Phylloecus Newman, 1838

Liston, Andrew D. & Prous, Marko, 2014, Sawfly taxa (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) described by Edward Newman and Charles Healy, ZooKeys 398, pp. 83-98 : 87-88

Phylloecus Newman, 1838 ( Cephidae )

Phylloecus Newman, 1838: 485-486.

Phylloecus : Rohwer 1911; type species designated as Phylloecus faunus Newman, 1838; placed as synonym of Janus Stephens, 1829.

Hartigia Schiødte, 1839: 331-332, 347, 370. Boie 1855; type species designated as Astatus satyrus Panzer, 1801 [= Phylloecus niger (Harris, [1779])]. syn. n.

Discussion.

Phylloecus faunus was stated by Abe and Smith (1991) to have been designated by monotypy as the type species of Phylloecus Newman, 1838. This is not so, because Newman (1838, p. 486) ends his discussion on his new genus with the words "[..] but it seemed to me that the division containing Faunus ,&c. is equally distinct, and therefore I would submit the propriety of raising these also, to the rank of a genus, under the name Phylloecus ". His foregoing text makes it clear that at least Cephus satyrus (Panzer, 1801) (a junior synonym of Hartigia nigra (M. Harris, [1779]) was thus considered also to belong to Phylloecus . Rohwer (1911) interpreted this correctly and accordingly designated Phylloecus faunus as type species. However, Rohwer (1911, p. 94 [index], under the names cynosbati and faunus) makes it clear that he regarded Phylloecus faunus as conspecific with Janus cynosbati (Linnaeus, 1758) (= Janus femoratus (Curtis, 1830): see Blank et al. (2009) on nomenclature). From Newman’s description and subsequent discussion it is evident that his concept of Phylloecus corresponds closely with that of what in recent years has been called Hartigia , and this correct interpretation was followed by various authors during the 19th Century. The lectotype of Phylloecus faunus belongs to the species recently known as Hartigia helleri (Taschenberg, 1871) (see below, under Phylloecus faunus ). Benson (1951) and Pagliano and Scaramozzino (1990) treated Hartigia and Phylloecus as synonymous, but did not use the latter as the valid name. On the other hand, the misinterpretation of Phylloecus as Janus also has a long history, which can be traced back at least to Kirby (1882), and in recent years this wrong synonymy has become universally accepted. The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature ( ICZN 1999) unfortunately provides no opportunity of maintaining the name Hartigia in precedence over Phylloecus , because the use of Phylloecus as a valid name after 1899, by for example Marchand (1902) and Richter von Binnenthal (1903), precludes the application of Article 23.9. (reversal of precedence). Neither are the species of Phylloecus of such economic, scientific or cultural importance that an application to the Commission to conserve the name Hartigia seems likely to achieve success, although some species are of rather minor significance to growers of soft fruit and ornamental roses in North America ( Smith DR 1986), and Phylloecus faunus has been considered for use in the biological control of Rubus in Australia (e.g. Bruzzese 1982; as Hartigia albomaculatus ). As a result of the new synonymy, the following species names are either newly transferred to Phylloecus (comb. n.) or the original name combinations are re-instated as valid (comb. rev.). New combinations are followed in parentheses by the original combination of the species group name. Only the nominal species which were considered to be valid by Taeger et al. (2010) are listed:

Phylloecus agilis (F. Smith, 1874), comb. n. ( Cephus agilis )

Phylloecus albotegularis (Wei & Nie, 1996), comb. n. ( Hartigia albotegularis )

Phylloecus algiricus André, 1881 comb. rev.

Phylloecus bicinctus Provancher, 1875 comb. rev.

Phylloecus cheni (Wei & Nie, 1999), comb. n. ( Hartigia cheni )

Phylloecus coreanus (Takeuchi, 1938), comb. n. ( Hartigia coreana )

Phylloecus cowichanus (Ries, 1937), comb. n. ( Hartigia cowichana )

Phylloecus elevatus (Maa, 1944), comb. n. ( Hartigia elevata )

Phylloecus epigonus (Zhelochovtsev, 1961), comb. n. ( Hartigia epigona )

Phylloecus etorofensis (Takeuchi, 1955), comb. n. ( Hartigia etorofensis )

Phylloecus fasciatus (Cresson, 1880), comb. n. ( Cephus fasciatus )

Phylloecus faunus Newman, 1838, comb. rev.

Phylloecus kamijoi (Shinohara, 1999), comb. n. ( Hartigia kamijoi )

Phylloecus linearis (Schrank, 1781), comb. n. ( Tenthredo linearis )

Phylloecus mexicanus (Guerin, [1844]), comb. n. ( Cephus mexicanus )

Phylloecus minutus (Wei & Nie, 1997), comb. n. ( Hartigia minuta )

Phylloecus niger (M. Harris, [1779]), comb. n. ( Sirex niger )

Phylloecus nigratus (Dovnar-Zapolskij, 1931), comb. n. ( Pachycephus nigratus )

Phylloecus nigritus (Forsius, 1918), comb. n. ( Macrocephus nigritus )

Phylloecus nigrotibialis (Wei & Nie, 1977), comb. n. ( Hartigia nigrotibialis )

Phylloecus pyrrha (Zhelochovtsev, 1968), comb. n. ( Hartigia pyrrha ) [Zhelochovtsev gives no etymology for this species name. It is here considered to be a noun, the name of a figure in Greek mythology]

Phylloecus riesi (D. R. Smith, 1986), comb. n. ( Hartigia riesi )

Phylloecus sibiricola Jakovlev, 1891 comb. rev.

Phylloecus simulator (Kokujev, 1910), comb. n. ( Macrocephus simulator )

Phylloecus stackelbergi (Gussakovskij, 1945), comb. n. ( Hissarocephus stackelbergi )

Phylloecus stigmaticalis (Wei & Nie, 1996), comb. n. ( Hartigia stigmaticalis )

Phylloecus trimaculatus (Say, 1824), comb. n. ( Cephus trimaculatus )

Phylloecus viator (F. Smith, 1874), comb. n. ( Cephus viator )

Phylloecus xanthostoma (Eversmann, 1847), comb. n. ( Cephus xanthostoma )

Phylloecus zhengi (Wei & Nie, 1996), comb. n. ( Hartigia zhengi )