis Burt 1932

Species Peromyscus keeni Rhoads 1894

Species Peromyscus leucopus (Rafinesque 1818)

Species Peromyscus levipes Merriam 1898

Species Peromyscus madrensis Merriam 1898

Species Peromyscus maniculatus Wagner 1845

Species Peromyscus mayensis Carleton and Huckaby 1975

Species Peromyscus megalops Merriam 1898

Species Peromyscus mekisturus Merriam 1898

Species Peromyscus melanocarpus Osgood 1904

Species Peromyscus melanophrys Coues 1874

Species Peromyscus melanotis J. A. Allen and Chapman 1897

Species Peromyscus melanurus Osgood 1909

Species Peromyscus merriami Mearns 1896

Species Peromyscus mexicanus Saussure 1860

Species Peromyscus nasutus J. A. Allen 1891

Species Peromyscus ochraventer Baker 1951

Species Peromyscus pectoralis Osgood 1904

Species Peromyscus pembertoni Burt 1932

Species Peromyscus perfulvus Osgood 1945

Species Peromyscus polionotus Wagner 1843

Species Peromyscus polius Osgood 1904

Species Peromyscus pseudocrinitus Burt 1932

Species Peromyscus sagax Elliot 1903

Species Peromyscus sejugis Burt 1932

Species Peromyscus simulus Osgood 1904

Species Peromyscus slevini Mailliard 1924

Species Peromyscus spicilegus J. A. Allen 1897

Species Peromyscus stephani Townsend 1912

Species Peromyscus stirtoni Dickey 1928

Species Peromyscus truei Shufeldt 1885

Species Peromyscus winkelmanni Carleton 1977

Species Peromyscus yucatanicus J. A. Allen and Chapman 1897

Species Peromyscus zarhynchus Merriam 1898

Discussion: Reithrodontomyini. The Drosophila of North American mammalogy—the alpha-level classification of the genus has been revised three times ( Osgood, 1909; Hooper, 1968; Carleton, 1989) and its biology and evolution have been twice monographed ( King, 1968; Kirkland and Layne, 1989). Multispecies surveys have broadly sampled morphology of the genus ( Carleton, 1973, 1980; Hooper, 1957, 1958; Hooper and Musser, 1964 b; Linzey and Layne, 1969, 1974), its karyology ( Robbins and Baker, 1981; Robbins et al., 1983; Rogers et al., 1984; Stangl and Baker, 1984 b), biochemical variation (Avise et al., 1974, 1979; Brownell, 1983; Fuller et al., 1984; Patton et al., 1981; Rogers and Engstrom, 1992; Schmidly et al., 1985; Zimmerman et al., 1978), and geographical ecology ( Glazier, 1980). See especially Greenbaum et al. (1994) for compilation of chromosomal banding data on the genus (2n = 48 in all species) and review of its cytosystematic applications.

Greater emphasis on phylogenetic systematics has altered Osgood's (1909) original generic scope. Baiomys and Ochrotomys have been removed and ranked as separate genera ( Carleton, 1980; Hooper, 1958; Hooper and Musser, 1964 b). Taxa arranged as subgenera by Hooper (1968— Habromys , Isthmomys , Megadontomys , Osgoodomys , and Podomys ) have been considered genera by Carleton (1980) but not others (Rogers, 1983; Stangl and Baker, 1984 b). Expansion of the generic limits sensu Hooper (1968) has been advocated to encompass Neotomodon ( Stangl and Baker, 1984 b; Yates et al., 1979) and perhaps Onychomys (Stangl and Baker, 1984) . Nomenclatural resolution of these alternative proposals awaits definitive study. Haplomylomys has been used as a subgenus to contain the californicus and eremicus species groups, all others being assigned to the subgenus Peromyscus ; Carleton (1989) emphasized species group assemblages rather than subgenera.

Major subdivisions of Peromyscus have received added revisionary attention, especially the eremicus (Avise et al., 1974; Lawlor, 1971 a, b; Riddle et al., 2000 a, c), maniculatus ( Allard et al., 1987; Gunn and Greenbaum, 1986; Hogan et al., 1993, 1997), boylii (Avise et al., 1974; Bradley and Schmidly, 1987; Bradley et al., 1989; Carleton, 1977, 1979; DeWalt et al., 1993 b; Rennert and Kilpatrick, 1986, 1987; Schmidly, 1973; Schmidly et al., 1988; Smith, 1990; Sullivan et al., 1991, 1997; Tiemann-Boege et al., 2000), truei ( DeWalt et al., 1993 b; Janecek, 1990; Modi and Lee, 1984; Schmidly, 1973; Zimmerman et al., 1975), and mexicanus ( Huckaby, 1980; Musser, 1971; Rogers and Engstrom, 1992; Smith et al., 1986) species groups. See Tiemann-Boege et al. (2000) for commentary on membership in the aztecus , boylii , and truei species groups; and Hafner et al. (2001) for proposed affinities of insular taxa in the Sea of Cortez with species of the boylii , eremicus , or maniculatus species groups.

Peromyscus is thought to have evolved from the Miocene Copemys ( Lindsay, 1972) , a poorly characterized genus variously proposed as also ancestral to Onychomys (Jacobs, 1977) and Bensonomys ( Baskin, 1978) . Fossil species that are indisputably assigned to Peromyscus date from the early Pliocene (lower Blancan) of North America (e.g., Korth, 1994), but certain forms described from the late Miocene (Clarendonian-Hemphillian) have been assigned to Copemys or to Peromyscus (e.g., compare Shotwell, 1967 a, and Hibbard, 1968, versus Lindsay, 1972, and Korth, 1994). By Pleistocene and Holocene times, the genus is well represented in the fossil record, including examples of living species ( Graham and Lundelius, 1994). The possible fossil occurrence of Peromyscus from the late Pleistocene of Ecuador, as first reported by Fejfar et al. (1993), was later described as a new genus ( Copemyodon ) of the "Copemyne-Peromyscine group" (Fejfar et al., 1995). Two fossil species described from Pleistocene-Late Pleistocene deposits in the Channel Isls, off S California, may have survived initial human contact; these large tetralophodont forms, P. anyapahensis White (1966) and P. nesodytes Wilson (1936) , were principally compared with P. californicus and deserve further study to ascertain their degree of differentiation and relationships to living species .