Prometheus zagraea salvina ( Westwood, 1877 )

García-Díaz, José De Jesús, Espinoza-Sanabria, Bernardo A., Worthy, Robert, González, Jorge M., Janzen, Daniel H. & Hallwachs, Winnie, 2024, Synopsis of the Castniidae (Lepidoptera) of Costa Rica, Zootaxa 5481 (2), pp. 151-202 : 178-179

publication ID	https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5481.2.1
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:547F19D4-4558-4D8A-8D01-2ECCCB133A5D
DOI	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12752791
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scientific name	Prometheus zagraea salvina ( Westwood, 1877 )
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16. Prometheus zagraea salvina ( Westwood, 1877)

( Figs. 8C, 8D View FIGURE 8 , 12F View FIGURE 12 )

Castnia salvina Westwood, 1877 View in CoL ; Westwood, 1877. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lon., Zoo. 2 (1), p. 190, pl. 32, fig. 1.

Gazera carilla Schaus, 1911 View in CoL ; Schaus, 1911. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 7 (38), p. 192.

Gazera carilla View in CoL ; Houlbert, 1918. Étud. Lép. Comp. 15, pp. 66, 635, 704.

Gazera salvina ; Houlbert, 1918. Étud. Lép. Comp. 15, pp. 66, 636, 704, fig. 230.

Castnia (Doubledaya) columbina panamensis Talbot ; Talbot, 1929. Bull. Hill Mus. 3 (1), p70, pl. 1, fig. 4.

Zegara carilla ; Miller, 1995, in Heppner. Castnioidea: Castniidae : Castniinae , Checklist part 2, Atlas Neo. Lep. , p. 137.

Zegara columbina salvina ; Miller, 1995, in Heppner. Castnioidea: Castniidae : Castniinae , Checklist part 2, Atlas Neo. Lep. , p. 137.

Zegara zagraea salvina ; Lamas, 1995. Revta. Per. Ent. 37, p. 85.

General comments. Initially, the genus Zegara (currently a synonym of Prometheus ) included over 10 species, among which were Z. carilla , Z. columbina panamensis , Z. salvina and Z. zagraea , as Miller (1995) indicated in her list. However, Lamas (1995) synonymized the majority and only left two valid species with some subspecies. Lamas (1995) also considered salvina as a valid subspecies of Z. zagraea but considered Z. carilla and Z. columbina panamensis as synonyms of Z. z. salvina , distributed in Panama and Costa Rica. Van den Berghe et al. (2020) and Maes & González (2022) reported it from Nicaragua (Nueva Segovia, Cerro Jesús). It belongs to a mimetic ring that contains various “tiger pattern” species ( Miller 1986; González et al. 2010). As in the nominal subspecies, males are darker and smaller than females. The coloration of P. z. salvina tends to be darker than in the nominal subspecies ( González & Domagała 2019).

Ecology and behavior. Adults of Prometheus zagraea salvina are diurnal and fly on sunny days in sync with species of their mimetic ring. It has been found in Nicaragua flying together with Chetone angulosa ( Walker, 1854) ( Erebidae ), Lycorea halia atergatis Doubleday, 1847 , Mechanitis polymnia (Linnaeus, 1758) , Eueides isabella (Stoll, 1781) , Heliconius ismenius Latreille, [1817] and Consul fabius cecrops (Doubleday, [1849]) ( Nymphalidae ) ( Van den Berghe et al. 2020). According to the latter authors, the flight pattern of both sexes is similar to heliconids.

Distribution and biogeography. Prometheus zagraea salvina is known from Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama ( Miller 1986, 1995; Lamas 1995; Vinciguerra 2008; González et al. 2010, 2017; Van den Berghe et al. 2020; Maes & González 2022); however, Salazar et al. (2013) cited it for Colombia, but did not illustrate any of the specimens cited. The Colombian specimens should be regarded as P. z. zagraea ( Maes & González 2022) . The subspecies has been found in the following cantons in Costa Rica: Alajuela: Upala; Cartago: Turrialba; Guanacaste: La Cruz; Heredia: Sarapiquí; Limón: Pococí; Puntarenas: Golfito. Considering the biogeographic proposal of Morrone et al. (2022), in Costa Rica, this subspecies has been recorded in localities that belong to the Guatuso-Talamanca and Puntarenas-Chiriquí provinces of the Pacific dominion, and the Pacific Lowlands province of the Mesoamerican dominion, all in the Brazilian subregion.

References

Gonzalez, J. M., Boone, J. H., Brilmyer, G. M. & Le, D. (2010) The Giant Butterfly-moths of the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, with notes on the Herman Strecker collection (Lepidoptera: Castniidae). SHILAP Revista de Lepidopterologia, 38 (152), 385 - 409.

Gonzalez, J. M. & Domagala, P. (2019) A catalog of the Castniidae (Lepidoptera) in the California Academy of sciences with general and historical comments. Annals of the Upper Silesian Museum in Bytom, Entomology, 28, 1 - 24. https: // doi. org / 10.5281 / zenodo. 2587666

Houlbert, C. (1918) Revision monographique de la sous-famille des Castniinae. Etudes de Lepidopterologie comparee, 15, i - xvi + 1 - 730, pls. 437 - 462, figs. 1 - 242.

Lamas, G. (1995) A critical review of J. Y. Miller´s checklist of the Neotropical Castniidae (Lepidoptera). Revista Peruana de Entomologia, 37, 73 - 87.

Maes, J. M. & Gonzalez, J. M. (2022) Ampliacion geografica de Corybantes veraguana veraguana (Westwood, 1877) y Athis clitarcha (Westwood, 1977) para la fauna de Nicaragua (Lepidoptera: Castniidae). Revista Nicaraguense de Entomologia, 274, 1 - 14. https: // doi. org / 10.5281 / zenodo. 7200048

Miller, J. Y. (1986) The Taxonomy, Phylogeny, and Zoogeography of the Neotropical Castniidae (Lepidoptera: Castnoidea: Castniidae), Ph. D. Thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, 571 pp.

Miller, J. Y. (1995) Castniidae. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Checklist: Part 2. Hyblaeoidea-Pyraloidea-Tortricoidea. Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera / Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, Florida, pp. 133 - 137 + 176 - 177.

Morrone, J. J., Escalante, T., Rodriguez-Tapia, G., Carmona, A., Arana, M. & Mercado-Gomez, J. D. (2022) Biogeographic regionalization of the Neotropical region: New map and shapefile. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 94, e 20211167. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 0001 - 3765202220211167

Salazar, J. A., Rodriguez, G. & Rodriguez, C. (2013) Datos adicionales sobre castnidos colombianos (Lepidoptera: Castniidae). Boletin del Museo Entomologico Francisco Luis Gallego, 5 (2), 7 - 17.

Schaus W. (1911) New species of Heterocera from Costa Rica. V. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 8, 7 (38), 173 - 193. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222931108692920

Talbot, G. (1929) Some new forms of Castniidae. Bulletin of the Hill Museum, 3 (1), 68 - 71.

van den Berghe, E., Maes, J. M., Hernandez-Baz, F. & Gonzalez, J. M. (2020) Synopsis of the Castniidae (Lepidoptera) from Honduras and Nicaragua, Central America. Zootaxa, 4895 (2), 272 - 284. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4895.2.6

Vinciguerra, R. (2008) Osservazioni su alcuni taxa dei generi: Corybantes Hubner, [1819], Athis Hubner, [1819], Zegara Oiticica, 1955, Mirocastnia Miller, 1980 e Insigniocastnia Miller, 2007 (Lepidoptera: Castniidae). SHILAP Revista de Lepidopterologia, 36 (144), 491 - 499.

Walker, F. (1854) List of specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part I-Lepidoptera Heterocera. Vol. 1. British Museum, London, 278 pp.

Westwood, J. O. (1877) A Monograph of the Lepidopterous genus Castnia and some allied groups. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology, 2 (1), 155 - 207, pls. 28 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1877. tb 00437. x

Figures

FIGURE 8. A–B: Prometheus zagraea zagraea; A: ♂, Estación Santa Rosa, Prov. Guanacaste, 300m, Junio 1995, D. H. Janzen, W. Hallwachs, 313000, 359800, INBIOCRI002427675, MNCR-A2427675 (MNCR); B: ♀, Puntarenas, P. Nal. Corcovado, Est. Cirena, 13-V-86, R Canet, INBIOCRI001056100, MNCR-A1056100 (MNCR); C–D: Prometheus zagraea salvina; C: ♂, Estac. Pitilla, 700m, 9km S. Santa Cecilia, Guanac. Prov., Mar1989, GNP Biodiversity Survey, W 85 25 40, N 10 59 26, INBIOCRI001056099, MNCR-A1056099 (MNCR); D: ♀, Estac. Pitilla, 700m, 9km S Santa Cecilia, Guanacaste, Mar 1990, P. Ríos & R. Blanco, 330200, 380200, INBIOCRI00091782, MNCR-A191782 (MNCR). Scale bar = 2cm.