Yoyetta abdominalis ( Distant, 1892 )

Emery, David L., Emery, Nathan J. & Popple, Lindsay W., 2019, A Revision of the Yoyetta abdominalis (Distant) Species Group of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadettinae), Introducing Eight New Species, Records of the Australian Museum 71 (7), pp. 277-347 : 298-304

Yoyetta abdominalis ( Distant, 1892)

Figs 2G , 3G , 15–17 , 52F, 53I

Melampsalta abdominalis Distant, 1892: 323 ; Goding & Froggatt, 1904: 634; Distant, 1906: 170; Froggatt, 1907: 353; Ashton, 1912: 1912; Ashton, 1914: 352; Tillyard, 1926: 161; Burns, 1957: 646.

Cicadetta abdominalis .— Moulds, 1990: 155–156, Plate 17, Figs 7, 7a ; Moss, 1990: 6.

Yoyetta abdominalis .— Moulds, 2012: 24, 235; Sanborn, 2014: 553.

Cicadetta sp. aff. abdominalis (“Tea tree firetail”).— Haywood, 2007: 14.

In the original description, Distant (1892) gives the type locality as Victoria and the collector as Stephen Barton. The type series is described as being located in the Australian Museum, Tasmanian Museum and in Distant’s private collection; however, the only specimens that could be located from the original syntype series are two females located in the NHM (which presumably originated from Distant’s private collection). There are two male specimens in the AM from Victoria that have originated from J. H. Ashton’s private collection (donated in 1911; pers. comm. Derek Smith, Collection Manager, Australian Museum, 13 December 2016). These specimens do not form part of the type series of Y. abdominalis . They belong to a different species ( Y. spectabilis sp. nov.) and are listed under the material for that species.

Material examined. VICTORIA: Syntypes: 2 females, [handwritten] “ abdominalis Distant ” / [typeset] “ Victoria, Barton”, “Distant Coll. 1911—383” / [round label, red border] “Type” / [round label, blue border] “ syntype ”, [no collection date] ( NHM). 2♂♂, Victoria, H.Ashton collection, AM K.307107–08; 1♀, Mt. Cobungra, VIC, xii.1933, A. Musgrave ( AM); 1♀, Apollo Bay, Victoria,W.W.Froggatt collection ( ANIC); 2♂♂, Morwell National Park, 38°21'50"S 146°24'58"E, 2.i. 2004, 223 m, K. Harris, E. globulus , 517-0001, 517-0002; 1♂ Blanket Bay, Otway Ranges, 38°39'43"S 143°34'59"E, found dead, 13.xii.2004, L. W. Popple, 517-0003 ( LWP); 11♂♂, nr Pittong, 38 km WSW of Ballarat, 4.xii.2006, 37°40.787'S 143°30.615'E, 358 m [elev.], D. Marshall, K. Hill, AU.VI.BAX; 1♂, same data, C. Simon lab voucher, legs in ETOH, body pinned, “ Yoyetta golden peeper”, specimens recorded, 06.AU.VI.BAX.01; 1♂, same data, 06.AU. VI.BAX.02; 1♂, Grampians National Park Visitor’s Centre, 37°09.508'S 142°31.699'E, 237 m [elev.], 1.xii.2006, D. Marshall, K. Hill,AU.VI.GVC, C. Simon lab voucher, legs in ETOH, body pinned, “ Yoyetta Grampians abdominalis”, specimens recorded, 06.AU.VI.GVC.02; 1♂, same data, 06.AU.VI.GVC.01; 1♂ 1♀, AU.VI.TOW, Rest area on B440, approx. 3 km W of Toora, 38°39'20"S 146°17'50"E, 25m, 5.xii.2006, D. Marshall, K. Hill; 2♂♂, Upper Mitta Mitta River, Glen Valley, 28.xii.1994, M. S. & B. J. Moulds; 1♂ 1♀, Starvation Ck Rd, nr O’Shannessy Dam, 9.xii.2007, Stephen Smith; 1♀, U. Flat Rock Ck, 6.ii.1959, R. May ( MSM); 7♂♂ 2♀♀, Regional Park, Seville, 37°46'52"S 145°27'47"E, 15.xii.2018, S. Emery & T. Corbin ( DE); 1♂ 1♀, same location, 15.xii.2018, S. Emery & T. Corbin ( HEM 5759[♀], 5760[♂]) ( MMV). TASMANIA: 1♀, Liffey Valley Tas, 4.i.1983, S. Fearn ( ANIC); 4♂♂ 1♀, “Elderslie”, Petham Farm, TAS, 29.xii.1998, G. Davis; 2♀♀, Broadmarsh, TAS, 20.i.2002, G. Davis; 9♂♂ 2♀♀, same location, 18.xii.2004, G.Davis; 1♂ 1♀, South Cape Range,TAS, 390m, 43°58'39"S 146°34'76"E, 10–15.xii.2011, G. Bretschneider; 8♂♂ 1♀, Carriage Rd, Hobart, TAS, 42°52'14"S 147°19'39"E, 18–19.xii.2012, N. & D. Emery; 2♂♂ 1♀, Adventure Bay, Bruney Is., TAS, 43°12'35"S 147°21'32"E, 19.xii.2012, T., N., S., C. & D. Emery; 4♂♂ 6♀♀, Rocky Hill, 42°23'11"S 148°02'07"E, 12.xii.15, S. Emery & T. Corbin ( DE); 1♀, Wedge Bay,TAS, 28.i.1913, G. H.Hardy; 1♀, same location, 5.i.1914, G. H. Hardy; 1♂, same location, 25.xii.1913, G. H. Hardy ( AM); 1♂, Marion Bay, TAS, 15.xii.1937, Tas. Biological Survey (F5707); 4♂♂, Wedge Bay, TAS, 28.xii.1913, G. Hardy (F5709-12); 1♀, Taroona, TAS, 10.i.1945, JRC (F5676); 4♂♂ 3♀♀, Bracknell, TAS, 17.1.2007, R. Bashford (F28991-97); 3♂♂, same location, 16.i.2008, R. Bashford (F28998–29000); 4♂♂ 1♀, same location, 14.i.2009, R. Bashford (F29001–005); 4♂♂, Bell Bay, TAS, 4.i.2007, R. Bashford (F29012 015); 2♀♀, same location, 24.xii.2007, R. Bashford (F29016 017); 7♂♂, Jetsonville, TAS, 5.i–15.ii.2009, R. Bashford

Erratum. Elements A, B, E, and F of the original Fig. 15 were incorrect and should be as shown

on this correction-page. This correction-page is published here by insertion into the original PDF.

The modified (corrected) PDF, with this extra page, is published 14 October 2019)—Editor.

genitalia; (a) viewed laterally from the left; (b) viewed ventrally; (c) aedeagus; and (d)

apex of theca. Characters as depicted in Fig. 4 . Specimen from Hobart (42°52'S 147°19'E).

(F29019–024); 2♂♂, Retreat , TAS, 17.i.2007, R. Bashford, (F29028 029) ; 1♂, Lefroy , TAS, 20.xii.2006, R. Bashford, (F29030) ( TMAG) ; 2♂♂, 3♀♀, Pelham , 29.xii.1998, G. Davis ; 2♂♂, Rd Jct. , 4 km NE of Gladstone, 7.ii.1992, M.S. Moulds ; 1♂, Mt Nelson , 16.i.1982, R.B. McQuillan ; 1♀, Mt Field Nat. Pk , 13.i.1995, David Cowie ; 1♂, Browns Bridge Rd , 2.3 km NE of Gladstone, 40°56.930'S 148°01.638'E, 47 m [elev.], 24.i.2011, K. Hill, D. Marshall,AU.TAS.GLE, C. Simon lab voucher, legs in ETOH, body pinned, Yoyetta “Tasmanian golden peeper”,song heard,11.AU.TS.GLE ; 1♂, Fossil Bluff, NW of Wynyard, off Freestone Cres. , 40°58.811'S 145°43.797'E, 20 m [elev.], 19.i.2011, K. Hill, D. Marshall, C. Simon lab voucher, legs in ETOH, body pinned, Yoyetta “Tas. golden peeper”, specimen rec., 11.AU. TS.FOS.07 ; 1♂, same data,11.AU.TS.FOS.06 ; 1♂, c. 6 km SSE of St Helens on Tasman Hwy , 41°22.180'S 148°16.456'E, 17 m [elev.], 24.i.2011, K. Hill, D. Marshall, AU.TS, SHS, C. Simon lab voucher, legs in ETOH, body pinned, Yoyetta “Tasmanian golden peeper”, song heard, 11.AU.TS.SHS ( MSM) ; 2♂♂, Carriage Rd, Hobart , TAS, 42°52.141'S 147°19.385' E, 18–19. xii.2012, N. & D. Emery, 517-0008, 517-0009 ; 2♂♂ 2♀♀, “Elderslie”, Petham Farm , TAS, 29.xii.1998, G. Davis ( LWP) ; 4♂♂ 4♀♀, Devonport , Tas, Lea,SAMA Database No. 20-014454 to20-014461 ; 1♂ 1♀, G. H. Hardy, Wedge Bay , 29.xii.1913, SAMA Database No. 20-014462, 20-014463 ; 1♀. G. H. Hardy, Wedge Bay , 5.i.1994, Melampsalta abdominalis Dist., SAMA Database No. 20-014464 ( SAM) . NEW SOUTH WALES: 1♂, Alpine Creek , 7 mls SE of Kiandra, NSW, 25.i.1967, T. G. Campbell ( ANIC) ; 3♂♂ 1♀, 5 km W Nimmitabel , NSW, 36°31'16"S 149°14'08"E, 30.xii.2009, L. W. Popple, 517-0004 to 517-0007 ( LWP) ; 2♀♀, Swampy Plains R., near Geehi, Snowy Mts , 29.xii.1979, P. S. Valentine ; 1♀, Thredbo Diggings, Kosciusko Nat. Pk , 3.i.1980, P. S. Valentine ; 1♂, Geehi, headwater of Murray River, Kosciuszko Nat. Pk , 27.xii.1994, M. S. & B. J. Moulds ; 2♂♂ 1♀, Mt David , 30 km SW of Oberon, 26.xii.1985, S. &. B. Underwood ; 1♂, Yarrangobilly Caves road, Kosciuszko NP, 35°33.258'S 148°30.842'E, 17.i.2011, 1305 m [elev.], K. Hill, D. Marshall, AU.NS.YAX, C. Simon lab voucher, legs in ETOH, body pinned, Yoyetta “high pitched 2”, specimen recorded, 11.AU. NS.YAX.02 ; 1♂, same data as previous, 11.AU.NS.YAX.03 ( MSM) . SOUTH AUSTRALIA: 1♂, Millicent , SA, 2.i.2004, B. Haywood ; 2♂♂, Wandilo,SA, 37°42'05"S 140°41'25"E, 1–5.ii.2013, B. Haywood ( DE) ; 1♂, Melampsalta prolongata G.& F., Mt Muirhead , A.G. Edquist, 4.i.[19]10, SAMA Database no.20014441 ( SAM) ; 1♂, Whennan Cons.Zone , 37°33'53"S 140°31'08"E, in red gum swamp (mating), B.T.Haywood, 12.i.2012, 517-0010 ; 1♂, Wandilo, SA, 37°42'05"S 140°41'25"E, 5.ii.2013, Swamp gum over woodland B. T. Haywood, 517-0011 ( LWP) ; 1♂, The Marshes Native Forest Reserve , E of Millicent, 37°36.908'S 140°31.314'E, 84 m [elev.], 2.xii.2006, K. Hill, D. Marshall, B. Haywood, AU.SA.MAR, C. Simon lab voucher, legs in ETOH, body pinned, “ Yoyetta tea tree firetail”, specimen recorded, 11.AU. SA.MAR.01 ( MSM) .

Distribution, habitat and seasonality. Cool temperate locations in southern New South Wales, the Australian Capital Territory, Victoria, Tasmania and southeastern South Australia ( Fig. 18 ). Adults occur on eucalypts, including

Eucalyptus ovata , often on the upper branches, but also on low shrubs, particularly after eclosion. This species can be encountered from December to February.

Description

Male ( Figs 15 A–D, 52F). Mainland specimens, particularly those from South Australia, often exhibit paler coloration ( Fig. 15C,D ), than the predominantly dark brown to black and orange-red markings of Tasmanian (island) specimens ( Fig. 15A,B ).

Head not quite as wide as mesonotum, conspicuous golden pubescence; mainly black on island specimens, with a small, triangular brown fascia posterior to ocelli, reducing anteriorly, small to large ochraceous spot on posterior margin between ocelli and eye. Head colour ranges from mainly black to predominantly pale brown-ochraceous, black surrounding ocelli; ocelli pink to orange-yellow; postclypeus dorsally dark brown to black with yellowish triangular median fascia, apex directed anteriorly, ventral surface black with black transverse grooves, midline ochraceous anteriorly in some specimens, lateral and posterior borders ochraceous; anteclypeus dark brown on island specimens, on mainland cicadas ochraceous with a central black line or small black spot on posterior segment; rostrum black at base, dark brown centrally, black at apex, reaching anterior edge of hind coxae; lora dull black to ochraceous; eyes variably dull black to dark brown; antennae black; supra-antennal plates black, with central brown spot on anterior margin extending laterally above pedicel.

Thorax predominantly dull black with conspicuous golden pubescence. Pronotum black with distinct ochraceous marking over central third of midline, expanding laterally on some mainland cicadas posterior to fissures, covering central half of pronotal collar, central black spot on posterior margin of pronotum; pronotal collar black in island specimens, anterior margin black, dark brown to black posteriorly on mainland specimens. Mesonotum black in island cicadas; cruciform elevation black, lateral depressions yellow; submedian and lateral sigilla black to pale brown on mainland specimens, remainder of mesonotum ochraceous, some blackening posteriorly around midline; scutal depressions black, cruciform elevation black to ochraceous. Metanotum black on island cicadas, posterior margin ochraceous around timbal cavity; metanotum ochraceous on mainland cicadas, with pinkish anterior margin centrally, blackening towards lateral margins, pink posterior border around timbals.

Legs. Coxae mainly ochraceous, with lateral black markings ranging from proximal spot to a longitudinal stripe, membranes red; trochanter black, striped ochraceous on mainland specimens; meracantha small, narrow, white, black at base, pointed, overlapping one-third of opercula; fore femora with outer side red, variable longitudinal black stripes, inner side variably black-ochraceous, ochraceous to black at joints; femoral spines erect, black at base tending brown at tips; fore tibiae black in Tasmanian specimens, mainly ochraceous on mainland cicadas; mid and hind tibiae striped black and ochraceous on Tasmanian specimens, paler on mainland cicadas; Fore tarsi dark brown to claws, mid tarsi light brown with black at claws, hind tarsi ochraceous to claws, claws brown, black at tips, mainland species with tarsi pale, brown towards claws, claws brown, black at tips.

Wings with fore wing costal veins orange-brown proximally, becoming red distally; pterostigma mottled red; basal cell transparent with a black anterior border; basal membranes pale orange, orange or pink; vein CuP +1A whitish over proximal half, pale brown distally; other veins dark brown to black; with eight apical cells. Hind wing plagas white over entire anal cell 3 and thin along vein 2A, some orange stippling on proximal third; with six apical cells.

Opercula ( Fig. 3G ) small, spatulate, following body axis ventrolaterally, depressed centrally; small black mark at base, contrastingly pale cream across remainder, with reddish tinge centrally on mainland specimens; clearly separated.

Timbals ( Fig. 2G ) with five distinct long ribs; long ribs 1–4 extending across surrounding membrane and fused dorsally along basal spur; long rib 5 independent of basal spur, comparatively shorter, extending ventrally across half of membrane; large ridged dome on posterior timbal plate extending across two-thirds of timbal; apodeme pit ovalshaped and conspicuous.

Abdomen with tergite 1 black in island specimens, with faint orange margins over timbal cavity; tergite 1 ochraceous to black on mainland cicadas, pink anterior margin extending across timbal cavity, with black marking over lateral region of timbal; tergite 2–3 on all specimens ochraceous centrally with reddish-orange intersegmental membrane, several small black spots in a transverse arc across middle, variably black over lateral region; tergites 4–7 black with posterior margins ochraceous, an increasing area of lateral orange coloration posteriorly forming a triangular shape with base at tergite 7; extending to lateral border and epipleurite 7, several black spots in orange areas on some specimens; tergite 8 shiny black anteriorly and variably over central midline, orangered laterally over posterior region. Epipleurites 3–6 with black medial markings, orange posteriorly; epipleurites 3–5 ochraceous on lateral extremities. Sternite II mainly black, reddish margins around timbals; sternite III black, posterior margin ochraceous; sternites IV–VI mainly orange, black midline markings over anterior two-thirds of each sternite, decreasing posteriorly; sternite VI orange with red posterior margin; sternite VIII fiery red, with golden pubescence.

Genitalia ( Fig. 16 ). Pygofer black dorsally, reddish posteriorly, becoming brown laterally; dorsal beak brown, anal styles bright red; upper lobe mainly black, red at tip; basal lobe dark ochraceous to black. Uncus orange-brown; in lateral view beak-like and rounded ventrally; lobes in ventral view bulbous, with rounded lateral termination, completely surrounding posterior aspect of claspers; claspers dark brown, clearly divided, with apices gradually tapering laterally. Aedeagus with pseudoparameres extending more than half-way to the flexure of the theca; theca recurved ventrally at 180° towards apex, with transparent flanges along dorsal margin of recurvature, these mainly smooth and broadening to> 3× width of theca ventrally, without dorsal ornamentation; apex short, sclerotized, transparent, stumpy, with prominent cornuti over lateral and ventral surface, “scoop-shaped” ventrally.

Female ( Fig. 15 E–H). Head and thorax similar to male, with distinctive morphological patterns consistent on island and mainland specimens.

Abdomen markings on tergites and sternites, respectively, similar to island and mainland males, sternites becoming more orange or red posteriorly; abdominal segment 9 black above with orange longitudinal stripes either side of midline, curving anteriorly and becoming orange to red laterally and ventrally, dorsal beak black. Ovipositor brown, tending darker towards apex, not extending beyond apex of abdominal segment 9. Anal styles bright red; ovipositor sheath brown to black.

Measurements (in mm; range with mean in parentheses: 24 males, 12 females). Body length: male 19.2–21.7 (20.8); female 20.5–24.0 (21.9). Fore wing length: male 20.3– 24.8 (23.5); female 23.5–26.9 (25.3). Head width: male 5.7–6.6 (6.1); female 6.2–6.8 (6.4). Pronotum width: male 5.3–6.1 (5.7); female 6.2–6.6 (6.3). Abdomen width: male 5.7–6.1 (6.0); female 5.7–6.8 (6.3). Ovipositor length 5.2– 6.1 (5.7).

Distinguishing features. Yoyetta abdominalis is readily distinguished from Y. hunterorum , Y. denisoni , Y. kershawi stat. rev., comb. nov. Y. timothyi sp. nov., Y. regalis sp. nov., Y. subalpina sp. nov. and Y. aaede by the following

combination of characters: (1) smaller size with body length <23 mm, (2) presence of symmetrical, orange triangular patterns on tergites 4–7, (3) ovipositors of females do not extend beyond the posterior abdomen. Specimens are larger than Y. electrica sp. nov. (BL <18 mm) and both species reside in different geographical locations. Tasmanian (island) specimens of Y. abdominalis are often more hirsute and paler than Y. spectabilis sp. nov. and Y. serrata sp. nov., but some mainland specimens closely resemble these 2 species. The following combination of characters can be used to separate Y. abdominalis , Y. serrata sp. nov. and Y. spectabilis sp. nov.: (1), the longitudinal central marking on the pronotum of Y. abdominalis and Y. serrata sp. nov., is absent from Y. spectabilis sp. nov. except on brown coloured females; (2), the bright red coloration over the posterior half of the opercula of Y. spectabilis sp. nov. contrasts with the dull red-brown coloration on specimens of Y. serrata sp. nov. and black to pale brown marking on Y. abdominalis ; (3), the forewing costa and basal membrane of Y. abdominalis and Y. serrata sp. nov. are orange to pale yellow-white and grey, respectively, cf. bright orange-red in Y. spectabilis sp. nov.; (4) epipleurites of Y. abdominalis and Y. serrata sp. nov. are orange and black, whereas those of Y. spectabilis sp. nov. are red and black; (5) cornuti are restricted to the ventral surface of the thecal apex of Y. serrata sp. nov., whereas they are prominent over the entire apex of both Y. abdominalis and Y. spectabilis sp. nov.; (6) timbal long rib 4 of Y. spectabilis sp. nov. is discontinuous over its medial third, whereas in both Y. abdominalis and Y. serrata sp. nov. long rib 4 spans the length of the membrane and remains unbroken.

Calling song ( Figs 17 , 53I ). The call of Y. abdominalis consists of repeated phrases with a long ratchet-like echeme often proceeded by one or more syllables or short macrosyllables (e.g., Fig. 17 ). Based on the recordings from Nimmitabel (n = 7), the long echeme comprises a series of 24–50 macrosyllables (each 0.005 –0.012 s duration) that lasts 0.201 –0.499 s. In phrases, where (macro)syllables (0.010 –0.015 s duration) are produced, a gap of 0.078 –0.100 s duration occurs before the (macro)syllable. Males do not appear to call at regular intervals except when phrases include the (macro)syllable. Following the macrosyllable, a gap of approximately 2 s occurs at the end of each phrase. The highest frequency plateau from available recordings is fairly broad, between 7.7 and 16.2 kHz, with a dominant frequency of 10.2–14.1 kHz .

The calling song of Y. abdominalis is distinctive and unlike other species in the genus. It bears a superficial resemblance to Y. fluviatilis Emery, Emery & Popple. However , close inspection reveals that each phrase of Y. fluviatilis begins with a syllable sequence rather than a long echeme. The song of Y. abdominalis also has broad similarities with Y. subalpina sp. nov. and differences are discussed under that species.

Figures

Figure 2. Photos of male left timbals, with dorsal edge at left and posterior margin at bottom: (A) Yoyetta timothyi sp. nov., Gordon (33°76'S 152°15'E); (B) Y. denisoni (Distant), O’Connor (35°16'S 145°06'E); (C) Y. regalis sp. nov., Blackheath (33°35'S 150°50'E); (D) Y. spectabilis sp. nov., Barren Grounds (34°41'S 150°44'E); (E) Y. subalpina sp. nov., Cooma (36°20'S 148°14'E); (F) Y. verrens sp. nov., Torrington (25°15'S 153°11'E); (G) Y. abdominalis (Distant), Hobart (42°52'S 147°19'E); (H) Y. kershawi (Goding & Froggatt) stat. rev., comb. nov., Toolangi, (37°32'S 145°28'E); (I) Y. serrata sp. nov., Nimmitabel (36°31'S 149°14'E); (J) Y. aaede (Walker), Mt Lofty (34°59'S 138°43'E); (K) Y. electrica sp. nov., Arrawarra (30°02'S 153° 11'E); (L) Y. grandis sp. nov., Forrest (38°31'S 143°43'E). Scale bars = 200 µm; J= 500 µm.

Figure 3. Photos of male left opercula, with dorsal edge at left and posterior margin at bottom: (A) Yoyetta timothyi sp. nov., Gordon (33°76'S 152°15'E); (B) Y. denisoni (Distant), O’Connor (35°16'S 145°06'E); (C) Y. regalis sp. nov., Blackheath (33°35'S 150°50'E); (D) Y. spectabilis sp. nov., Barren Ground (34°41'S 150°44'E); (E) Y. subalpina sp. nov., Cooma (36°20'S 148°14'E); (F) Y. verrens sp. nov., Torrington (29°15'S 151°42'E); (G) Y. abdominalis (Distant), Hobart (42°52'S 147°19'E); (H) Y. serrata sp. nov., Nimmitabel (36°31'S 149°14'E); (I) Y.electrica sp. nov.,Arrawarra (30°2'S 153°11'E); (J) Y. grandis sp. nov., Forrest (38°31'S 143°43'E); (K) Y. aaede (Walker), Mt Lofty (34°59'S 138°43'E); (L) Y. kershawi (Goding & Froggatt) stat. rev., comb. nov., Toolangi, (37°32'S 145°28'E). Scale bars; A–J =200 µm; K=500 µm.

Figure 4. Yoyetta denisoni (Distant):illustration of male pygofer and internal genitalia;

Figure 7. Yoyetta timothyi sp. nov., brown forms: (A) male holotype, Waitara (33°42'S 151°06'E), dorsal habitus; (B) male holotype, Waitara, ventral habitus; (C) female, Terrey Hills (33°40'S 151°12'E), dorsal habitus; (D), female paratype, Terrey Hills, ventral habitus; (E) male, Crescent Head (31°17'S 152°57'E), live specimen (photo by NJE); (F) female, Medway (34°29'S 150°16'E), live specimen (Photo by NJE) Scale bars = 10 mm.

Figure 15. Yoyetta abdominalis (Distant) (A) male Broadmarsh (42°40'S 147°09'E), dorsal habitus; (B) male, ventral habitus; (C) male, Wandilo, (37°42'S 140°41'E), dorsal habitus; (D) male, Wandilo, ventral habitus; (E), female, Broadmarsh (42°40'S 147°09'E), dorsal habitus; (F), female, ventral habitus; (G), female syntype, [no location] NHM (photo Ken Merrifield); (H), female, live specimen Lilydale (41°14'S 147°12'E; photo Charlie Price). Scale bars as indicated.

Figure 16. Yoyetta abdominalis (Distant): illustration of male pygofer and internal

Figure 17. Male calling song structure of Yoyetta abdominalis (Distant) illustrated in waveform plots, including (A) three separate phrases; (B) expanded section (from A) showing a single phrase, which is composed of a long echeme followed by a syllable; (C) further expanded detail of the long echeme (from B); (D) further expanded detail of the syllable (from B).The final subfigure (E) is a spectrogram displaying song frequency. The specimen was recorded in the field at Nimmitabel (36°31'S 149°14'E) by LWP using RS2 (see Methods and terminology).

Figure 18. Map of southeastern mainland Australia showing the geographical distribution of Yoyetta regalis sp. nov. (closed squares), Y. abdominalis (Distant) (open circles) and Y. spectabilis sp. nov. (open triangles).

Figure 53. A comparative sample of wave plots illustrating the temporal song structure of cicadas in the Yoyetta abdominalis (Distant) species group (for species where song recordings were available). These include (A) Y. denisoni (Distant), recorded in the field at Canberra (35°16'S 149°07'E) by LWP using RS2; (B) Y.timothyi sp. nov., recorded in the field at Glen Elgin (29°39'S 152°03'E) by LWPusing RS3; (C) Y.electrica sp. nov., recorded in captivity atArrawarra (30°02'S 153°11'E) by LWP using RS2; (D) Y.hunterorum (Moulds), recorded in the field at Garie Beach (34°11'S 151°04'E) by B. Smith using RS5; (E) Y. grandis sp. nov., recorded in the field at Brindabella Range (35°20'S 148°50'E) by LWP using RS2; (F) Y. verrens sp. nov., recorded in captivity at Torrington (25°15'S 151°44'E) by LWP using RS3; (G) Y. subalpina sp. nov., recorded in the field at Talleganda (35°37'S 149°30'E) by LWP using RS2; (H) Y. aaede (Walker), specimen captured in Adelaide (34°56'S 138°39'E) and recorded in captivity by NJE using RS6; (I) Y. abdominalis, recorded in the field at Nimmitabel (36°31'S 149°14'E) by LWP using RS2; (J) Y.serrata sp. nov., recorded in the field at Brown Mountain (36°36'S 149°23'E) by LWP using RS2; (K) Y. spectabilis sp. nov., recorded in the field at Kanangra Boyd National Park (33°53'S 150°03'E) by LWP using RS2; and (L) Y. regalis sp. nov., recorded at Wises Track,Audley (34°08'S 151°03'E) by LWP using RS1.An explanation of recording systems (RS1–6) is provided in Methods and terminology.