Clathrina aurea Solé-Cava, Klautau, Boury-Esnault, Borojevic & Thorpe, 1991

Fontana, Tayara, Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pérez, Thierry & Klautau, Michelle, 2018, Diversity and distribution patterns of Calcareous sponges (subclass Calcinea) from Martinique, Zootaxa 4410 (2), pp. 331-369 : 344

Clathrina aurea Solé-Cava, Klautau, Boury-Esnault, Borojevic & Thorpe, 1991

( Figure 5 , Table 5)

Synonyms. Clathrina sp. 1, Muricy et al. 1991: 1187. Clathrina aurea, Solé-Cava et al. 1991: 385 , Muricy et al. 1993: 429, Klautau et al. 1994: 401, Muricy & Moraes 1998: 215, Muricy & Silva 1999: 160, Santos et al. 2002: 398, Klautau & Borojevic 2001: 401, Klautau & Valentine 2003: 9, Monteiro & Muricy 2004: 682, Vilanova et al. 2004: 651, Moraes et al. 2006: 166, Muricy & Hajdu 2006: 85, Lanna et al. 2007: 1554, Muricy et al. 2008: 128, Lanna et al. 2009: 4, Santos et al. 2010: 605, Muricy et al. 2011: 33, Rossi et al. 2011: 1028, Klautau et al. 2013: 448, Padua et al. 2013: 489, Azevedo et al. 2015: 798, Padua et al. 2016: 294, Pérez et al. 2017: 13, Azevedo et al. 2017: 316, Cóndor-Luján et al. 2018: 61.

Material Examined. (17 specimens) UFRJPOR 7662, UFRJPOR 7645, Le Rocher du Diamant, Martinique (1426.556' N–612.408' W), collected by F. Azevedo, 25 April 2015, 18.8 m depth. UFRJPOR 7850, UFRJPOR 7851, UFRJPOR 7853, UFRJPOR 7854, UFRJPOR 7856, UFRJPOR 7857, UFRJPOR 7858, UFRJPOR 7860, Le Rocher du Diamant , Martinique (1426.556' N–612.408' W), collected by B. Cóndor-Luján, 15 May 2015, 12 m depth. UFRJPOR 7846, Jardin de Salomon , Anses d'Arlet (1430'21.5'' N–61 05'35.7'' W), collected by B. Cóndor- Luján, 15 May 2015, 14 m depth. UFRJPOR 7849, Le Rocher du Diamant, Martinique (1426.556' N–612.408' W), collected by B. Cóndor-Luján, 15 May 2015, 10 – 18 m depth. UFRJPOR 7418, Pointe Burgos , Anses d'Arlet , Martinique (1429.787' N–615.351' W), collected by M. Klautau and T. Pérez , 0 4 December 2013. UFRJPOR 7938, Pointe Burgos , Anses d'Arlet , Martinique (1429.787' N–615.351' W), collected by M. Klautau, 0 3 December 2013. UFRJPOR 7437, UFRJPOR 7438, UFRJPOR 7439, Pointe Burgos, Anses d'Arlet, Martinique (1429.787' N– 615.351' W), collected by M. Klautau, 0 3 December 2013, 11 m depth.

Colour. Yellow alive and light beige in ethanol.

Description. Specimens of this species have a clathroid body formed by irregular and loosely anastomosed tubes ( Figure 5A ; specimen probably contracted) and oscula spread through the cormus, without water-collecting tubes. No cells with granules were found. Aquiferous system asconoid.

Skeleton. The skeleton is disorganised and composed of only one category of triactine ( Figure 4B ).

Spicules ( Table 5). Triactines are regular (equiangular and equiradiate). Actines are cylindrical and undulated near the tips, which are predominantly rounded, however, sometimes they can be blunt ( Figure 5C ). Size: 65.0– 80.0/5.0 µm.

*From Solé-Cava et al. (1991).

Ecology. This sponge was found in light protected habitats, such as crevices, and at the entrance of a semi-dark cave, attached to Carijoa sp.

Remarks. The specimens from Martinique present the same morphological characteristics of the Brazilian specimens of Clathrina aurea , including spicule measurements ( Table 5). In our phylogenetic tree ( Figure 15 ), the specimens form a clade with 100% bootstrap. Within this clade, the individuals from Martinique are separated from the Brazilian ones with only 0.2% of p-distance, a distance considered to be intraspecific for Clathrina (Rossi et al. 2011) .

Clathrina aurea is a widespread species in the Western Tropical Atlantic. It was originally described from Arraial do Cabo (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) (Solé-Cava et al. 1991) and later it was also found in other regions of the Brazilian coast, such as Fernando de Noronha (Muricy & Moraes 1998), Cagarras Archipelago (Monteiro & Muricy 2004), Ilha Grande Bay (Vilanova et al. 2004), São Paulo ( Lanna et al. 2007), Potiguar Basin ( Lanna et al. 2009; Arvoredo Archipelago (Padua et al. 2013, 2017), and Abrolhos Archipelago ( Azevedo et al. 2017). In 2015, it was reported from Peru ( Azevedo et al. 2015) and in 2017 from Martinique (Pérez et al. 2017).

Geographical distribution. Brazilian Coast (from São Paulo State up to Rio Grande do Norte State) and oceanic islands (Muricy et al. 2011; Azevedo et al. 2017), Peru ( Azevedo et al. 2015) and Martinique (Pérez et al. 2017).

Figures

FIGURE 4. Borojevia crystallina sp. nov. (UFRJPOR 7937). A. Specimen in ethanol. B. Tangential section. C. Tripod. D. Triactine.E. Tetractine. F, G. Apical actines.

FIGURE 5. Clathrina aurea (UFRJPOR 7662). A. Specimen in situ (UFRJPOR 7853). B. Specimen in ethanol (UFRJPOR 7853).C. Tangential section.D. Triactine.

FIGURE 15. Detail of the maximum likelihood tree of the ITS nuclear marker for the genus Clathrina. The Bootstrap values are shown in the branches.The sequences generated in the present study are marked with an asterisk.