Dysdera shardana Opatova & Arnedo, 2009

Arnedo, Miquel, Gasparo, Fulvio & Opatova, Vera, 2009, Systematics and phylogeography of the Dysdera erythrina species complex (Araneae, Dysderidae) in Sardinia, ZooKeys 16 (16), pp. 319-345 : 334-340

Dysdera shardana Opatova & Arnedo , sp. n.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:0D4FFE8A-AA79-4F64-9420-C9AC902A612A

Figs 5, 7 , 9 , 12-13 , 19-22

Dysdera kollari Grasshoff, 1959: 219 , figs 6 [♁] (NO Torralba, SO Cuglieri, S Cuglieri). Schult, 1983: 69-84, fig. 8 [♁] (same specimens as Grasshoff, 1959). Misidentification.

Type material. Holotype: male: Italy, Sardinia, Oristano, Morgongiori, Is Benas recreation area, Mt. Arci , 39.7606N, 8.76062E, 566 m, mixed Pinus and Quercus forest, 15.X.2005, M. Arnedo and M. Mejía-Chang leg. (CRBA001246).

Paratypes: 1 female ( CRBA 001246), 1 female ( CRBA 001247, DNA extraction K477), 2 juvs ( CRBA 001713, CRBA 001714, DNA extraction LB297) same data and collectors.

Additional material examined. Italy: Sardinia: Cagliari: Fluminimaggiore, Is Arenas , under Quercus ilex ; 800 m; G. Gardini leg. 29.III.1991, 1 ♁ ( CG) ; Flumini-

maggiore, Tempio di Antas , under Quercus ilex ; 360 m; G. Gardini leg. 29.III.1991, 1 ♀ ( CG). Nuoro , Aritzo , Castagneto Geratzia, Mt. Gennargentu ; 39.96846N 9.19782E; 867 m; Castaneus and Quercus suber forest; 17.X.2005; M. Arnedo, M. Mejía-Chang & G. Giribet leg. (1♀ CRBA001262 cryo-collection, DNA extraction LB303, 1♀ CRBA001710 cryo-collection, DNA extraction LB304, 1♁ CRBA0001263 cryocollection, DNA extraction LB305, 1♀ CRBA0001711 cryo-collection, DNA extraction LB306) ; Desulo, rd. to Fonni, Mt. Gennargentu ; 40.05645N 9.22955E; 1146 m; Quercus pubens forest; 17.X.2005; M. Arnedo, M. Mejía-Chang and G. Giribet leg. (1♁ CRBA0001268 , DNA extraction LB294, 1♁ CRBA001270 cryo-collection. DNA extraction LB307, 1♁ CRBA001712 cryo-collection. DNA extraction LB308) ;

Macomer, Mt. S. Antonio, A. Vigna leg. 2.V.1967, 1 ♁ ( MCVR). Oristano, Cuglieri, rd. to San Leonardo 7 Fuentes, Mt. Ferru; 40.17931N 8.58544E; 587 m; dry, open Quercus forest; 14.X.2005; M. Arnedo and M. Mejía-Chang leg. (1♀ CRBA 001238, cryo-collection, DNA extraction LB295); nearby S. Leonardo 7 Fuentes, Mt. Ferru, 40.20362N 8.68969E; 699 m; old crops and open forest Quercus and Rubus ; 14.X.2005; M. Arnedo & M. Mejía-Chang leg. (1♀ CRBA 001240 cryo-collection,

DNA extraction LB296, 1♀ CRBA001707 cryo-collection, DNA extraction LB299, 1juv. CRBA001708 cryo-collection, DNA extraction LB300 ,); Morgongiori, Bruncu Mutzuis, 39.77145N 8.74666E; 761 m; open Quercus forest w/ mosses; 15.X.2005; M. Arnedo & M. Mejía-Chang leg. (1sub♁ CRBA001256 , cryo-collection, DNA extraction LB301)

1 9 20 P AR L AR 2 1 22 P L

Diagnosis. Dysdera shardana sp. n. differs from continental species of the erythrina group in the shape of the posterior-distal part of the tegulum, which is expanded in the continental species. In addition, continental females of the erythrina group exhibit a characteristic hourglass-shaped spermatheca, which is very attenuated in D. shardana sp. n. It can also be distinguished from D. erythrina and D. erythrina provincialis by the lateral concave shape of the chelicera and a heavily wrinkled (foveate) carapace ( Figs 5, 7 ). It differs from D. jana sp. n., also from Sardinia, in the presence of dorsal spines on tibia 4, the position and length of the finger-like process on the tip of the male bulb (compare Figs 15 and 21 ), and by the fusion of the anterior sclerotised stripes of the vulva VA (compare Figs 9 and 11 ).

Etymology. The name in apposition refers to the Shardana people, one of several groups of “Sea Peoples” that appear in fragmentary historical records (Egyptian inscriptions) for the Mediterranean region in the second millennium B.C. According to some scholars they settled in Sardinia after the period of Ramses III (around 1180 B.C.).

Description. Holotype male num. CRBA 1246. Figs 5, 7 , 9 , 19-22 . Carapace ( Fig. 5 ) 3.01 mm long; maximum width 2.35 mm; minimum width 1.68 mm. Dark red, darkened at borders; foveate at borders, slightly wrinkled in the middle, covered with small black grains. Frontal border roughly round, from 1/2 to 3/5 carapace length; anterior lateral borders parallel; rounded at maximum dorsal width, back lateral borders straight; back margin wide, straight. AME diameter 0.18 mm; PLE 0.18 mm; PME 0.16 mm; AME slightly backwards from frontal border, separated from one another by about 2/3 diameter, close to PLE; PME close to each other, less than 1/4 PME diameter from PLE. Labium trapezoid-shaped, base wider than distal part; longer than wide at base; semicircular groove at tip. Sternum brownish orange, darkened on borders; wrinkled; uniformly covered in slender black hairs.

Chelicerae 1.2 mm long, about 2/5 of carapace length in dorsal view; fang long, 1.22 mm; basal segment proximal dorsal, ventral side scantly covered with piligerous granulations; concave-shaped in lateral view ( Fig. 7 ). Chelicera inner groove long, about 1/2 cheliceral length; armed with three teeth and lamina at base; B=M>D; D triangular, slightly below groove midpoint; B close to basal lamina; M close to B. Legs yellow. Lengths of male described above: fe1 2.3 mm (all measurements in mm); pa1 1.3; ti1 1.84; me1 1.66; ta1 0.48; total 7.57; fe2 2.09; pa2 1.22; ti2 1.71; me2 1.58; ta2 0.51; total 7.11; fe3 1.58; pa3 0.87; ti3 1.07; me3 1.43; ta3 0.41; total 5.31; fe4 2.09; pa4 1.17; ti4 1.68; me4 1.89; ta4 0.51; total 7.34; fe Pdp 1.22; pa Pdp 0.66; ti Pdp 0.66; ta Pdp 0.71; total 3.26; relative length: 1>4>2>3. Spination: leg1, leg2 spineless; fe3d spineless; pa3 spineless; tb3d spines arranged in two bands; proximal 1.0.0; distal 1.0.0; tb3v spines arranged in one band; proximal 0.1.0; with one prolateral spine on left leg, and two terminal on right leg. Fe4d spineless; pa4 spineless; tb4d spines arranged in two bands; proximal 1.0-1.1; distal 0.0.0-1; tb4v spines arranged in one band; proximal 0.1.0; with two terminal spines. Dorsal side of frontal legs, ventral side of palp covered with hairs. Claws with eight teeth or less; hardly larger than claw width.

Abdomen 3.26 mm long; cream-coloured; cylindrical. Abdominal dorsal hairs 0.13 mm long; thin, curved, not compressed, pointed; uniformly thickly distributed.

Male copulatory bulb ( Fig. 9 ) T slightly shorter than DD; external, internal distal border sloped backwards. DD bent about 45 o in lateral view; internal distal border not expanded. IS, ES equally developed; IS truncated at DD middle part. DD tip ( Figs 19-21 ) straight in lateral view; AR present, parallel to DD; finger-like distal projection at AR retrolateral side, shorter than AR length. C absent. AC absent. LF absent. L reduced to distal part. LA absent. F absent. AL absent. P ( Fig. 22 ) fused to T; sloped forming an angle of about 135° to T in lateral view; lateral length about 1/4 of T width; ridge present, parallel to T; not expanded, upper margin smooth; not distally projected; back margin slightly folded towards internal side.

Paratype female num. CRBA 1246. Figs 12-13 . All characters as in male except: Carapace 3.19 mm long; maximum width 2.55 mm; minimum width 1.68 mm. AME diameter 0.18 mm; PLE 0.19 mm; PME 0.16 mm; AME slightly back from frontal border, separated from one another by about 2/3 diameter, touching PLE; PME very close to each other, less than 1/4 PME diameter from PLE. Sternum very slightly wrinkled, mainly between legs and frontal border.

Chelicerae 1.38 mm long; fang 1.48 mm; basal segment proximal dorsal side scantly covered with piligerous granulations. Chelicera armed with three teeth and lamina at base; M>B=D. Legs orange. Lengths of female described above: fe1 2.22 mm (all measurements in mm); pa1 1.35; ti1 1.73; me1 1.58; ta1 0.46; total 7.34; fe2 2.04; pa2 1.28; ti2 1.68; me2 1.53; ta2 0.48; total 7.01; fe3 1.66; pa3 0.92; ti3 1.15; me3 1.38; ta3 0.41; total 5.51; fe4 2.27; pa4 1.22; ti4 1.79; me4 1.89; ta4 0.48; total 7.65; fe Pdp 1.17; pa Pdp 0.61; ti Pdp 0.61; ta Pdp 0.71; total 3.11; relative length 4>1>2>3. Spination: tb3d spines arranged in two bands; proximal 1.0.0; distal 1.0.0; tb3v with two terminal spines. Tb4d spines arranged in one band; proximal 1.0.1; tb4v spines arranged in one band; proximal 0.1.0; with two terminal spines.

Abdomen 4.56 mm long. Abdominal dorsal hairs 0.14 mm long; medium-sized, curved, compressed, pointed; uniformly, thickly distributed. Vulva ( Figs 12-13 ) DA clearly distinguishable from VA; DA slightly wider than long; DF wide in dorsal view. MF margins not fused, poorly developed, membranous ( Fig. 12 ). VA rectangle-like, pointed expansion at middle frontal part ( Fig. 13 ); frontal region completely sclerotized; posterior region internal margin sclerotized, forming two divergent stripes; AVD absent. S attachment not projected under VA; arms as long as DA, slightly curved; tips not projected; neck hardly visible. TB usual shape.

Variation. Carapace ranges in length from 2.50 mm to 3.42 mm, males (n=7) average 2.79 (2.50-3.06), female (n=8) average 3.07 (2.68-3.42). In general male legs bear fewer spines that female legs, one male form Mt. S. Antonio representing an extreme case of reduced spination. Spination variability summarised in Table 4.

Distribution. Known from several localities around the western half of Sardinia, and also in the Gennargentu region on the central-eastern side of the island, spanning from 360 to above 1100 m elevation.

Figures

Figure 1. Maps showing the location of Sardinia and known localities of the new species. Dysdera jana sp. n.: Nuoro: 1 Dorgali, 450 m, 2 2 km S of Dorgali, 500 m, 3 Supramonte di Oliena, 900 m, 4 Sa Oche, 7 km ESE of Oliena, 150 m. D. shardana sp. n.: Cagliari: 5 Fluminimaggiore, Is Arenas, 6 Flu- minimaggiore, Tempio di Antas, Nuoro: 7 Aritzo, Castagneto Geratzia, 867 m, 8 Desulo, rd. to Fonni, 1146 m, 9 Macomer, Mt. S. Antonio. Oristano: 10 Cuglieri, rd. to San Leonardo 7 Fuentes, 587 m, 11 S. Leonardo 7 Fuentes, 699 m, 12 Morgongiori, Is Benas recreation area, 566 m, 13 Morgongiori, Bruncu Mutzuis, 761 m, 14 Sassari: NW Torralba.

Figure 2. Chronogram of the species sampled in the present study, based on the preferred Bayesian tree obtained by simultaneous analyses of the cox1, 16S, nad1, 28S and H3 partitions. Bars on branches denote support as follows: anterior bar refers to posterior probability, middle bar to maximum likelihood bootstrap support, posterior bar to parsimony jackknife support. Black bar: posterior probability>0.95 or ML bootstrap, Parismony jackknife> 70, grey bar: posterior probability <0.95 or ML bootstrap, Parsimo- ny jackknife <70, white bar: this particular clade was not recovered in the analyses. Numbers on branches are the age of the clade in millions of years before the present, estimated using penalized likelihood (set penalty=add, smoothing=3200), number in brackets refer to bootstrap confidence intervals.

Figure 3. Haplotype network constructed using statistical parsimony (95%). Dots on branches refer to missing haplotypes. Node size proportional to number of haplotypes (1 or 2), nodes colour code and numbers inside refer to localities in Fig. 1.

Figures 4-7. Carapace, dorsal view: 4 D. jana sp. n. holotype 5 D. shardana sp. n. holotype. Carapace, lateral view: 6 D. jana sp. n. holotype 7 D. shardana sp. n. holotype.

Figures 8-9. Left male palp, retrolateral view: 8 D. jana sp. n. holotype 9 D. shardana sp. n. holotype.

Figures 10-13. D. jana sp. n. paratype female 10 vulva, dorsal view 11 vulva, ventral view. D. shardana sp. n. paratype female 12 vulva, dorsal view 13 vulva, ventral view.

Figures 19-22. D. shardana holotype, right male bulb 19 prolateral view, general 20 prolateral view, tip detail 21 anterior view 22 P, prolateral view.

Figures 14-18. D. jana sp. n. holotype, right male bulb 14 prolateral view, general 15 anterior view 16 posterior view 17 retrolateral view 18 P, prolateral view.