Eryma ventrosum ( Meyer, 1835 )

Devillez, Julien & Charbonnier, Sylvain, 2021, Review of the Late Jurassic erymoid lobsters (Crustacea: Decapoda), Geodiversitas 43 (2), pp. 25-73 : 32-37

Eryma ventrosum ( Meyer, 1835)

( Figs 3-5 )

Glyphea ventrosa Meyer, 1835: 329 ; 1836: 56. — Quenstedt 1857: 599, pl. 74, fig. 20.

Clytia girodi Étallon, 1857: 19 (nomen nudum). n. syn.

Bolina thirriae Étallon, 1859: 198 , pl. 5, fig. 5.

Eryma greppini Oppel, 1861: 357 ; 1862: 27, pl. 4, figs 8- 9 n. syn. — Trautschold 1866: 20, 21. — Quenstedt 1857: 321; 1885: 410. — Carter 1886: 549. — Krause 1891: 201. — Lissajous 1907: 66. — Van Straelen 1925: 245, fig. 114. — Secrétan 1964: 69. — Wannier & Panchaud 1977: 931. — Förster & Seyed-Emami 1982: 43. — Bravi et al. 2014: 94. — Charbonnier et al. 2014b: 333, figs 2-4. n. syn. — Devillez & Charbonnier 2019: 17.

Eryma radiata Oppel, 1861: 358 ; 1862: 31, pl. 6, figs 2-3. — Morière 1888: 143. — Lahusen 1894: 318. — Förster 1966: 113. — Etter 2004: 384. — Feldmann & Titus 2006: 64. n. syn.

Eryma subventrosa Étallon, 1861: 165 . — Oppel 1861: 358; 1862: 33. — Van Straelen 1925: 263. — Schweitzer et al. 2010: 25.

Eryma rugosa Étallon, 1861: 167 , pl. 8, figs 3-4. — Oppel 1861: 358; 1862: 31. — Lahusen 1894: 321. n. syn.

Eryma babeaui Étallon, 1861: 169 , pl. 8, fig. 1. — Oppel 1861: 359; 1862: 42, pl. 10, fig. 8. — Dollfus 1863: 36. — Morière 1883: 165. — Carter 1886: 548, pl. 16, fig. 3. — Krause 1891: 207. — Sauvage 1891: 92, 95, pl. 4, figs 1-2. — Van Straelen 1925: 269, fig. 125. — Woods 1930: 78. — Förster 1966: 115, pl. 16, fig. 4. — Carriol 1991: 222. — Feldmann & Titus 2006: 63. — Schweitzer et al. 2010: 23. — Devillez et al. 2016: 524, table 1.

Eryma thurmanni Étallon, 1861: 169 , pl. 7, fig. 4. — Oppel 1861: 359; 1862: 42. — Étallon & Thurmann 1862: 437, pl. 60, fig. 11. — Van Straelen 1925: 268. — Schweitzer et al. 2010: 25.

Eryma affinis Ferry, 1865: 368 , pl. 7, figs 3-4. — Lissajous 1907: 66. — Van Straelen 1925: 249, fig. 116. — Secrétan 1964: 69. — Förster 1966: 102. — Feldmann & Titus 2006: 63. — Schweitzer et al. 2010: 23. — Bravi et al. 2014: 94. — Charbonnier et al. 2014b: 335. n. syn.

Eryma villersi Morière, 1883: 166 , pl. 1, figs 1-5. — Carter 1886: 548, pl. 16, fig. 3. — Hée 1924: 130. — Van Straelen 1925: 265, pl. 9, fig. 1-2. — Glaessner 1929: 163. — Woods 1930: 78. — Förster 1966: 110. — Carpentier et al. 2006: 624, fig. 8. — Schweitzer et al. 2010: 25.

Eryma falcifera Morière, 1888: 141 , pl. 5, figs 1-2. — Schweitzer et al. 2010: 23. n. syn.

Eryma corbieri Morière, 1888: 142 , pl. 5, fig. 3. — Krause 1891: 205. — Hée 1924: 132. — Schweitzer et al. 2010: 23. n. syn.

Eryma caraboeufi Morière, 1888: 143 , pl. 5, fig. 4. — Hée 1924: 131. — Van Straelen 1925: 254. — Glaessner 1929: 162. — Förster 1966: 103. — Crônier & Courville 2004: 1007. — Feldmann & Titus 2006: 63. — Schweitzer et al. 2010: 23. n. syn.

Eryma meandrina Krause, 1891: 204 , pl. 13, fig. 7. — Van Straelen 1925: 253. — Beurlen 1928: 174. — Crônier & Courville 2004: 1007. — Schweitzer et al. 2010: 25.

Eryma crassimanus Krause, 1891: 205 , pl. 13, fig. 5. — Van Straelen 1925: 267. — Beurlen 1928: 157, 162, 163. — Glaessner 1929: 153. — Förster 1966: 113. — Feldmann & Titus 2006: 63. n. syn.

Eryma fossata Krause, 1891: 205 , pl. 13, fig. 6. — Beurlen 1928: 157, 159, 163. — Secrétan 1964: 69. — Förster 1966: 113. — Förster & Seyed-Emami 1982: 44. — Feldmann & Titus 2006: 63. n. syn.

Eryma leblanci Sauvage, 1891: 90 , pl. 4, fig. 6. — Carriol 1991: 224. n. syn.

Eryma boloniensis Sauvage, 1891: 92 , pl. 3, figs 5-6. — Van Straelen 1925: 282. — Glaessner 1929: 152. — Förster 1966: 116 (non pl. 16, fig. 5). — Carriol 1991: 223. — Feldmann & Titus 2006: 63. — Schweitzer et al. 2010: 23. n. syn.

Eryma beaugrandi Sauvage, 1891: 94 , pl. 4, fig. 3. — Carriol 1991: 223. n. syn.

Eryma cumonti Van Straelen, 1921: 139 , pl. 1, figs 2-3; 1922: 983; 1925: 253, fig. 118. — Secrétan 1964: 67, 68. — Förster 1966: 103. — Fischer 2003: 241. — Crônier & Courville 2004: 1007. — Feldmann & Titus 2006: 63. — Charbonnier 2009: 15, 158, table 14. — Charbonnier et al. 2010: 115, tables 1-2, figs 3B, 4E; 2014a: 375. — Schweitzer et al. 2010: 23. n. syn.

Eryma morieri Hée, 1924: 128 , pl. 3, fig. 2. — Schweitzer et al. 2010: 25.

Eryma corallina Van Straelen, 1925: 255 , fig. 119, pl. 8, fig. 4. — Secrétan 1964: 69. — Förster 1966: 103. — Crônier & Courville 2004: 1007. — Feldmann & Titus 2006: 63. n. syn.

Galicia marianae Garassino & Krobicki, 2002: 55 , fig. 5-8. — Schweitzer et al. 2010: 25. — Karasawa et al. 2013: table 1. — Hyžný et al. 2015: 375, 376, 379.. — Devillez et al. 2017: 6, 8, figs 2G-H.

Klytia ventrosa – Meyer 1840b: 20, pl. 4, fig. 29. — Quenstedt 1850: 195, pl. 2, figs 18-19. — Devillez et al. 2017: 4, figs 2C-D.

Clytia ventrosa – Bronn 1849: 578; 1852: 425. — Reuss 1854: 4, 5. — Beurlen 1928: 168. — Glaessner 1929: 118. — Vialle 1948: 63.

Astacus ventrosus – Quenstedt 1852: 268, pl. 20, fig. 13;1867: 320, pl. 25, fig. 13; 1885: 410, 412, pl. 32, fig. 8.

Bolina ventrosa – Étallon 1859: 194, 202, pl. 6, figs 1-6. — Morière 1883: 165.

Bolina ventrosa var. major – Étallon 1859: 194, pl. 6, figs 1-6.

Bolina girodi Étallon, 1859: 196 , pl. 6, figs 7-8. — Devillez & Charbonnier 2017: table 1.

Eryma ventrosa – Étallon 1861: 164, pl. 8, fig. 7. — Oppel 1861: 358; 1862: 32, pl. 6, fig. 4. — Morière 1883: 165, 166. — Carter 1886: 547, 550. — Krause 1891: 202. — Sauvage 1891: 93, 95. — Van Straelen 1921: 141. — Hée 1924: 127. — Beurlen 1928: 156, 160. — Woods 1930: 76, pl. 21, fig. 4, figs 6-7 (non 5). — Woods 1957: 156. — Secrétan 1964: 69. — Förster 1966: 108, fig. 12, pl. 15, figs 4-5, fig. 7, pl. 16, figs 1-2. — Feldmann & Copeland 1988: 95. — Crônier & Courville 2004: 1005, 1006. — Etter 2004: 384. — Carpentier et al. 2006: 624, fig. 5D. — Feldmann & Titus 2006: 64. — Charbonnier et al. 2012b: 552, figs 14-17.

Eryma girodi – Étallon 1861: 165. — Oppel 1861: 357; 1862: 28. — Sauvage 1891: 91. — Van Straelen 1925: 248, fig. 115, pl. 8, fig. 1. — Secrétan 1964: 69. — Förster & Seyed-Emami 1982: 43.

Eryma thirriai – Étallon 1861: 168. — Oppel 1861: 359; 1862: 42. — Sauvage 1891: 91. — Van Straelen 1925: 267, fig. 124, pl. 9, fig. 3. — Secrétan 1964: 69. — Schweitzer et al. 2010: 25.

Eryma mandelslohi – Van Straelen 1922: 983. — Vialle 1948: 60. — Martill 1991: fig. 7.3j. — Charbonnier 2009: 15, table 14, figs 234, 242; 2010: pl. 2, fig. 7. — Charbonnier et al. 2010: 115, tables 1-2, fig. 4D; 2014a: 375, table 1, figs 4J.

Eryma bizeti – Van Straelen 1925: 250, fig. 117, pl. 8, figs 2-3.

Clytia greppini – Beurlen 1928: 168, 172. — Glaessner 1929: 116. — Vialle 1948: 64.

Clytia girodi – Beurlen 1928: 168. — Glaessner 1929: 115.

Clytia radiata – Beurlen 1928: 169, 170, pl. 7, fig. 18, 21.

Clytia thirriai – Beurlen 1928: 171. — Glaessner 1929: 117. — Vialle 1948: 64.

Erymastacus babeaui – Beurlen 1928: 175. — Schweigert et al. 2000: 8, pl. 3, figs 4-5.

Clytia affinis – Glaessner 1929: 114.

Clytia corallina – Glaessner 1929: 115.

Clytia cumonti – Glaessner 1929: 115.

Clytia thurmanni – Glaessner 1929: 118.

Eryma sp. cf. ventrosa – Woods 1930: 77, pl. 20, fig. 8.

Eryma cf. bedelta – Beurlen 1933: 89, 91, fig. 1.

Eryma sp. – Förster 1966: 101, pl. 14, fig. 13 (non 7). — Etter 2004: 384, fig. 2A.

Eryma cf. babeaui – Carpentier et al. 2006: 623, fig. 7.

Eryma corallinum – Schweitzer et al. 2010: 23.

Eryma crassimanum – Schweitzer et al. 2010: 23.

Eryma fossatum – Schweitzer et al. 2010: 24.

Eryma radiatum – Schweitzer et al. 2010: 24.

Eryma ventrosum – Schweitzer et al. 2010: 25. — Charbonnier et al. 2015: tables 1-2, figs 3-5a, b. — Devillez et al. 2016: 518; 2017: 6, 8, table 1. — Devillez & Charbonnier 2019: 5, 7, 13, 15, 17, 32.

Stenodactylina villersi – Devillez et al. 2016: 524.

TYPE MATERIAL. — Holotype not located, cast MNHN.F.B12484. TYPE LOCALITY. — Frétigney, Haute-Saône departement, Bourgogne, France. TYPE AGE. — Oxfordian.

DESCRIPTION

Carapace

Sub-cylindrical carapace;moderately elongated,spineless rostrum; fusiform intercalated plate; smooth post-orbital area; deep and wide cervical groove, strongly inclined dorsally, slightly inclined ventrally, joined to dorsal margin and to antennal groove; deep and narrow antennal groove; short gastro-orbital groove, originating as a median inflexion of cervical groove; deep and wide postcervical groove, almost straight or very slightly concave forward, not joined to dorsal margin, joined to branchiocardiac groove at carapace mid-height, with a straight ventral extension; deep and wide branchiocardiac groove, almost straight with a slight inflexion towards its junction with hepatic groove, not joined to dorsal margin, joined to hepatic groove; deep and narrow hepatic groove, concavo-convex, joined to cervical groove; inflated ω area; flat or slightly inflated χ area; deep and wide inferior groove, curved forward, joined to hepatic groove.

Pleon and uropods

Somites with subrectangular tergites; somites with subtriangular pleurites, directed backward, with a longitudinal elliptic bulge on their basis; s2 pleurites wider than others, s3-5 pleurites equal in length, s6 pleurites shorter; rounded telson; uropods as long as telson; uropodal endopods with a longitudinal carina; uropodal exopods with a diaeresis, and a longitudinal carina.

Eyes and cephalic appendages

Rounded stalked eyes, with numerous small rectangular ommatidia; antennas made of numerous and short cylindrical articles; short, triangular scaphocerite; wide epistome, with a linear contact with the carapace; wide, subrectangular mandibles ( Charbonnier et al. 2012b: fig. 14F-G).

Thoracic appendages

Elongated Mxp3; chelate P1; P1 propodus subrectangular or trapezoidal, compressed dorso-ventrally; narrow dactylar bulge, inflated, posteriorly delimited by a deep and narrow groove; thin, elongated fingers, equal in length, progres-sively narrowing to their distal extremity, almost straight or curved inward, sometimes with a terminal hook; occlusal margin with small conical teeth closely spaced; P1 carpus short, subtriangular; elongated P1 merus, triangular in section, with a short process at outer side of its ventral extremity; thin P2-P5.

Ornamentation

Carapace densely covered by small tubercles preceded by crescent-shaped depressions; intercalated plate irregularly covered by small tubercles; cephalic region with an oblique row of tubercles ended by an orbital spine; antennal region with an oblique row of tubercles ended by an antennal spine; pleonal tergites and pleurites densely covered by small depressions; P1 propodus, carpus, merus and fingers densely covered by small tubercles; smooth P2-P5.

DISCUSSION

This species is based on a carapace from the Terrain à Chailles Formation (Oxfordian, France) and supported the establishment of Klytia Meyer, 1840b . Careful examination of the cast of the holotype stored in the collections of the MNHN clearly shows that the groove pattern of this carapace is typical of Eryma : short gastro-orbital groove, presence of a junction between postcervical and branchiocardiac grooves at carapace mid-height, and sinuous hepatic groove.

The holotype of Eryma ventrosum is an internal mould entirely decorticated. So, the apparent ornamentation is only made of tubercles. However, a specimen stored in the collections of the BSPG is only partially decorticated ( Fig. 3F ). Only tubercles are present on the parts were the internal mould is exposed ( Fig. 3G ) while these tubercles are preceded by crescent-shaped depressions where the cuticle remains ( Fig. 3H ). So, the true ornamentation of E. ventrosum consists in tubercles and crescent-shaped depressions. This case is an illustration of the effects of the decortication on the ornamentation of the erymid lobsters. The review of Eryma subventrosa Étallon, 1861 is probably a concrete case of confusion resulting from the effects of the decortication on ornamentation.This species also from the Terrain à Chailles Formation (Oxfordian, France) has never been figured and the type material is not located. In the description, Étallon pointed out the proximity of this species with E. ventrosum , well-represented in the same formations. After Étallon (1861), the main difference is in the ornamentation. Indeed, the tubercles of E. pseudoventrosa are inclined forward and are preceded by depressions. Considering these elements, the distinction between E. ventrosum and E. pseudoventrosa established by Étallon (1861) is probably the consequence of different states of decortication between the holotypes of these two species. So, E. pseudoventrosa is here considered as a junior synonym of E. ventrosum .

This review results with the integration of many species described since the second half of the nineteenth century into the synonymy of Eryma ventrosum . The type material of some of these species could not been examined because it is lost or destroyed. Some of them were based on P1 chelae more or less complete. Then, Eryma rugosa Étallon, 1861 (Oxfordian, France; Fig. 4A ), Eryma thurmanni Étallon, 1861 (Kimmeridgian, France; Fig. 4B ), Eryma falcifera Morière, 1888 (Callovian, France; Fig. 4C, D ), Eryma caraboeufi Morière, 1888 (Callovian, France; Fig. 4E ), Eryma corbieri Morière, 1888 (Callovian, France; Fig. 4F ), Eryma meandrina Krause, 1891 (Callovian, Germany; Fig. 4G ), Eryma crassimanus Krause, 1891 (Oxfordian, Germany; Fig. 4H ), Eryma boloniensis Sauvage, 1891 (Kimmeridgian, France; Fig. 4K ), and Eryma beaugrandi Sauvage, 1891 (Kimmeridgian, France; Fig. 4L ) exhibit a very similar ornamentation (fine, homogeneous and dense), a subrectangular or slightly trapezoidal P1 propodus, and thin elongated fingers, longer than propodus, progressively narrowing to their distal extremity and with occlusal margins adorned by numerous short conical teeth. These morphological features are characteristics of E. ventrosum , so the species previously cited are considered as junior synonyms of this species.

The lost type material of Eryma fossata Krause, 1891 (Oxfordian, Germany; Fig. 4I ) and Eryma leblanci Sauvage, 1891 (Kimmeridgian, France; Fig. 4J ) consists of isolated carapaces. Both exhibit a dense, fine ornamentation very close to that of E. ventrosum . Moreover, the carapace groove patterns of E. fossata and E. leblanci are similar to that of E. ventrosum with a slightly inflected cervical groove, a short gastro-orbital groove, deep and wide postcervical and branchiocardiac grooves, slightly curved and joined at the level of the gastro-orbital groove. So, E. fossata and E. leblanci are also considered as junior synonyms of E. ventrosum .

Van Straelen (1925) described Eryma corallina (Callovian, France) based on a fragment of carapace poorly preserved and currently lost. The original photograph is not good enough to clearly see the specimen, but the characteristics of the species are represented on a schematic sketch ( Van Straelen 1925: fig. 119). It shows the presence of orbital and antennal rows of tubercles like in E. ventrosum . The description also indicates a fine ornamentation with small tubercles. These features led us to consider E. corallina as another junior synonym of E. ventrosum .

The erymid fossils from the Callovian – Oxfordian of the Vaches Noires cliffs (Normandy, France) are assigned to Eryma villersi Morière, 1883 and Eryma morieri Hée, 1924 ( Fig. 4O ). The type material of these species figured by Morière (1883; Fig. 4 M-N) was probably destroyed during the World War II but numerous fossils were found in the same locality since the nineteenth century. So, the examination of the figures of Morière (1883) and of new specimens ( Fig. 4P, Q ) reveals that E. villersi and E. morieri have a cervical groove slightly inflected, a short gastro-orbital groove, slightly curved postcervical and branchiochardiac grooves, joined at carapace mid-height, a ventral extension of the postcervical groove, an inflated ω area, a dense, fine ornamentation made of tubercles and crescent-shaped depressions, orbital and antennal rows of tubercles, elongated P1 chelae with a subrectangular propodus which is compressed dorso-ventrally, bearing long thin fingers armed with numerous teeth. These species share the listed characteristics with E. ventrosum , so, following Förster (1966), we consider E. villersi and E. morieri as junior synonyms of E. ventrosum . Previously, Devillez et al. (2016) assigned E. villersi to Stenodactylina because the junction of the postcervical and branchiocardiac grooves is not visible on Morière’s original figures and the strong length of the P1 fingers of the specimens. However, the junction of the postcervical and branchiocardiac grooves which is usually shallow. So, this could explain the absence on Morière’s figure.

The holotype of Eryma radiatum Oppel, 1861 (Oxfordian, Germany; Fig. 5A, B ) has a carapace groove pattern (short gastro-orbital groove, postcervical and branchiocardiac grooves slightly curved and joined at carapace mid-height, presence of a ventral extension of the postcervical groove), an ornamentation (dense made of small tubercles preceded by crescent-shaped depressions), and a P1 chela (slightly trapezoidal propodus, compressed dorso-ventrally, thin and elongated fingers, curved inward) very close to those of E. ventrosum . Both Eryma cumonti Van Straelen, 1921 (Callovian, France; Fig. 5C ), Eryma babeaui Étallon, 1861 (Kimmeridgian, France; Fig. 5D ), Bolina thirriae Étallon, 1859 (Kimmeridgian, France; Fig. 5E ), Eryma affinis Ferry, 1865 (Bathonian, France, Fig. 5F ), and Galicia marianae Garassino & Krobicki, 2002 (Oxfordian, Poland; Fig. 5G ) exhibit similar characteristics. So, considering these morphological features, we consider E. radiatum , E. cumonti , E. babeaui , B. thirriae , E. affinis , and G. marianae as junior synonyms of E. ventrosum .

Bolina girodi Étallon, 1859 (Bathonian, France; Fig. 5H ,) and Eryma greppini ( Oppel, 1861) (Bathonian, Switzerland; Fig. 5 I-J) exhibit characteristics similar to those previously listed. Charbonnier et al. (2014b) pointed out the presence of a pair of dorsal domes in the posterior part of the gastric region in E. greppini ( Fig. 5L ). They considered this morphological feature taxonomically significant, and supported the reinstauration of the species, previously considered as a synonym of E. bedeltum ( Förster 1966) . We noticed the presence of this pair of domes on the syntype of B. girodi ( Fig. 5K ) and some dorsally well-preserved specimens of E. ventrosum ( Fig. 3E ). So, considering these elements (carapace groove pattern, ornamentation, morphology of P1 chelae), we also add B. girodi and E. greppini to the synonymy of E. ventrosum .

The erymids from the La Voulte Lagerstätte were usually identified as E. mandelslohi ( Van Straelen 1922; Vialle 1948; Martill 1991; Charbonnier 2009; Charbonnier 2010; Charbonnier et al. 2010; Charbonnier et al. 2014a). However, they are here assigned to E. ventrosum considering both carapace groove pattern and ornamentation. Indeed, there are tubercles on the carapace of these specimens and E. mandelslohi is covered by depressions ( Devillez & Charbonnier 2019).

Beurlen (1933) identified as Eryma cf. bedelta a specimen found in Late Jurassic deposits of Tanzania ( Fig. 5M ). The carefull examination of the specimen, stored in the collections of the MFN, reveals a carapace groove pattern and an ornamentation very similar to those of E. ventrosum . So, we assigned this African specimen to this species. It is the most southern occurrence of E. ventrosum , the only one out of Europe.

Eryma ventrosum has very slightly curved postcervical and branchiocardiac grooves with non-convergent trajectories contrary to E. georgeii , E. mandelslohi , E. modestiforme , E. quadriverrucatum , and E. westphali . The ventral extension of the postcervical groove in E. ventrosum is absent in E. lerasi and E. quadriverrucatum . Then, the ornamentation of E. ventrosum is made of tubercles and depressions while that of E. jungostrix , E. major , E. mandelslohi , and E. veltheimii is only made of tubercles or depressions. Moreover, E. ventrosum has both antennal and orbital row of tubercles contrary to E. jungostrix , E. lerasi , E. mandelslohi , E. modestiforme , E. quadriverrucatum , E. veltheimii , and E. westphali .

Figures

FIG. 3. — Eryma ventrosum (Meyer,1835) from France:A, B, cast of the holotype MNHN.F.B12484 (Oxfordian,Frétigney): general view (A),schema (B);C, specimen MNHN.F.A29468 (Oxfordian,Mailley);D, specimen MNHN.F.A29470 (Oxfordian,Mailley);E, specimen MNHN.F.A29479 (Oxfordian,Montcey);F-H, specimen BSPG 1961 VIII 148 (Kimmeridgian, Chablis): general view (F), detailed view of an entirely decorticated area (G), detailed view of an area non entirely decorticated (H). Abbreviations:a, branchiocardiac groove; b, antennal groove;b1, hepatic groove;c, postcervical groove; d, gastro-orbital groove; dd, dorsal domes; di, diaeresis; e1e, cervical groove;i, inferior groove;ip, intercalated plate;or, orbital row;PoA, post-orbital area;s2-s6, pleonal somites;st, sternum;χ, attachment site of adductor testis muscle; ω, attachment site of mandibular muscle. Photographs: A, D, F-G, J. Devillez; C, L. Cazes; E, P. Loubry. Line drawing: J. Devillez. Scale bars: 1 cm.

FIG. 4. — Synonyms of Eryma ventrosum (Meyer, 1835): A, original figure of Étallon (1861: pl. 8, fig. 4) of Eryma rugosa (Oxfordian, Eschert, France); B, original figure of Étallon (1861: pl. 8, fig. 4) of Eryma thurmanni (Kimmeridgian, Porrentruy, France); C, D, original figures of Morière (1888: pl. 5, figs 1-2) of Eryma falcifera (Callovian,Écouché, France);E, original figure of Morière (1888: pl. 5, fig. 4) of Eryma caraboeufi (Callovian,Troarn, France);F, original figure of Morière (1888: pl. 5, fig. 3) of Eryma corbieri (Callovian, Écouché, France); G, original figure of Krause (1891: pl. 8, fig. 7) of Eryma meandrina (Callovian, Hildesheim, Germany); H, original figure of Krause (1891: pl. 8, fig. 5) of Eryma crassimanus (Oxfordian, Galgenberg near Hildesheim, Germany); I, original figure of Krause (1891: pl. 8,

fig. 6) of Eryma fossata (Oxfordian, Galgenberg near Hildesheim, Germany); J, original figure of Sauvage (1891: pl. 4, fig. 6) of Eryma leblanci (Kimmeridgian, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France); K, original figure of Sauvage (1891: pl. 3, fig. 5) of Eryma boloniensis (Kimmeridgian, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France); L, original figure of Sauvage (1891: pl. 4, fig. 3) of Eryma beaugrandi (Kimmeridgian,Boulogne-sur-Mer,France); M, N, original figures of Morière (1883: pl. 1, figs 1-2) of the syntypes of Eryma villersi (Oxfordian, Villers-sur-Mer, France); O, original figure of Van Straelen (1925: pl. 9, fig. 1) of the holotype of Eryma morieri Hée, 1924 (Oxfordian, Villers-sur-Mer, France); P, Q, specimen from the Callovian of Villers-sur-Mer (France, private collection of J.-P. Pezy). Photographs: L. Cazes. Scale bars: 1 cm.