Bisnius alaskensis, Smetana, 1965

Taphylininae, Iochini, Aorothiini, Thiini, Latyprosopini, Taphylinini, Mblyopinina, Nisolinina, Yptiomina, Hilonthina & Herman, Lee H., 2001, Staphylininae: Diochini, Maorothiini, Othiini, Platyprosopini, Staphylinini (Amblyopinina, Anisolinina, Hyptiomina, Philonthina), Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2441 (265), pp. 2435-3021 : 2538-2573

alaskensis Smetana, 1965 , see: hyperboreus J. Sahlberg, 1880 .

agenor Smetana, 1995e: 591 ( Bisnius ; Type locality: Washington: Mt. Rainier N. P.,

Tahoma Crk., 2400 ft. Also cited from California and Oregon).

- DISTRIBUTION: USA.

agyrtes Smetana, 1973a: 46 ( Philonthus ; replacement name for negligens Smetana ).

— Coiffait, 1974: 285 ( Philonthus ; characters; Italy).

— Brunne, 1976: 87 ( Philonthus ; characters).

— Ciceroni and Zanetti, 1995: 27 ( Philonthus ; cited as “specie dubbia”; Italy).

— Smetana, 1995e: 516 ( Bisnius ).

- DISTRIBUTION: Italy.

negligens Smetana, 1966a: 18 ( Philonthus ; subgenus Philonthus ; [preoccupied]; Type locality: Italien: Süd-Tirol, Brixen-Bressanone).

— Coiffait, 1967a: 408 ( Philonthus ; characters; Italy).

— Brunne, 1976: 87 ( Philonthus ; synonym of agyrtes ).

— Ciceroni and Zanetti, 1995: 27 ( Philonthus ; synonym of agyrtes ).

— Smetana, 1995e: 516 ( Bisnius ).

alaiensis Fauvel, 1900d: 231 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: Turkestan: Monts Alai; Djizak).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 328 ( Philonthus ; catalog).

— Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1331 ( Philonthus ; catalog).

— Coiffait, 1967a: 398, 407 ( Philonthus ; characters; Turkestan; Transcaspian region).

— Coiffait, 1974: 211 ( Philonthus ; characters; Turkestan; Transcaspian region).

— Shilov, 1976: 150 ( Philonthus ; Mongolia).

— Smetana, 1995e: 516 ( Bisnius ).

- DISTRIBUTION: Kazakhstan, Mongolia.

tantulus Luze, 1904: 94 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: Seravschan: Turusch-dara-Pass; Jagnot: Schach-sara, Varsaut, Fl. Dshidshigrut).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 357 ( Philonthus ; cited as tantillus ; catalog).

— Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1363 ( Philonthus ; catalog).

— Coiffait, 1974: 211 ( Philonthus ; synonym of alaiensis ).

albionicus Mannerheim, 1843b: 231 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: California; [Note: See lectotype designation by Smetana, 1995e]).

— Horn, 1884: 217 ( Philonthus ; characters; Alaska; Washington Territory; Vancouver; Arizona). — Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 328 ( Philonthus ; catalog).

— Hatch, 1957: 183 ( Philonthus ; characters; British Columbia; Washington; Oregon).

— Smetana, 1995e: 596 ( Bisnius ; lectotype designation; characters; notes; California) .

- DISTRIBUTION: Canada, USA.

arenarius Kirshenblat, 1950: 240 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: Turkmeniia: Ashkhabad).

— Coiffait, 1967a: 401 ( Philonthus ; characters; Turkmenia).

— Coiffait, 1974: 281 ( Philonthus ; characters; Turkmenia).

— Smetana, 1995e: 516 ( Bisnius ).

- DISTRIBUTION: Turkmenistan.

atrolucens Casey, 1915 , see: filicornis Horn, 1884 .

attiguus Herman, 2001: 43 ( Bisnius ; replacement name for propinquus Kirshenblat ).

- DISTRIBUTION: Russia.

propinquus Kirshenblat, 1950: 238 ( Philonthus ; [preoccupied]; Type locality: Buriat-Mongol’skiia ASSR: Ulan-ude; Chitinskaia oblast’: plato Kurtus, Dauriia; Gorulevskaia-Tataurova; Chita, r. Kaidalovka; Iakutskaia ASSR: Iakusk).

— Coiffait, 1967a: 410 ( Philonthus ; characters; central Asia).

— Coiffait, 1974: 287 ( Philonthus ; characters; Siberia).

— Smetana, 1995e: 516 ( Bisnius ).

— Herman, 2001: 43 ( Bisnius ; synonym of attiguus ).

baicalensis Bernhauer, 1927c: 123 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: Baikalgebiet: Turansk; Kultuk).

— Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1333 ( Philonthus ; catalog).

— Coiffait, 1967a: 408 ( Philonthus ; characters; Baikal).

— Coiffait, 1974: 284 ( Philonthus ; characters; Baikal region).

— Smetana, 1995e: 516 ( Bisnius ).

- DISTRIBUTION: Russia.

bassus Smetana, 1995e: 586 ( Bisnius ; Type locality: California: Eldorado Co.: 5 mi. SW Kyburz, 4000 ft. Also cited from Oregon).

- DISTRIBUTION: USA.

batkhizensis Coiffait, 1967a: 442 ( Philonthus ; subgenus Philonthus ; Type locality: réserve d’État Batkhis S.S.R. de Turkménie).

— Coiffait, 1974: 235 ( Philonthus ; characters; Turkestan).

— Smetana, 1995e: 516 ( Bisnius ).

- DISTRIBUTION: Turkmenistan.

bion Smetana, 1995e: 572 ( Bisnius ; Type locality: British Columbia: Mt. Garibaldi, 14 mi. N. Squamish, 4000 ft. Also cited from Oregon).

- DISTRIBUTION: Canada, USA.

blandus Gravenhorst, 1806: 72 ( Staphylinus ; Type locality: America septentr.; [Note: See lectotype designation by Smetana, 1995e]).

— Say, 1830: 35 [= 1834: 449] ( Staphylinus ; characters).

— Erichson, 1840: 458 ( Philonthus ; characters; America septentrionalis).

— Melsheimer, 1844: 36 ( Philonthus ; distinct from laetulus Say ).

— Provancher, 1877: 249 ( Philonthus ; characters; Quebec).

— Horn, 1884: 208 ( Philonthus ; characters; Canada to Virginia and Illinois).

— Blatchley, 1910: 387 ( Philonthus ; characters; Indiana).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 330 ( Philonthus ; catalog).

— Notman, 1920a: 180 ( Philonthus ; New York).

— Smetana, 1995e: 579 ( Bisnius ; lectotype designation; characters; notes; Nova Scotia; Ontario; Quebec; Alabama; Arkansas; Connecticut; Delaware; Georgia; Illinois; Indiana; Iowa; Kansas; Kentucky; Maine; Maryland; Massachusetts; Michigan; Minnesota; Nebraska; New Hampshire; New Jersey; New York; North Carolina; Ohio; Oklahoma; Pennsylvania; South Carolina; Tennessee; Vermont; Virginia; West Virginia; Wisconsin) .

— Levesque and Levesque, 1996: 292 ( Philonthus ; seasonal abundance; Quebec).

— Downie and Arnett, 1996: 380 ( Philonthus ; characters; USA).

- DISTRIBUTION: Canada, USA.

pulchellus Melsheimer, 1844: 36 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: Not cited).

— Fauvel, 1869: 488 ( Philonthus ; synonym of blandus ).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 330 ( Philonthus ; synonym of blandus ).

— Smetana, 1995e: 579 ( Bisnius ; synonym of blandus ).

thoracicus Melsheimer, 1844: 36 ( Philonthus ; [Note: Preoccupied secondary homonym in Philonthus ]; variety of pulchellus ; Type locality: Not cited).

paederinus Sachse, 1852: 126 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: Not cited).

— Fauvel, 1869: 488 ( Philonthus ; synonym of blandus ).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 330 ( Philonthus ; synonym of blandus ).

— Smetana, 1995e: 579 ( Bisnius ; synonym of blandus ).

brouni Duvivier, 1883 , see: sordidus Gravenhorst, 1802 .

bucharensis Coiffait, 1967a: 442 ( Philonthus ; subgenus Philonthus ; Type locality: Buchara, S.S.R. d’Ouzbekistan. Also cited from Kirghizistan).

— Coiffait, 1974: 236 ( Philonthus ; characters; Kirghistan; Uzbekistan).

— Smetana, 1995e: 516 ( Bisnius ).

- DISTRIBUTION: Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan.

cephalicus Casey, 1915: 438 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: Manitoba: Aweme ).

— Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1335 ( Philonthus ; catalog).

— Moore, 1965: 100 ( Gabrius ).

— Smetana, 1995e: 567 ( Bisnius ; characters; notes; Alberta; Manitoba).

- DISTRIBUTION: Canada.

cephalotes Gravenhorst, 1802: 22 ( Staphylinus ; [preoccupied]; Type locality: Brunsvigae;

[Note: See lectotype designation by Smetana, 1995e]. No locality cited originally).

— Latreille, 1804: 311 ( Staphylinus ; characters; France; Germany).

— Gravenhorst, 1806: 71 ( Staphylinus ; characters; France).

— Gyllenhal, 1810: 320 ( Staphylinus ; characters; Sweden).

— Curtis, 1829: 26 ( Bisnius ; catalog; Britain).

— C. Sahlberg, 1830: 321 ( Staphylinus ; characters; Finland).

— Mannerheim, 1830: 28 ( Staphylinus ; Finland).

— Mannerheim, 1831: 442 ( Staphylinus ; Finland).

— Stephens, 1833: 247 ( Bisnius ; characters; England).

— Lacordaire, 1835: 390 ( Staphylinus ; characters; France).

— Nordmann, 1837: 82 ( Philonthus ; characters; Sweden; Russia; Germany).

— Westwood, 1838a: 16 ( Bisnius ; characters; type species).

— Zetterstedt, 1838: 63 ( Staphylinus ; characters; habitat; Lapland).

— Erichson, 1839a: 459 ( Philonthus ; characters; Germany).

— Heer, 1839: 263 ( Philonthus ; characters; Switzerland).

— Stephens, 1839: 399 ( Bisnius ; characters; England).

— Erichson, 1840: 455 ( Philonthus ; characters; Europe; Syria; Egypt).

— Laporte, 1840: 178 ( Staphylinus ; characters; France).

— Jacobsen, 1849: 695 ( Philonthus ; characters; Denmark).

— Redtenbacher, 1849: 701 ( Philonthus ; characters; Austria).

— Hardy, 1851: 28 ( Philonthus ; notes; England).

— Fairmaire and Laboulbène, 1856: 519 ( Philonthus ; characters; France).

— Staudinger, 1857: 286 ( Philonthus ; notes; Iceland).

— Kraatz, 1857d: 592 ( Philonthus ; characters; Germany).

— Redtenbacher, 1857: 190 ( Philonthus ; characters; Austria).

— Thomson, 1860: 158 ( Philonthus ; characters; Scandinavia).

— Fauvel, 1865a: 296 [= 1865b: 46] ( Philonthus ; habitat; France).

— Fauvel, 1874: 220 [= 1874a: 446] ( Philonthus ; characters; France; Algeria; Egypte; Cyprus;

Syria; North America).

— Redtenbacher, 1874: 209 ( Philonthus ; characters; Austria).

— Seidlitz, 1875: 274 ( Philonthus ; characters; Baltic region).

— Mulsant and Rey, 1876: 427 [= 1877: 283] ( Philonthus ; characters; France).

— J. Sahlberg, 1876: 16 ( Philonthus ; Finland).

— Fauvel, 1878: 122 [= 1878a: 42] ( Philonthus ; Algeria; Egypt).

— Horn, 1884: 209 ( Philonthus ; characters; Massachusetts; middle States).

— Fauvel, 1886: 53 [= 1886a: 45] ( Philonthus ; Egypt; Algeria).

— Fowler, 1888: 267 ( Philonthus ; characters; Britain).

— Ganglbauer, 1895: 450 ( Philonthus ; characters; Europe; Mediterranean region).

— Xambeu, 1900: 4 ( Philonthus ; larval characters).

— Fauvel, 1902b: 108 ( Philonthus ; Algeria).

— Poppius, 1909: 26 ( Philonthus ; subgenus Gefyrobius ; Lena Valley, Siberia).

— Reitter, 1909: 127 ( Philonthus ; characters; Germany).

— Blatchley, 1910: 388 ( Philonthus ; characters; Indiana).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 331 ( Philonthus ; catalog).

— Johansen, 1914: 402 ( Philonthus ; characters; Denmark).

— Scheerpeltz, 1929a: 117 ( Philonthus ; notes; Lake Baikal).

— Portevin, 1929: 359 ( Philonthus ; characters; France).

— Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1335 ( Philonthus ; catalog).

— Wüsthoff, 1934: 61 ( Philonthus ; illustration of aedeagus).

— West, 1937: 40 ( Philonthus ; Faroe Islands).

— Paulian, 1941: 225 ( Philonthus ; larval characters).

— Tottenham, 1949: 418 ( Philonthus ; checklist; Britain).

— Jeannel and Jarrige, 1949: 375 ( Philonthus ; notes; cave species; Romania; France).

— V. Hansen, 1952: 61 ( Philonthus ; subgenus Philonthus ; characters; Denmark).

— Smetana, 1955b: 227 ( Philonthus ; characters).

— Hatch, 1957: 194 ( Philonthus ; characters; British Columbia; Washington; Oregon).

— Scheerpeltz, 1958a: 16 ( Philonthus ; Turkey).

— Smetana, 1958: 201 ( Philonthus ; subgenus Philonthus ; characters; ecology; Czechoslovakia).

— Smetana, 1959: 154 ( Philonthus ; characters).

— Smetana, 1959a: 211 ( Philonthus ; Albania).

— Larsson and Gígja, 1959: 84 ( Philonthus ; biological notes; Iceland).

— Ferreira, 1962: 17 ( Philonthus ; Portugal).

— Palm, 1963b: 77 ( Philonthus ; characters; Sweden; Denmark; Norway; Finland).

— Lohse, 1964: 180 ( Philonthus ; subgenus Philonthus ; characters; central Europe).

— Horion, 1965: 150 ( Philonthus ; all Europe).

— Pototskaia, 1966: 156 ( Philonthus ; larval characters).

— Pototskaia, 1967: 57 ( Philonthus ; larval characters).

— Coiffait, 1967a: 408 ( Philonthus ; characters).

— Scheerpeltz, 1968a: 67 ( Philonthus ; catalog; Austria).

— Coiffait, 1970e: 62 ( Philonthus ; Cyprus).

— Coiffait, 1974: 240 ( Philonthus ; characters; Europe; Britain; Scandinavia; Siberia; North Africa).

— Shilov, 1975a: 376 [= 1975b: 98] ( Philonthus ; Komi region of Russia).

— Shilov, 1976: 151 ( Philonthus ; Mongolia).

— Pope, 1977: 29 ( Philonthus ; Britain).

— Bordoni, 1978a: 59 ( Philonthus ; cave collection; Turkey).

— Muona, 1979: 14 ( Philonthus ; Finland; Russia; Sweden; Norway; Denmark; Baltic States).

— Waterston, Owen, Welch, Bacchus and Hammond, 1981: 274 ( Philonthus ; Outer Hebrides).

— Frank, 1982: 39 ( Philonthus ; list of parasites).

— Tóth, 1984: 60 ( Philonthus ; characters; Hungary).

— Muona and Viramo, 1986: 13 ( Philonthus ; Finland).

— Lucht, 1987: 105 ( Philonthus ; checklist; Germany; Poland; Czechoslovakia; Austria; Switzerland; France; Benelux; Denmark; Sweden).

— Gusarov, 1989: 10 ( Philonthus ; habitat notes; Ukraine).

— Silfverberg, 1992: 16 ( Philonthus ; Finland; Russia; Sweden; Norway; Denmark; Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania).

— Smetana, 1993b: 48 ( Philonthus ; subgenus Philonthus ; Czech Republic; Slovakia).

— Sadler and Dugmore, 1995: 144 ( Philonthus ; habitat notes; Iceland).

— Smetana, 1995e: 527 ( Bisnius ; lectotype designation: Brunsuigae; characters; notes; British Columbia; Manitoba; Newfoundland ; Nova Scotia; Ontario; Quebec; Arizona; California; Colorado; Florida; Idaho; Iowa; Maryland; Massachusetts; Michigan; New Jersey; New York; North Carolina; Oregon; Pennsylvania; Washington; Wisconsin) .

— Ciceroni and Zanetti, 1995: 27 ( Philonthus ; Italy).

— Downie and Arnett, 1996: 381 ( Philonthus ; characters; USA).

— M. Hansen, 1996: 105 ( Philonthus ; checklist; Denmark).

— T. Wagner, 1997: 235 ( Philonthus ; collecting notes; Germany).

— Telnov, Bersevskis, Savich, Kovalevsky, Berdnikov, Doronin, Cibulskis, and Ratniece, 1997: 36 ( Philonthus ; Latvia).

— Anderson, Nash, and O’Connor, 1997: 18 ( Philonthus ; Ireland).

— Owen, 1997a: 149 ( Philonthus ; collecting sites; Ireland).

— Bordoni and Oromi, 1998: 1157 ( Philonthus ; facultative cave species; Bulgaria; France; Roumania).

— Silfverberg, 1999: 50 ( Bisnius ; Estonia).

— Kashcheev, 1999a: 57 ( Philonthus ; Kazakhstan).

— Herman, 2001: 43 ( Bisnius ; although a junior primary homonym, prevailing use as valid maintained pending outcome of application to Commission under Article 23.9.5 and the older homonym is a nomen dubium).

- DISTRIBUTION: Egypt, Algeria, Iceland, Europe, Turkey, Syria, Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Canada, USA.

megacephalus Heer, 1839: 263 ( Philonthus ; [Note: Heer cited his 1834 paper as the original reference for this name but all the species group names in both 1834 articles are unavailable]; Type locality: Matt).

— Heer, 1841: 582 ( Philonthus ; notes).

— Kraatz, 1857d: 593 ( Philonthus ; synonym of cephalotes ).

— Fauvel, 1874: 220 [= 1874a: 446] ( Philonthus ; synonym of cephalotes ).

— Mulsant and Rey, 1876: 430 [= 1877: 286] ( Philonthus ; characters; France).

— J. Sahlberg, 1876: 16 ( Philonthus ; synonym of cephalotes ).

— Ganglbauer, 1895: 450 ( Philonthus ; synonym of cephalotes ).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 331 ( Philonthus ; synonym of cephalotes ).

— Smetana, 1958: 202 ( Philonthus ; synonym of cephalotes ).

— Coiffait, 1974: 240 ( Philonthus ; synonym of cephalotes ).

— Smetana, 1995e: 527 ( Bisnius ; synonym of cephalotes ).

subrugosus Mulsant and Rey, 1876: 424 [= 1877: 280] ( Philonthus ; Type locality: Provence).

— Ganglbauer, 1895: 450 ( Philonthus ; synonym of cephalotes ).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 331 ( Philonthus ; synonym of cephalotes ).

— Smetana, 1958: 202 ( Philonthus ; synonym of cephalotes ).

— Smetana, 1995e: 527 ( Bisnius ; synonym of cephalotes ).

foveifrons J. Sahlberg, 1913: 66 ( Philonthus ; aberration of cephalotes ; [Note: Nomen nudum (Articles 1.3.4, 45.5)]; cited from Hierosolyma, Palaestina).

— Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1336 ( Philonthus ; aberration of cephalotes ).

— Smetana, 1958: 202 ( Philonthus ; synonym of cephalotes ).

— Coiffait, 1967a: 408 ( Philonthus ; aberration of cephalotes ; characters).

— Coiffait, 1974: 240 ( Philonthus ; variety of cephalotes ).

— Smetana, 1995e: 527 ( Bisnius ; synonym of cephalotes ).

rufipennis Delahon, 1914: 621 ( Philonthus ; aberration of cephalotes ; [Note: Nomen nudum (Articles 1.3.4, 45.5)]; preoccupied]; cited from Mark Brandenburg).

— Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1336 ( Philonthus ; synonym of cephalotes ).

— Coiffait, 1974: 241 ( Philonthus ; synonym of cephalotes ).

— Smetana, 1995e: 527 ( Bisnius ; synonym of cephalotes ).

synonymicus Roubal, 1915b: 102 ( Philonthus ; replacement name for rufipennis Delahon ; [Note: Nomen nudum; the preoccupied name, rufipennis Delahon , is unavailable

and so therefore is synonymicus ]).

— Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1336 ( Philonthus ; aberration of cephalotes ).

— Smetana, 1959: 154 ( Philonthus ; aberration; characters).

— Smetana, 1958: 202 ( Philonthus ; synonym of cephalotes ).

— Coiffait, 1967a: 410 ( Philonthus ; aberration of cephalotes ; characters).

— Coiffait, 1974: 241 ( Philonthus ; variety of cephalotes ).

— Tóth, 1984: 61 ( Philonthus ; cited as synonimicus; aberration of cephalotes ).

— Smetana, 1995e: 527 ( Bisnius ; synonym of cephalotes ).

thessalonicus Coiffait, 1963: 23 ( Philonthus ; aberration of cephalotes ; [Note: Nomen nudum (Articles 1.3.4, 45.5)]; cited from Salonique).

— Coiffait, 1967a: 408 ( Philonthus ; variety of cephalotes ; characters).

— Coiffait, 1974: 241 ( Philonthus ; variety of cephalotes ).

chilensis Solier, 1849 , see: sordidus Gravenhorst, 1802 .

chloropterus Solier, 1849 , see: sordidus Gravenhorst, 1802 .

coloripennis Bernhauer, 1910 , see: sordidus Gravenhorst, 1802 .

crestonensis Hatch, 1957: 193 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: British Columbia: Creston ).

— Legner and Moore, 1977: 176 ( Philonthus ; found under bark).

— Smetana, 1995e: 540 ( Bisnius ; characters; notes; British Columbia).

- DISTRIBUTION: Canada.

crito Smetana, 1995e: 574 ( Bisnius ; Type locality: Washington: Olympic Nat. Pk.,

Hoh Ranger Stn., 600 ft.).

- DISTRIBUTION: USA.

denigrator Gravenhorst, 1806 , see: nitidulus Gravenhorst, 1802 .

diversipennis Bernhauer, 1899: 23 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: Tschavanga, Kola; Levander

in Varsuga; Eversmann in Orenburg; Jaroslaw in Russland ).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 336 ( Philonthus ; catalog).

— Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1340 ( Philonthus ; catalog).

— Kirshenblat, 1951: 240 ( Philonthus ; characters in key).

— Palm, 1963b: 79 ( Philonthus ; characters; Finland).

— Pototskaia, 1966: 149, 156 ( Philonthus ; larval characters).

— Pototskaia, 1967: 58 ( Philonthus ; larval characters).

— Coiffait, 1967a: 407 ( Philonthus ; characters; Russia; Turkestan).

— Coiffait, 1974: 213 ( Philonthus ; characters; Russia; Turkestan).

— Shilov, 1975a: 376 [= 1975b: 99] ( Philonthus ; Komi region of Russia).

— Smetana, 1995e: 516 ( Bisnius ).

- DISTRIBUTION: Finland, Russia, “Turkestan”.

eidmanni Scheerpeltz, 1929a: 117 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: Nord-Mandschurei).

— Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1341 ( Philonthus ; catalog).

— Kirshenblat, 1950: 241 ( Philonthus ; characters in key).

— Coiffait, 1967a: 410 ( Philonthus ; characters; Manchuria).

— Coiffait, 1974: 286 ( Philonthus ; characters).

— Smetana, 1995e: 516 ( Bisnius ).

- DISTRIBUTION: China.

epeus Smetana, 1995e: 578 ( Bisnius ; Type locality: British Columbia: 2 mi. S. Salmo).

- DISTRIBUTION: Canada.

filicornis Horn, 1884: 210 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: Lake Tahoe , Nevada).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 338 ( Philonthus ; catalog).

— Smetana, 1995e: 584 ( Bisnius ; characters; notes; Arizona; California).

- DISTRIBUTION: USA.

atrolucens Casey, 1915: 434 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: California: Gilroy Hot Springs ,

Sta. Clara Co.; [Note: See lectotype designation by Smetana, 1995e]).

— Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1333 ( Philonthus ; catalog).

— Smetana, 1995e: 584 ( Bisnius ; lectotype designation; synonym of filicornis ).

fimetarius Gravenhorst, 1802: 175 ( Staphylinus ; Type locality: Brunsvigae; [Note: See lectotype designation by Smetana, 1995e]).

— Latreille, 1804: 325 ( Staphylinus ; characters; Germany).

— Gravenhorst, 1806: 80 ( Staphylinus ; characters).

— Gyllenhal, 1810: 324 ( Staphylinus ; characters; Sweden).

— Zetterstedt, 1828: 75 ( Staphylinus ; characters; Lapland).

— Curtis, 1829: 25 ( Philonthus ; catalog; Britain).

— C. Sahlberg, 1830: 322 ( Staphylinus ; characters; Finland).

— Mannerheim, 1830: 29 ( Staphylinus ; Finland; Sweden; Lapland; Russia).

— Mannerheim, 1831: 443 ( Staphylinus ; Finland; Sweden; Lapland; Russia).

— Stephens, 1832: 232 ( Philonthus ; characters; England).

— Ménétriés, 1832: 146 ( Staphylinus ; Caucasus-Persia region).

— Lacordaire, 1835: 406 ( Staphylinus ; characters; France).

— Curtis, 1836: pl. 610 ( Philonthus ; characters; Britain).

— Nordmann, 1837: 84 ( Philonthus ; Sweden; Germany; France).

— Zetterstedt, 1838: 63 ( Staphylinus ; characters; habitat; Lapland).

— Erichson, 1839a: 460 ( Philonthus ; characters; Germany).

— Stephens, 1839: 396 ( Philonthus ; characters; England).

— Erichson, 1840: 456 ( Philonthus ; characters; Europe).

— Dufour, 1843: 34 ( Staphylinus ; characters; France).

— Jacobsen, 1849: 696 ( Philonthus ; characters; Denmark).

— Hochhuth, 1849: 137 ( Philonthus ; characters).

— Redtenbacher, 1849: 703 ( Philonthus ; characters; Austria).

— Kiesenwetter, 1851a: 416 ( Philonthus ; Mont Serrat).

— Hardy, 1851: 28 ( Philonthus ; notes; England).

— Fairmaire and Laboulbène, 1856: 521 ( Philonthus ; characters; France).

— Kraatz, 1857d: 592 ( Philonthus ; characters; Germany).

— Redtenbacher, 1857: 193 ( Philonthus ; characters; Austria).

— Thomson, 1860: 159 ( Philonthus ; characters; Scandinavia).

— Fauvel, 1865a: 296 [= 1865b: 46] ( Philonthus ; habitat; France).

— Fauvel, 1874: 240 [= 1874a: 466] ( Philonthus ; characters; France; Algeria; Cyprus; Turkey; Caucasus).

— Redtenbacher, 1874: 211 ( Philonthus ; characters; Austria).

— Seidlitz, 1875: 274 ( Philonthus ; characters; Baltic region).

— Mulsant and Rey, 1876: 430 [= 1877: 286] ( Philonthus ; characters; larval characters; France).

— J. Sahlberg, 1876: 16 ( Philonthus ; Finland).

— Fauvel, 1878: 124 [= 1878a: 44] ( Philonthus ; Algeria).

— Fauvel, 1886: 55 [= 1886a: 47] ( Philonthus ; Morocco; Algeria).

— Fowler, 1888: 268 ( Philonthus ; characters; Britain).

— Ganglbauer, 1895: 450 ( Philonthus ; characters; Europe; Mediterranean region).

— Fauvel, 1902b: 111 ( Philonthus ; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Egypt).

— Poppius, 1905: 10 ( Philonthus ; Orkney Islands; Shetland Islands).

— Sainte-Claire Deville, 1906: 97 ( Philonthus ; Corsica).

— Reitter, 1909: 127 ( Philonthus ; characters; Germany).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 338 ( Philonthus ; catalog).

— Johansen, 1914: 401 ( Philonthus ; characters; Denmark).

— Portevin, 1929: 360 ( Philonthus ; characters; France).

— Gridelli, 1930: 73 ( Philonthus ; Libya).

— Cameron, 1932: 92 ( Philonthus ; characters; India).

— Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1342 ( Philonthus ; catalog).

— Wüsthoff, 1934: 61 ( Philonthus ; illustration of aedeagus).

— West, 1937: 40 ( Philonthus ; Faroe Islands).

— Jeannel and Jarrige, 1949: 374 ( Philonthus ; cave species; Dalamatia; Hercegowina).

— V. Hansen, 1952: 60 ( Philonthus ; subgenus Philonthus ; characters; Denmark).

— Smetana, 1958: 200 ( Philonthus ; subgenus Philonthus ; characters; ecology; Czechoslovakia).

— Smetana, 1959: 151 ( Philonthus ; characters).

— Scheerpeltz, 1961d: 129 ( Philonthus ; Italy).

— Palm, 1963b: 76 ( Philonthus ; characters; Sweden; Denmark; Norway; Finland).

— Lohse, 1964: 179 ( Philonthus ; subgenus Philonthus ; characters; central Europe).

— Smetana, 1964d: 75 ( Philonthus ; subgenus Philonthus ; Czechoslovakia).

— Scheerpeltz, 1965b: 402 ( Philonthus ; Sicily).

— Smetana, 1965: 17 ( Philonthus ; Newfoundland).

— Horion, 1965: 146 ( Philonthus ; widespread in southern and central Europe; Finland; Sweden; Norway).

— Coiffait, 1967a: 410 ( Philonthus ; synonym of rigidicornis ).

— Raianu, 1968a: 467 ( Philonthus ; Romania).

— Szujecki, 1968a: 730 ( Philonthus ; Poland).

— Kasule, 1970: 68 ( Philonthus ; larval characters).

— Coiffait, 1974: 217 ( Philonthus ; synonym of rigidicornis ).

— Shilov, 1975a: 376 [= 1975b: 98] ( Philonthus ; Komi region of Russia).

— Pope, 1977: 29 ( Philonthus ; Britain).

— Muona, 1979: 14 ( Philonthus ; synonym of rigidicornis ).

— Hinton, 1981: 660 ( Philonthus ; characters of egg).

— Frank, 1982: 40 ( Philonthus ; list of parasites).

— Boller, 1983: 120 ( Philonthus ; larval characters).

— Tóth, 1984: 57 ( Philonthus ; characters; Hungary).

— Biswas and Biswas, 1985: 145 ( Philonthus ; India).

— Lucht, 1987: 105 ( Philonthus ; checklist; Germany; Poland; Czechoslovakia; Austria; Switzerland; France; Benelux; Denmark; Sweden).

— Pilon and Zanetti, 1991: 58 ( Philonthus ; Italy).

— Smetana, 1993b: 48 ( Philonthus ; subgenus Philonthus ; Czech Republic; Slovakia).

— Ciceroni and Zanetti, 1995: 28 ( Philonthus ; Italy).

— Smetana, 1995e: 556 ( Bisnius ; lectotype designation: Brunsvigae; characters; notes; Newfoundland; Quebec; introduced into North America ) .

— Ádám, 1996: 245 ( Bisnius ; synonym of rigidicornis ).

— Owen, 1997a: 149 ( Philonthus ; collecting sites; Ireland).

— Kashcheev, 1999a: 58 ( Philonthus ; Kazakhstan).

- DISTRIBUTION: Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Europe, Russia, “Caucasus- Iranian region”, Turkey, Kazakhstan, India, “East Indies”, Canada.

rigidicornis Gravenhorst, 1802: 23 ( Staphylinus ; Type locality: Brunsvigae; [Note: See lectotype designation by Smetana, 1995e]. No locality cited originally).

— Latreille, 1804: 312 ( Staphylinus ; characters; Germany).

— Gravenhorst, 1806: 69 ( Staphylinus ).

— Mannerheim, 1830: 28 ( Staphylinus ; Lapland).

— Mannerheim, 1831: 442 ( Staphylinus ; Lapland).

— Nordmann, 1837: 82 ( Philonthus ; Prussia; Lapland).

— Zetterstedt, 1838: 63 ( Staphylinus ; characters; habitat; Lapland).

— Erichson, 1839a: 460 ( Philonthus ; synonym of fimetarius ).

— Heer, 1839: 263 ( Philonthus ; characters; Switzerland).

— Erichson, 1840: 456 ( Philonthus ; synonym of fimetarius ).

— Kraatz, 1857d: 592 ( Philonthus ; synonym of fimetarius ).

— Ganglbauer, 1895: 450 ( Philonthus ; synonym of fimetarius ).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 338 ( Philonthus ; synonym of fimetarius ).

— Cameron, 1932: 92 ( Philonthus ; synonym of fimetarius ).

— Smetana, 1958: 200 ( Philonthus ; synonym of fimetarius ).

— Coiffait, 1967a: 410 ( Philonthus ; cited as valid name; characters).

— Coiffait, 1974: 217 ( Philonthus ; valid species; characters; Palaearctic region).

— Pace and Zanetti, 1977: 296 ( Philonthus ; Italy).

— Coiffait, 1978d: 164 ( Philonthus ; Turkey).

— Muona, 1979: 14 ( Philonthus ; cited as valid name).

— Outerelo, 1980a: 56 ( Philonthus ; Spain).

— Smetana, 1993b: 48 ( Philonthus ; synonym of fimetarius ).

— Ciceroni and Zanetti, 1995: 28 ( Philonthus ; synonym of fimetarius ).

— Smetana, 1995e: 556 ( Bisnius ; lectotype designation: Brunsvigae; synonym of fimetarius ).

— Ádám, 1996: 245 ( Bisnius ; valid name; Hungary).

— Outerelo, Gamarra, and Salgado, 1998: 129 ( Philonthus ; subgenus Philonthus ; cited as valid species; collected from cave; Spain).

longulus Motschulsky, 1858: 662 ( Gabrius ; Type locality: Indes orientales).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 338 ( Philonthus ; synonym of fimetarius ).

— Cameron, 1932: 92 ( Philonthus ; synonym of fimetarius ).

— Smetana, 1958: 200 ( Philonthus ; synonym of fimetarius ).

— Coiffait, 1974: 218 ( Philonthus ; synonym of rigidicornis ).

— Smetana, 1995e: 556 ( Bisnius ; synonym of fimetarius ).

xanthomerus Kraatz, 1859: 83 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: India orientalis).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 338 ( Philonthus ; synonym of fimetarius ).

— Cameron, 1932: 92 ( Philonthus ; synonym of fimetarius ).

— Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1368 ( Philonthus ; catalog; male in original series is xathomerus; female in series is fimetarius ).

— Smetana, 1958: 200 ( Philonthus ; synonym of fimetarius ).

— Coiffait, 1974: 218 ( Philonthus ; synonym of rigidicornis ).

interpunctatus Hochhuth, 1860: 566 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: Russie méridionale aux environs de Kharkov).

— Hochhuth, 1862: 57 ( Philonthus ; characters; Süden des Poltawschen Gouvernements;

bei Ekatherinoslaw).

— Hochhuth, 1872: 137 ( Philonthus ; characters; Ukraine).

— Fauvel, 1874: 240 [= 1874a: 466] ( Philonthus ; synonym of fimetarius ).

— Ganglbauer, 1895: 450 ( Philonthus ; synonym of fimetarius ).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 338 ( Philonthus ; synonym of fimetarius ).

— Cameron, 1932: 92 ( Philonthus ; synonym of fimetarius ).

— Smetana, 1958: 200 ( Philonthus ; synonym of fimetarius ).

— Coiffait, 1974: 218 ( Philonthus ; synonym of rigidicornis ).

— Smetana, 1995e: 556 ( Bisnius ; synonym of fimetarius ).

stenoderus Reiche, 1861: 204 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: Corsica).

— Fauvel, 1874: 240 [= 1874a: 466] ( Philonthus ; synonym of fimetarius ).

— Ganglbauer, 1895: 450 ( Philonthus ; synonym of fimetarius ).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 338 ( Philonthus ; synonym of fimetarius ).

— Cameron, 1932: 92 ( Philonthus ; synonym of fimetarius ).

— Smetana, 1958: 200 ( Philonthus ; synonym of fimetarius ).

— Coiffait, 1974: 218 ( Philonthus ; synonym of rigidicornis ).

— Smetana, 1995e: 556 ( Bisnius ; synonym of fimetarius ).

finmarkicus Munster, 1921 , see: scoticus Joy and Tomlin, 1913 .

foveifrons J. Sahlberg, 1913 [Note: Nomen nudum (Articles 1.3.4, 45.5)], see: cephalotes Gravenhorst, 1802 .

fragilis Gravenhorst, 1802 , see: subuliformis Gravenhorst, 1802 .

friebi Bernhauer, 1927b: 95 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: Transbaikalien: Tschita).

— Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1343 ( Philonthus ; catalog).

— Coiffait, 1967a: 410 ( Philonthus ; characters; Transbaikal).

— Smetana, 1967d: 206 ( Philonthus ; characters; notes; Mongolia).

— Coiffait, 1974: 286 ( Philonthus ; characters; Transbaikal; Mongolia).

— Shilov, 1976: 151 ( Philonthus ; Mongolia).

— Schillhammer, 1991: 54 ( Philonthus ; difficult to distinguish from protenus ).

— Smetana, 1995e: 516 ( Bisnius ).

- DISTRIBUTION: Russia, Mongolia.

fuentei Roubal, 1909: 100 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: Španělsko [ Spain]: Pozuelo de Calatrava, Ciudad-Real.).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 339 ( Philonthus ; catalog).

— Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1343 ( Philonthus ; catalog).

— Smetana, 1955b: 227 ( Philonthus ; characters).

— Coiffait, 1967a: 408 ( Philonthus ; characters; Spain).

— Coiffait, 1974: 285 ( Philonthus ; characters; Spain).

— Smetana, 1995e: 516 ( Bisnius ).

- DISTRIBUTION: Spain.

fulvipes Stephens, 1833 , see: Philonthus .

fuscicornis Stephens, 1833 , see: Philonthus .

fuscus Gravenhorst, 1802 , see: subuliformis Gravenhorst, 1802 .

germanus Sharp, 1874: 41 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: Nagasaki).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 340 ( Philonthus ; catalog).

— Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1344 ( Philonthus ; catalog).

— Watanabe and Shibata, 1972: 64 ( Philonthus ; Yaku-shima Island).

— J. Li, 1993: 37 ( Philonthus ; China).

— Kanehisa, Tsumuki, and Kawazu, 1994 ( Philonthus ; chemical secretions).

— Smetana, 1995e: 516 ( Bisnius ).

— Watanabe, 1998: 313 ( Philonthus ; Japan).

- DISTRIBUTION: Japan, China.

geryon Smetana, 1995e: 598 ( Bisnius ; Type locality: California: Upper Canyon Cr. Mdws. ,

16 mi. N. Junction City, 4800 feet, Trinity Co.).

- DISTRIBUTION: USA.

hanae Vávra and Schillhammer, 1993 , see: palmi Smetana, 1955 .

heidenreichi Hubenthal, 1911 , see: varipennis Scriba, 1864 .

hesperidum Smetana, 1995e: 597 ( Bisnius ; Type locality: British Columbia: Goldstream Pk., 5 mi. N. Victoria. Also cited from Oregon, Washington).

- DISTRIBUTION: Canada, USA.

howdeni Smetana, 1995e: 571 ( Bisnius ; Type locality: North Dakota: 5 mi. SW. McLeod ).

- DISTRIBUTION: USA.

hyperboreus J. Sahlberg, 1880: 70 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: Dudinka).

— Poppius, 1909: 24 ( Philonthus ; subgenus Gefyrobius ; Lena Valley, Siberia).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 341 ( Philonthus ; catalog).

— Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1345 ( Philonthus ; catalog).

— Smetana, 1965f: 254 ( Philonthus ; characters; notes).

— Coiffait, 1967a: 411 ( Philonthus ; characters; central Asia; Siberia).

— Coiffait, 1974: 218 ( Philonthus ; characters; Siberia).

— Smetana 1975c: 171 ( Philonthus ; Mongolia).

— Shilov, 1976: 151 ( Philonthus ; Mongolia).

— Smetana, 1995e: 516 ( Bisnius ).

— Ryabukhin, 1999: 64 ( Philonthus ; catalog; habitat; distribution; northeastern Russia).

- DISTRIBUTION: Russia, Mongolia, Canada, USA.

alaskensis Smetana, 1965a: 4 ( Philonthus ; subgenus Philonthus ; subspecies of hyperboreus ; Type locality: Alaska: Umiat).

— Smetana, 1995e: 754 ( Bisnius ; subspecies of hyperboreus ; characters; notes; Manitoba; Northwest Territories; Alaska).

impressicollis Stephens, 1835 , see: puella Nordmann, 1837 .

impressifrons Broun, 1880 , see: sordidus Gravenhorst, 1802 .

inquietus Erichson, 1840: 928 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: America septentrionalis; [Note: See lectotype designation by Smetana, 1995e]).

— Horn, 1884: 210 ( Philonthus ; characters; South Carolina to Texas).

— Fauvel, 1891: 112 ( Philonthus ; Venezuela).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 342 ( Philonthus ; catalog).

— Hunter, Kincher, Bay, Beerwinkle, 1991: 168 ( Philonthus ; seasonal distribution and diel flight activity; Texas).

— Smetana, 1995e: 552 ( Bisnius ; lectotype designation; characters; notes; Ontario; Quebec; Alabama; Arizona; Arkansas; Florida; Georgia; Illinois; Kansas; Kentucky; Louisiana; Maryland; Michigan; Mississippi; Missouri; New Jersey; North Carolina; Ohio; Oklahoma; South Carolina; Tennessee; Texas; Virginia) .

- DISTRIBUTION: Canada, USA, Venezuela.

instabilis Horn, 1884: 218 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: Colorado; [Note: See lectotype designation by Smetana, 1995e]. Also cited from Wyoming).

— Fall and Cockerell, 1907: 166 ( Philonthus ; New Mexico).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 342 ( Philonthus ; catalog).

— Hatch, 1957: 183 ( Philonthus ; characters; British Columbia; Washington; Oregon).

— Smetana, 1995e: 599 ( Bisnius ; lectotype designation: Colorado; characters; notes; Alberta; British Columbia; Manitoba; Saskatchewan; Yukon Territory; Arizona; California; Colorado; Montana; Nebraska; Nevada; New Mexico; Oregon; Utah; Washington; Wyoming) .

- DISTRIBUTION: Canada, USA.

interpunctatus Hochhuth, 1860 , see: fimetarius Gravenhorst, 1802 .

intrudens Tottenham, 1949 , see: longicollis Bernhauer, 1908 .

inversus Horn, 1884: 239 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: Garland, Colorado; [Note: See lectotype designation by Smetana, 1995e]).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 342 ( Philonthus ; catalog).

— Smetana, 1995e: 575 ( Bisnius ; lectotype designation; characters; notes; Colorado) .

- DISTRIBUTION: USA.

lautus Casey, 1915: 433 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: Wyoming: Cheyenne; [Note: See lectotype designation by Smetana, 1995e]).

— Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1348 ( Philonthus ; catalog).

— Smetana, 1995e: 538 ( Bisnius ; lectotype designation; characters; notes; Alberta; Ontario; Saskatchewan; Quebec; California; Colorado; Idaho; Oregon; Washington) .

- DISTRIBUTION: Canada, USA.

longicollis Bernhauer, 1908b: 33 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: Siberien).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 344 ( Philonthus ; catalog).

— Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1349 ( Philonthus ; catalog).

— Coiffait, 1967a: 410 ( Philonthus ; characters; Siberia).

— Coiffait, 1974: 288 ( Philonthus ; characters; Siberia).

— Schillhammer, 1999a: 61 ( Bisnius ).

- DISTRIBUTION: Russia, Czech Republic.

intrudens Tottenham, 1949a: 43 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: Beskid Mts.).

— Lohse, 1956: 88 ( Philonthus ; characters; notes).

— Smetana, 1958: 201 ( Philonthus ; subgenus Philonthus ; characters; ecology; Czechoslovakia). — Smetana, 1959: 152 ( Philonthus ; characters).

— Lohse, 1964: 179 ( Philonthus ; subgenus Philonthus ; characters; central Europe).

— Coiffait, 1967a: 410 ( Philonthus ; characters; Czechoslovakia).

— Coiffait, 1974: 289 ( Philonthus ; characters; Czechoslovakia).

— Tóth, 1984: 57 ( Philonthus ; characters; Hungary).

— Smetana, 1993b: 48 ( Philonthus ; subgenus Philonthus ; Czech Republic?).

— Smetana, 1995e: 516 ( Bisnius ).

— Schillhammer, 1999a: 61 ( Bisnius ; synonym of longicollis ).

longipennis Provancher, 1877 , see: sordidus Gravenhorst, 1802 .

longulus Motschulsky, 1858 , see: fimetarius Gravenhorst, 1802 .

macies Sharp, 1874: 41 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: Nagasaki).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 345 ( Philonthus ; catalog).

— Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1349 ( Philonthus ; catalog).

— Nakane, 1963a: 91 ( Philonthus ; characters; habitus photograph; Japan).

— Smetana, 1995e: 516 ( Bisnius ).

- DISTRIBUTION: Japan.

megacephalus Heer, 1839 , see: cephalotes Gravenhorst, 1802 .

microtophilus Coiffait, 1967a: 444 ( Philonthus ; subgenus Philonthus ; Type locality:

Mets Ichtkkan Sar, S.S.R. d’Armenia).

— Coiffait, 1974: 238 ( Philonthus ; characters; Armenia; Caucasus).

— Smetana, 1995e: 516 ( Bisnius ).

- DISTRIBUTION: Armenia.

minax Stephens, 1833 , see: puella Nordmann, 1837 .

negligens Smetana, 1966 , see: agyrtes Smetana, 1973 .

niger Melsheimer, 1844 , see: sordidus Gravenhorst, 1802 .

nigriventris Thomson, 1867: 147 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: Stehag och Båstad i Skåne).

— Fauvel, 1874: 220 [= 1874a: 446] ( Philonthus ; characters; Scandinavia; Scotland).

— Fowler, 1888: 268 ( Philonthus ; characters; Britain).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 348 ( Philonthus ; catalog).

— Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1353 ( Philonthus ; catalog).

— Wüsthoff, 1937: 32 ( Philonthus ; illustration of aedeagus).

— Reitter, 1909: 128 ( Philonthus ; characters; Germany).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 348 ( Philonthus ; catalog).

— Johansen, 1914: 399 ( Philonthus ; characters; Denmark).

— Portevin, 1929: 361 ( Philonthus ; characters; France).

— Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1353 ( Philonthus ; catalog).

— Wüsthoff, 1934: 61 ( Philonthus ; illustration of aedeagus).

— Tottenham, 1939d: 234 ( Philonthus ; synonym of denigrator ; preoccupied).

— V. Hansen, 1952: 57 ( Philonthus ; subgenus Philonthus ; characters; Denmark).

— Smetana, 1955b: 229 ( Philonthus ; cited as valid species; notes).

— Smetana, 1958: 188 ( Philonthus ; subgenus Philonthus ; characters; ecology; Czechoslovakia).

— Smetana, 1959: 149 ( Philonthus ; characters).

— Palm, 1963b: 73 ( Philonthus ; characters; Sweden; Denmark; Norway; Finland).

— Lohse, 1964: 179 ( Philonthus ; subgenus Philonthus ; characters; central Europe).

— M. Dvořák, 1965: 89 ( Philonthus ; Slovakia).

— Horion, 1965: 141 ( Philonthus ; Finland; Sweden; Norway; Denmark; Russia; Ukraine; Baltics; Poland; Czechoslovakia; Hungary; Romania; Bulgaria; Italy; Switzerland?; France?; Germany; Austria).

— Coiffait, 1967a: 434 ( Philonthus ; subgenus Gefyrobius ; characters).

— Szujecki, 1969a: 256 ( Philonthus ; notes; Poland).

— Tikhomirova, 1973: 183 ( Philonthus ; USSR).

— Coiffait, 1974: 192 ( Philonthus ; subgenus Gefyrobius ; characters; Europe; Siberia; France).

— Shilov, 1976: 150 ( Philonthus ; Mongolia).

— Muona, 1979: 14 ( Philonthus ; Finland; Russia; Sweden; Norway; Denmark; Baltics).

— Burakowski, Mroczkowski, and Stefańska, 1980: 74 ( Philonthus ; catalog; Poland).

— Tóth, 1984: 54 ( Philonthus ; characters; Hungary).

— Drugmand, 1987a: 311 ( Philonthus ; characters; Belgium).

— Ádám, 1987: 151 ( Gefyrobius ; cited as valid species; collecting notes; Hungary).

— Drugmand, 1987b: 14, 43 ( Philonthus ; subgenus Gefyrobius ; Belgium).

— Lucht, 1987: 106 ( Philonthus ; checklist; Germany; Poland; Czechoslovakia; Austria; Denmark; Sweden).

— Nowosad, 1990: 111 ( Philonthus ; collected from mole nest; notes; Poland).

— Silfverberg, 1992: 16 ( Philonthus ; Finland; Russia; Sweden; Norway; Denmark; Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania).

— J. Li, 1993: 36 ( Philonthus ; China).

— Smetana, 1993b: 48 ( Philonthus ; subgenus Gefyrobius ; Czech Republic; Slovakia).

— Ciceroni and Zanetti, 1995: 28 ( Philonthus ; Italy?).

— Smetana, 1995e: 513 ( Bisnius ; cited as type species of Gefyrobius that is cited as a synonym

of Bisnius ).

— M. Hansen, 1996: 105 ( Philonthus ; Denmark).

— Herman, 2001: 43 ( Bisnius ; although a junior primary homonym, prevailing use as valid maintained pending outcome of application to Commission under Article 23.9.5).

- DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Russia, Mongolia, China.

denigrator Gravenhorst, 1806: 92 ( Staphylinus ; [Note: This name was elevated to replace nitidulus by Tottenham, 1939d]; Type locality: Brunsvigae).

— Nordmann, 1837: 85 ( Philonthus ; Germany).

— Erichson, 1839a: 458 ( Philonthus ; synonym of nitidulus ).

— Heer, 1839: 262 ( Philonthus ; synonym of nitidulus ).

— Erichson, 1840: 450 ( Philonthus ; synonym of nitidulus ).

— Kraatz, 1857d: 589 ( Philonthus ; synonym of nitidulus ).

— Ganglbauer, 1895: 449 ( Philonthus ; synonym of nitidulus ).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 348 ( Philonthus ; synonym of nitidulus ).

— Tottenham, 1939d: 234 ( Philonthus ; valid name for preoccupied nitidulus ).

— Smetana, 1958: 188 ( Philonthus ; synonym of nitidulus ).

— Coiffait, 1974: 192 ( Philonthus ; synonym of nitidulus ).

— Muona, 1979: 14 ( Philonthus ; synonym of nitidus [Note: This synonymy may be an error; it was cited in a checklist without discussion and denigrator and nitidus have never been associ-

noualhieri Fauvel, 1898: 99 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: Biskra).

— Fauvel, 1902b: 110 ( Philonthus ; Algeria).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 348 ( Philonthus ; catalog).

— Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1353 ( Philonthus ; catalog).

— Coiffait, 1967a: 403 ( Philonthus ; characters; Algeria).

— Coiffait, 1974: 234 ( Philonthus ; characters; Algeria; Morocco).

— Smetana, 1995e: 516 ( Bisnius ).

- DISTRIBUTION: Algeria, Morocco.

pachycephalus Nordmann, 1837 , see: sordidus Gravenhorst, 1802 .

paederinus Sachse, 1852 , see: blandus Gravenhorst, 1806 .

palmi Smetana, 1955b: 224 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: Sicilien, Caltagirone ).

— Coiffait, 1967a: 407 ( Philonthus ; characters; Sicily).

— Coiffait, 1974: 284 ( Philonthus ; characters; Sicily).

— Ciceroni and Zanetti, 1995: 28 ( Philonthus ; introduced in Italy).

— Smetana, 1995e: 535 ( Bisnius ; characters; notes; apparently introduced to Sicily; Nova Scotia; Ontario; Quebec; Connecticut; Florida; Idaho; Illinois; Iowa; Maryland; Massachusetts;

New Hampshire; New Jersey; New York; Oklahoma; Pennsylvania).

- DISTRIBUTION: Italy, Czech Republic, Canada, USA.

hanae Vávra and Schillhammer, 1993: 35 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: CR: Moravia mer., Břeclav ).

— Schillhammer, 1994: 73 ( Philonthus ; synonym of palmi ).

palousi Hatch, 1957: 193 ( Philonthus ; subspecies of pugetensis ; Type locality: Washington: Pullman. Also cited from Oregon and Idaho).

— Smetana, 1995e: 570 ( Bisnius ; valid species; characters; notes; New Mexico; Oregon; Washington).

- DISTRIBUTION: USA.

parcus Sharp, 1874: 40 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: Hiogo).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 349 ( Philonthus ; catalog).

— Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1354 ( Philonthus ; catalog).

— Smetana 1975c: 171 ( Philonthus ; Mongolia).

— Brunne, 1976: 86 ( Philonthus ; characters).

— Shilov, 1976: 151 ( Philonthus ; Mongolia).

— Pope, 1977: 29 ( Philonthus ; Britain).

— Mahler and Pritzl, 1980: 122 ( Philonthus ; characters).

— Lohse and Lucht, 1989: 166 ( Philonthus ; characters).

— Kuschel, 1990: 26 ( Philonthus ; introduced, Palaearctic species; winged; habitat; New Zealand). — Schillhammer, 1991: 54 ( Philonthus ; difficult to distinguish from protenus ).

— Schillhammer, 1993: 326 ( Philonthus ; Austria).

— Pilon and Zanetti, 1991: 58 ( Philonthus ; notes; Italy).

— J. Li, 1993: 33 ( Philonthus ; China).

— J. Li, 1993: 36 ( Philonthus ; China).

— Hodge and Jones, 1995: 39 ( Philonthus ; characters; Britain).

— Ciceroni and Zanetti, 1995: 28 ( Philonthus ; introduced in Italy).

— Smetana, 1995e: 532 ( Bisnius ; characters; notes; British Columbia; Ontario; Quebec; Arizona; California; Colorado; Illinois; Indiana; Missouri; Nevada; New Jersey; New York; New Mexico; North Carolina; Oklahoma; Oregon; Pennsylvania; Tennessee; Utah; Washington).

— Watanabe, 1996a: 12 ( Philonthus ; cave collection; Japan).

— Tronquet, 1998: 10 ( Philonthus ; notes; France).

— Schillhammer, 1999a: 61 ( Bisnius ).

— Ødegaard, 1999: 72 ( Philonthus ; invasive species associated with compost heaps in Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland).

— Burakowski, Mroczkowski, and Stefańska, 2000: 50 ( Philonthus ; subgenus Philonthus ; catalog; Poland).

- DISTRIBUTION: Britain, Austria, Italy, Mongolia, China, Japan, New Zealand,

Canada, USA.

subaereipennis Bernhauer, 1939d: 97 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: Nordwestl. China: Chinkiang ).

— Schillhammer, 1999a: 61 ( Bisnius ; synonym of parcus ).

parumpunctatus Erichson, 1840 , see: puella Nordmann, 1837 .

pentheri Ganglbauer, 1905: 273 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: Erdschias-Gebiet).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 350 ( Philonthus ; catalog).

— Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1355 ( Philonthus ; catalog).

— Kirshenblat, 1950: 241 ( Philonthus ; characters in key).

— Coiffait, 1967a: 401 ( Philonthus ; characters; Asia Minor; Armenia).

— Coiffait, 1974: 233 ( Philonthus ; characters; Asia Minor; Armenia).

— Smetana, 1995e: 516 ( Bisnius ).

- DISTRIBUTION: Turkey, Armenia.

pholeophilus Kirshenblat, 1950: 237 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: Amurskaia oblast’:

okr. Blagoveshchenska).

— Smetana, 1963c: 296 ( Philonthus ; subgenus Philonthus ; characters; Mongolia).

— Coiffait, 1967a: 405 ( Philonthus ; characters; Siberia; Mongolia).

— Coiffait, 1974: 282 ( Philonthus ; characters; East Asia).

— Smetana 1975c: 172 ( Philonthus ; Mongolia).

— Shilov, 1976: 152 ( Philonthus ; Mongolia).

— Smetana, 1995e: 516 ( Bisnius ).

- DISTRIBUTION: Mongolia, Russia.

picicornis Horn, 1884: 218 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: Lake Tahoe, Nevada; [Note: See lectotype designation by Smetana, 1995e]).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 350 ( Philonthus ; catalog).

— Hatch, 1957: 184 ( Philonthus ; characters; British Columbia; Washington; Idaho; Oregon).

— Smetana, 1995e: 562 ( Bisnius ; lectotype designation; characters; notes; British Columbia; Nevada; Washington) .

- DISTRIBUTION: Canada, USA.

zetes Smetana, 1995e: 563 ( Bisnius ; subspecies of picicornis ; Type locality: Arizona: Chuska Mts., 2600 m, Apache Co. Also cited from New Mexico).

placidus Erichson, 1840 , see: sordidus Gravenhorst, 1802 .

plagiatus Fauvel, 1874: 222 [= 1874a: 448] note ( Philonthus ; Type locality: Algérie).

— Fauvel, 1876a: 73 [= 1876: 258] ( Philonthus ; Tunisia).

— Fauvel, 1878: 122 [= 1878a: 42] ( Philonthus ; Algeria; Tunisia).

— Fauvel, 1886: 54 [= 1886a: 46] ( Philonthus ; Tunisia; Algeria).

— Fauvel, 1902b: 109 ( Philonthus ; Algeria; Tunisia; Tripolitania).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 350 ( Philonthus ; catalog).

— Gridelli, 1930: 73 ( Philonthus ; Libya).

— Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1355 ( Philonthus ; catalog).

— C. Koch, 1936a: 75 ( Philonthus ; Libya).

— Kirshenblat, 1950: 241 ( Philonthus ; characters in key).

— Coiffait, 1967a: 401 ( Philonthus ; characters; North Africa).

— Coiffait, 1974: 233 ( Philonthus ; characters; North Africa).

— Smetana, 1995e: 516 ( Bisnius ).

— Schillhammer, 1999a: 61 ( Bisnius ).

- DISTRIBUTION: Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan.

sogdianus Kirshenblat, 1950: 239 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: Turkmeniia: Ashkhabad;

st. Dzhebel; Uzbekistan: Golodnaia step’; Kuropatkino).

— Coiffait, 1967a: 401 ( Philonthus ; characters; Turkmenia; Uzbekistan).

— Coiffait, 1974: 234 ( Philonthus ; characters; Turkestan; Uzbekistan).

— Smetana, 1995e: 516 ( Bisnius ).

— Schillhammer, 1999a: 61 ( Bisnius ; synonym of plagiatus ).

poppaeus Smetana, 1995e: 593 ( Bisnius ; Type locality: California: Inverness ).

- DISTRIBUTION: USA.

potanini Eppelsheim, 1889a: 177 ( Philonthus ; subgenus Gefyrobius ; Type locality: Kan-ssu). — Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 351 ( Philonthus ; catalog).

— Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1356 ( Philonthus ; catalog; Tibet).

— Coiffait, 1967a: 403 ( Philonthus ; characters; China; Tibet).

— Coiffait, 1974: 212 ( Philonthus ; characters; China; Tibet).

— Shilov, 1976: 150 ( Philonthus ; notes).

— Smetana, 1995e: 516 ( Bisnius ).

- DISTRIBUTION: China.

propinquus Kirschenblat , see: attiguus Herman, 2001 .

pseudoparcus Brunne, 1976: 87 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: Trittau bei Hamburg,

Forst Hahnheide).

— Lundberg, 1972: 173 ( Philonthus ; [Note: The name is a nomen nudum here]; Sweden).

— Mahler and Pritzl, 1980: 121 ( Philonthus ; notes; characters; Denmark).

— Lohse and Lucht, 1989: 166 ( Philonthus ; characters; Norway).

— Schillhammer, 1993: 326 ( Philonthus ; Austria).

— Hodge and Jones, 1995: 40 ( Philonthus ; characters; Britain).

— Smetana, 1995e: 516 ( Bisnius ).

— Assing, Frisch, Kahlen, et al., 1998: 138 ( Philonthus ; Austria).

— Ødegaard and Ligaard, 2000: 10 ( Philonthus ; notes; Norway).

— Burakowski, Mroczkowski, and Stefańska, 2000: 51 ( Philonthus ; subgenus Philonthus ; catalog; Poland).

- DISTRIBUTION: Britain, Denmark, Austria, Germany.

psyllophagus Kirshenblat, 1933: 102 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: Transbaikalien: Adun-Tshelon).

— Kirshenblat, 1950: 240 ( Philonthus ; characters in key).

— Smetana, 1963c: 296 ( Philonthus ; subgenus Philonthus ; Mongolia).

— Coiffait, 1967a: 407 ( Philonthus ; characters; Transbaikal; Mongolia).

— Smetana, 1967d: 207 ( Philonthus ; Mongolia).

— Coiffait, 1974: 283 ( Philonthus ; characters; Transbaikal; Mongolia).

— Smetana 1975c: 172 ( Philonthus ; Mongolia).

— Shilov, 1976: 152 ( Philonthus ; Mongolia).

— Boháč, 1988: 551 [= 1989: 34] ( Philonthus ; cited as psyllophaqus; characters).

— Smetana, 1995e: 516 ( Bisnius ).

- DISTRIBUTION: Russia, Mongolia.

puella Nordmann, 1837: 101 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: Berolinum).

— Nordmann, 1837: 106 ( Philonthus ; [Note: Misidentification: Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 351 cited punctus Nordmann as a synonym of puella Nordmann ; Nordmann did not describe the species as new, he attributed it to Gyllenhal who cited Gravenhorst]; characters; Sweden; Finland).

— Erichson, 1839a: 472 ( Philonthus ; characters; Germany).

— Erichson, 1840: 493 ( Philonthus ; characters; Germany).

— Kraatz, 1857d: 620 ( Philonthus ; characters; Germany).

— Redtenbacher, 1857: 198 ( Philonthus ; characters; Germany).

— Thomson, 1860: 162 ( Philonthus ; characters; Scandinavia).

— Fauvel, 1874: 220 [= 1874a: 446] ( Philonthus ; characters; France; Scandinavia; Britain; Germany; Switzerland; Austria; Russia).

— Redtenbacher, 1874: 215 ( Philonthus ; characters; Austria).

— Seidlitz, 1875: 278 ( Philonthus ; characters; Baltic region).

— Mulsant and Rey, 1876: 518 [= 1877: 374] ( Philonthus ; characters; France).

— J. Sahlberg, 1876: 19 ( Philonthus ; Finland).

— Fowler, 1888: 280 ( Philonthus ; characters; Britain).

— Ganglbauer, 1895: 458 ( Philonthus ; characters; north and middle Europe).

— Reitter, 1909: 131 ( Philonthus ; characters; Germany).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 351 ( Philonthus ; catalog).

— Johansen, 1914: 414 ( Philonthus ; characters; Denmark). — Portevin, 1929: 364 ( Philonthus ; characters; France).

— Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1356 ( Philonthus ; catalog).

— Wüsthoff, 1934: 61 ( Philonthus ; illustration of aedeagus).

— Tottenham, 1949: 419 ( Philonthus ; checklist; Britain).

— V. Hansen, 1952: 78 ( Philonthus ; subgenus Philonthus ; characters; Denmark).

— Smetana, 1958: 223 ( Philonthus ; subgenus Philonthus ; characters; ecology; Czechoslovakia).

— Smetana, 1959: 170 ( Philonthus ; characters).

— Palm, 1963b: 96 ( Philonthus ; characters; Sweden; Denmark; Norway; Finland).

— Lohse, 1964: 186 ( Philonthus ; subgenus Philonthus ; characters; central Europe).

— Raianu, 1964: 103 ( Philonthus ; Romania).

— Horion, 1965: 173 ( Philonthus ; Russia; Finland; Sweden; Norway; Britain; Denmark; Baltics; Holland; Urals; Poland; Czechslovakia; Romania; Bosnia; Austria; Italy; Switzerland; France; Germany).

— Coiffait, 1967a: 432 ( Philonthus ; characters; Europe).

— Raianu, 1968a: 468 ( Philonthus ; Romania).

— Scheerpeltz, 1968a: 73 ( Philonthus ; catalog; Austria).

— Kasule, 1970: 68 ( Philonthus ; larval characters).

— Coiffait, 1974: 219 ( Philonthus ; characters; Europe; Russia; Britain).

— Shilov, 1975a: 376 [= 1975b: 98] ( Philonthus ; Komi region of Russia).

— Pope, 1977: 29 ( Philonthus ; Britain).

— Muona, 1979: 14 ( Philonthus ; Finland; Russia; Sweden; Norway; Denmark; Baltic States).

— Boháč, 1980: 86 ( Philonthus ; Caucasus).

— Burakowski, Mroczkowski, and Stefańska, 1980: 62 ( Philonthus ; catalog; Poland).

— Hinton, 1981: 660 ( Philonthus ; characters of egg).

— Boller, 1983: 120 ( Philonthus ; larval characters).

— Tóth, 1984: 77 ( Philonthus ; characters).

— Lucht, 1987: 105 ( Philonthus ; checklist; Germany; Poland; Czechoslovakia; Austria; Switzerland; France; Benelux; Denmark; Sweden).

— Allen, 1988: 194 ( Philonthus ; collecting notes; Britain).

— Drugmand, 1992: 33 ( Philonthus ; characters; notes; Belgium).

— Silfverberg, 1992: 16 ( Philonthus ; Finland; Russia; Sweden; Norway; Denmark; Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania).

— Wittwer, 1993: 250 ( Philonthus ; Switzerland).

— Smetana, 1993b: 48 ( Philonthus ; subgenus Philonthus ; Czech Republic; Slovakia).

— Siitonen, 1993: 230 ( Philonthus ; collecting notes; Finland).

— Smetana, 1995e: 516 ( Bisnius ).

— Muona and Viramo, 1995: 9 ( Philonthus ; collected from dung of Ursus arctos ; Finland).

— Ciceroni and Zanetti, 1995: 28 ( Philonthus ; Italy).

— M. Hansen, Mahler, Palm, and Pedersen, 1996: 244 ( Philonthus ; Denmark).

— M. Hansen, 1996: 106 ( Philonthus ; checklist; Denmark).

— Sterrenburg and Schülke, 1997: 18 ( Philonthus ; Netherlands).

— Telnov, Bersevskis, Savich, Kovalevsky, Berdnikov, Doronin, Cibulskis, and Ratniece, 1997: 37 ( Philonthus ; Latvia).

— Anderson, Nash, and O’Connor, 1997: 19 ( Philonthus ; Ireland).

— Herman, 2001: 24 ( Bisnius ; nomen protectum).

- DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Russia, Caucasus, Turkey.

watsoni Stephens, 1832: 240 ( Philonthus ; [Note: This name is older than puella ]; Type locality: London; Yorkshire; Suffolk).

— Curtis, 1829: 26 ( Philonthus ; nomen nudum; catalog; Britain).

— Curtis, 1836: pl. 610 ( Philonthus ; characters; Britain).

— Stephens, 1839: 398 ( Philonthus ; characters; England).

— Hardy, 1851: 31 ( Philonthus ; synonym of minax ).

— G. Waterhouse, 1858: 25 ( Philonthus ; synonym of puella ).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 351 ( Philonthus ; synonym of puella ).

— Smetana, 1958: 223 ( Philonthus ; synonym of puella ).

— Coiffait, 1974: 219 ( Philonthus ; synonym of puella ).

minax Stephens, 1833: 241 ( Philonthus ; [Note: This name is older than puella ]; Type locality: near Hull, in Yorkshire).

— Curtis, 1829: 26 ( Philonthus ; nomen nudum; catalog; Britain).

— Curtis, 1836: pl. 610 ( Philonthus ; characters; Britain).

— Stephens, 1839: 398 ( Philonthus ; characters; England).

— Hardy, 1851: 31 ( Philonthus ; notes; England).

— G. Waterhouse, 1858: 25 ( Philonthus ; synonym of puella ).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 351 ( Philonthus ; synonym of puella ).

— Smetana, 1958: 223 ( Philonthus ; synonym of puella ).

— Coiffait, 1974: 219 ( Philonthus ; synonym of puella ).

— Herman, 2001: 24 ( Bisnius ; nomen oblitum).

impressicollis Stephens, 1835: 436 ( Philonthus ; [Note: This name is older than puella ]; Type locality: New Forest).

— Stephens, 1839: 398 ( Philonthus ; characters; England).

— Hardy, 1851: 31 ( Philonthus ; synonym of minax ).

— Herman, 2001: 24 ( Bisnius ; nomen oblitum).

parumpunctatus Erichson, 1840: 499 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: Sweden; montes Uralenses ).

— Jacobsen, 1849: 705 ( Philonthus ; characters; Denmark).

— Hardy, 1851: 31 ( Philonthus ; synonym of minax ).

— G. Waterhouse, 1858: 25 ( Philonthus ; synonym of puella ).

— Fairmaire and Laboulbène, 1856: 529 ( Philonthus ; characters; France).

— Kraatz, 1857d: 620 ( Philonthus ; synonym of puella ).

— Redtenbacher, 1857: 197 ( Philonthus ; characters; Austria).

— Peyron, 1858: 427 ( Philonthus ; Turkey).

— Fauvel, 1874: 220 [= 1874a: 446] ( Philonthus ; synonym of puella ).

— Ganglbauer, 1895: 458 ( Philonthus ; synonym of puella ).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 351 ( Philonthus ; synonym of puella ).

— Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1356 ( Philonthus ; synonym of puella ).

— Smetana, 1958: 223 ( Philonthus ; synonym of puella ).

— Coiffait, 1974: 219 ( Philonthus ; synonym of puella ).

pugetensis Hatch, 1957: 192 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: Washington: Seattle. Also cited from Oregon).

— Smetana, 1995e: 567 ( Bisnius ; characters; notes; British Columbia; Manitoba; Ontario; Quebec; Saskatchewan; Indiana; Massachusetts; New Hampshire; New York; Oregon; Pennsylvania; Washington).

- DISTRIBUTION: Canada, USA.

pulchellus Melsheimer, 1844 , see: blandus Gravenhorst, 1806 .

puncticollis Stephens, 1835 , see: Philonthus .

quediinus Horn, 1884: 209 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: Detroit; [Note: See lectotype designation by Smetana, 1995e]. Also cited from Kansas).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 352 ( Philonthus ; catalog).

— Smetana, 1995e: 541 ( Bisnius ; lectotype designation: Detroit; characters; notes; Quebec; Kansas; Massachusetts; Michigan; New Hamphire ; South Dakota) .

— Downie and Arnett, 1996: 380 ( Philonthus ; characters; USA).

- DISTRIBUTION: Canada, USA.

rainieri Hatch, 1957: 194 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: Washington: Mt. Rainier, Paradise Val., 5–9000 ft. Also cited from Oregon).

— Smetana, 1995e: 592 ( Bisnius ; characters; notes; British Columbia; Oregon; Washington).

- DISTRIBUTION: USA.

reitteri Eppelsheim, 1889d: 18 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: Circassien).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 353 ( Philonthus ; catalog).

— Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1358 ( Philonthus ; catalog).

— Smetana, 1955: 206 ( Philonthus ; notes).

— Coiffait, 1967a: 411 ( Philonthus ; characters; Caucasus).

— Fagel, 1968a: 193 ( Philonthus ; Anatolia).

— Korge, 1971a: 7 ( Philonthus ; Turkey).

— Coiffait, 1974: 215 ( Philonthus ; characters; Caucasus; Transcaucasus).

— Smetana, 1977: 794 ( Philonthus ; Turkey).

— Smetana, 1995e: 516 ( Bisnius ).

— Solodovnikov, 1998a: 15 ( Bisnius ; notes; Russia, Krasnodar territory).

- DISTRIBUTION: Russia, Caucasus, Turkey.

rigidicornis Gravenhorst, 1802 , see: fimetarius Gravenhorst, 1802 .

rotundiceps Stephens, 1833 , see: Philonthus .

rubrithorax Kirshenblat, 1950 , see: subuliformis Gravenhorst, 1802 .

rufipennis Delahon, 1914 [Note: Nomen nudum], see: cephalotes Gravenhorst, 1802 . scoticus Joy and Tomlin, 1913: 100 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: Creag Dhu, 2581 feet, Kingussie, Inverness-shire).

— Donisthorpe, 1930: 96 ( Philonthus ; characters; Britain).

— Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1360 ( Philonthus ; catalog).

— Wüsthoff, 1937: 32 ( Philonthus ; illustration of aedeagus).

— Smetana, 1955b: 227 ( Philonthus ; characters).

— Palm, 1963b: 78 ( Philonthus ; characters; Sweden; Norway; Finland).

— Coiffait, 1967a: 407 ( Philonthus ; characters; Scandinavia; north British Islands).

— Coiffait, 1974: 211 ( Philonthus ; characters; Scandinavia; Scotland).

— Pope, 1977: 30 ( Gabrius ; Britain).

— Smetana, 1995e: 516 ( Bisnius ).

- DISTRIBUTION: Britain, Norway, Sweden, Finland.

finmarkicus Munster, 1921: 55 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: Norvegia arctica [many localities]). — Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1360 ( Philonthus ; synonym of scoticus ).

— Coiffait, 1974: 211 ( Philonthus ; synonym of scoticus ).

— Pope, 1977: 30 ( Gabrius ; synonym of scoticus ).

scribae Fauvel, 1867 , see: varipennis Scriba, 1864 .

siegwaldii Mannerheim, 1843b: 230 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: insula Sitkha; [Note: See lectotype designation by Smetana, 1995e]).

— Horn, 1884: 213 ( Philonthus ; characters; Alaska south to California).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 355 ( Philonthus ; catalog).

— Van Dyke, 1924: 17 ( Philonthus ; Alaska).

— Fall, 1926: 150 ( Philonthus ; Alaska).

— Hatch, 1957: 183 ( Philonthus ; characters; British Columbia; Washington; Idaho).

— Smetana, 1964: 35 ( Philonthus ; subgenus Philonthus ; hind wings; Alaska).

— Smetana, 1965: 27 ( Philonthus ; subgenus Philonthus ; characters; Labrador; Newfoundland).

— Smetana, 1965a: 8 ( Philonthus ; Alaska).

— Miller and Morgan, 1982: 264 ( Philonthus ; Postglacial fossils; New York).

— Smetana, 1995e: 547 ( Bisnius ; lectotype designation; characters; notes; Alberta; British Columbia; Manitoba; Newfoundland; Labrador ; New Brunswick; Northwest Territories; Nova Scotia; Ontario; Quebec; Saskatchewan; Yukon Territory; Alaska; California; Connecticut; Maine; Michigan; Montana; New Hampshire; New Jersey; New York; North Carolina; Oregon; Tennessee; Vermont; Washington; West Virginia; Wisconsin) .

— Downie and Arnett, 1996: 381 ( Philonthus ; characters; USA).

— Ryabukhin, 1999: 64 ( Philonthus ; catalog; habitat; distribution; northeastern Russia).

- DISTRIBUTION: Canada, USA, Russia.

simplex Stephens, 1833 , see: Philonthus .

sogdianus Kirshenblat, 1950 , see: plagiatus Fauvel, 1874 .

sordidus Gravenhorst, 1802: 176 ( Staphylinus ; Type locality: Brunsvigae; [Note: See lectotype designation by Smetana, 1995e]).

— Latreille, 1804: 325 ( Staphylinus ; characters).

— Gyllenhal, 1810: 326 ( Staphylinus ; characters; Sweden).

— Zetterstedt, 1828: 75 ( Staphylinus ; characters; Lapland).

— C. Sahlberg, 1830: 322 ( Staphylinus ; characters; Finland).

— Mannerheim, 1830: 29 ( Staphylinus ; Finland; Sweden).

— Mannerheim, 1831: 443 ( Staphylinus ; Finland; Sweden).

— Stephens, 1832: 233 ( Philonthus ; characters; England).

— Lacordaire, 1835: 396 ( Staphylinus ; characters; France).

— Curtis, 1836: pl. 610 ( Philonthus ; characters; Britain).

— Nordmann, 1837: 84 ( Philonthus ; characters; Sweden; Germany).

— Zetterstedt, 1838: 63 ( Staphylinus ; characters; habitat; Lapland).

— Erichson, 1839a: 459 ( Philonthus ; characters; Germany).

— Heer, 1839: 262 ( Philonthus ; characters; Switzerland).

— Stephens, 1839: 396 ( Philonthus ; characters; England).

— Erichson, 1840: 456 ( Philonthus ; characters; Europe).

— P. Lucas, 1846: 112 ( Philonthus ; notes; Algeria).

— Jacobsen, 1849: 695 ( Philonthus ; characters; Denmark).

— Redtenbacher, 1849: 825 ( Philonthus ; characters; Austria).

— Kiesenwetter, 1851a: 417 ( Philonthus ; France).

— Hardy, 1851: 28 ( Philonthus ; notes; England).

— Wollaston, 1854: 582 ( Philonthus ; characters; notes; Madeira Islands).

— Rosenhauer, 1856: 71 ( Philonthus ; Malaga).

— Fairmaire and Laboulbène, 1856: 519 ( Philonthus ; characters; France).

— Staudinger, 1857: 286 ( Philonthus ; notes; Iceland).

— Wollaston, 1857: 189 ( Philonthus ; habitat; Madeira Islands).

— Kraatz, 1858a: 61 ( Philonthus ; Greece).

— Redtenbacher, 1857: 190 ( Philonthus ; characters; Austria).

— Thomson, 1860: 159 ( Philonthus ; characters; Scandinavia).

— Hochhuth, 1862: 58 ( Philonthus ; Siberia; Dauria).

— Wollaston, 1864: 569 ( Philonthus ; notes; Canary Islands).

— Wollaston, 1865: 491 ( Philonthus ; notes; Madeira Islands; Canary Islands).

— Fauvel, 1866a: 344 [= 1866b: 95] ( Philonthus ; characters; Chile).

— Redtenbacher, 1867: 29 ( Philonthus ; Madeira).

— Crotch, 1867a: 383 ( Philonthus ; Azores).

— Fauvel, 1874: 222 [= 1874a: 448] ( Philonthus ; characters; France; Barbary; Cyprus; Turkey; Caucasus; Iran; Siberia; Dauria; Amur region; North America; Chile).

— Redtenbacher, 1874: 209 ( Philonthus ; characters; Austria).

— Seidlitz, 1875: 274 ( Philonthus ; characters; Baltic region).

— Fauvel, 1876a: 73 [= 1876: 258] ( Philonthus ; Egypt; Syria).

— Mulsant and Rey, 1876: 434 [= 1877: 290] ( Philonthus ; larval characters; characters; France).

— J. Sahlberg, 1876: 16 ( Philonthus ; Finland).

— Fauvel, 1878: 122 [= 1878a: 42] ( Philonthus ; Algeria; Tunisia).

— Fauvel, 1878g: 546 ( Philonthus ; characters; Australia).

— Horn, 1884: 209 ( Philonthus ; characters; Canada; Michigan; Colorado; Vancouver; California).

— Fauvel, 1886: 53 [= 1886a: 45] ( Philonthus ; North Africa).

— Fowler, 1888: 268 ( Philonthus ; characters; Britain).

— Ganglbauer, 1895: 451 ( Philonthus ; characters; Palaearctic region; North America; Chile).

— Fauvel, 1902b: 109 ( Philonthus ; Barbary; Egypt; Azores; Madeira; Canaries).

— Fall and Cockerell, 1907: 166 ( Philonthus ; New Mexico).

— Sainte-Claire Deville, 1906: 96 ( Philonthus ; Corsica).

— Montandon, 1908: 80 ( Philonthus ; Romania).

— Poppius, 1909: 26 ( Philonthus ; subgenus Gefyrobius ; Lena Valley, Siberia).

— Reitter, 1909: 127 ( Philonthus ; characters; Germany).

— Blatchley, 1910: 388 ( Philonthus ; characters; Indiana).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 355 ( Philonthus ; catalog).

— Johansen, 1914: 402 ( Philonthus ; characters; Denmark).

— Bernhauer, 1920: 16 ( Philonthus ; Australia).

— Gridelli, 1924e: 177 ( Philonthus ; Persia).

— Lea, 1925: 220 ( Philonthus ; Australian introduction).

— Dodero, 1925: 5 ( Philonthus ; Libya).

— Fall, 1926: 150 ( Philonthus ; Alaska).

— Portevin, 1929: 359 ( Philonthus ; characters; France).

— Gridelli, 1930: 73 ( Philonthus ; Libya).

— Cameron, 1932: 93 ( Philonthus ; characters; India).

— Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1361 ( Philonthus ; catalog).

— Wüsthoff, 1934: 61 ( Philonthus ; illustration of aedeagus).

— Bernhauer, 1936: 5 ( Philonthus ; Mongolia).

— Gridelli, 1934: 74 ( Philonthus ; Karakoram region).

— Bernhauer, 1940c: 4 ( Philonthus ; Azores).

— Méquignon, 1942a: 20 ( Philonthus ; Azores).

— Hinton, 1945: 75 ( Philonthus ; characters).

— Scheerpeltz and Höfler, 1948: 156 ( Philonthus ; characters; fungus inhabitant).

— V. Hansen, 1952: 62 ( Philonthus ; subgenus Philonthus ; characters; Denmark).

— Lee and Ryckman, 1954: 24 ( Philonthus ; reared from burrowing owl’s nest; California).

— Coiffait, 1955e: 426 ( Philonthus ; cave collection; Lebanon).

— Smetana, 1955b: 227 ( Philonthus ; characters).

— Hatch, 1957: 194 ( Philonthus ; characters; British Columbia; Idaho; Washington; Oregon).

— Smetana, 1958: 203 ( Philonthus ; subgenus Philonthus ; characters; ecology; Czechoslovakia). — Smetana, 1959: 154 ( Philonthus ; characters).

— Larsson and Gígja, 1959: 85 ( Philonthus ; biological notes; Iceland).

— Scheerpeltz, 1961d: 129 ( Philonthus ; Italy).

— Scheerpeltz, 1961e: 137 ( Philonthus ; subgenus Gefyrobius ; Rhodes).

— Scheerpeltz, 1961h: 252 ( Philonthus ; Afghanistan).

— Smetana, 1963b: 36 ( Philonthus ; subgenus Philonthus ; Madeira).

— Smetana, 1963e: 73 ( Philonthus ; characters; notes).

— Scheerpeltz, 1963: 13 ( Philonthus ; Afghanistan).

— Palm, 1963b: 78 ( Philonthus ; characters; Sweden; Denmark; Norway; Finland).

— Lohse, 1964: 181 ( Philonthus ; subgenus Philonthus ; characters; central Europe).

— Scheerpeltz, 1964a: 300 ( Philonthus ; subgenus Philonthus ; Crete).

— Scheerpeltz, 1965b: 402 ( Philonthus ; Sicily).

— Scheerpeltz, 1965c: 506 ( Philonthus ; Sicily).

— Smetana, 1965: 17 ( Philonthus ; St. Pierre; Newfoundland).

— Horion, 1965: 152 ( Philonthus ; all Europe; Madeira; Canaries; Azores).

— Smetana, 1967d: 207 ( Philonthus ; Mongolia).

— Raianu, 1968a: 467 ( Philonthus ; Romania).

— Szujecki, 1968a: 731 ( Philonthus ; Poland).

— Smetana, 1970: 59 ( Philonthus ; distributional summary; Azores).

— Scheerpeltz, 1972: 18 ( Philonthus ; Argentina).

— Coiffait, 1974: 239 ( Philonthus ; synonym of pachycephalus ).

— Shilov, 1975a: 376 [= 1975b: 98] ( Philonthus ; Komi region of Russia).

— Brunne, 1976: 87 ( Philonthus ; characters).

— Shilov, 1976: 152 ( Philonthus ; Mongolia).

— Pope, 1977: 29 ( Philonthus ; Britain).

— Smetana, 1978: 117 ( Philonthus ; collecting notes; Israel).

— Muona, 1979: 14 ( Philonthus ; synonym of pachycephalus ).

— Mahler and Pritzl, 1980: 122 ( Philonthus ; characters).

— Burakowski, Mroczkowski, and Stefańska, 1980: 66 ( Philonthus ; catalog; Poland).

— Hinton, 1981: 660 ( Philonthus ; characters of egg).

— Coiffait, 1982: 29 ( Philonthus ; synonym of pachycephalus ).

— Frank, 1982: 43 ( Philonthus ; list of parasites).

— Boller, 1983: 117 ( Philonthus ; larval characters).

— Tóth, 1984: 62 ( Philonthus ; characters; Hungary).

— Lucht, 1987: 105 ( Philonthus ; checklist; Germany; Poland; Czechoslovakia; Austria; Switzer-

land; France; Benelux; Denmark; Sweden).

— Lohse and Lucht, 1989: 168 ( Philonthus ; characters).

— Nowosad, 1990: 107 ( Philonthus ; collected from mole nest; notes; Poland).

— Kuschel, 1990: 26 ( Philonthus ; introduced, Palaearctic species; winged; habitat; New Zealand).

— Welch, 1993: 228 ( Philonthus ; ovariole number and ovary structure).

— Smetana, 1993b: 48 ( Philonthus ; subgenus Philonthus ; Czech Republic; Slovakia).

— Dearborn and Donahue, 1994: 15 ( Philonthus ; Maine).

— Ciceroni and Zanetti, 1995: 29 ( Philonthus ; Italy).

— Smetana, 1995e: 523 ( Bisnius ; lectotype designation; characters; notes; Alberta; British Columbia; Manitoba; New Brunswick; Newfoundland; Nova Scotia; Ontario; Quebec; Saskatchewan; St. Pierre; Alaska; Arizona; Arkansas; California; Colorado; Connecticut; Georgia; Idaho; Illinois; Indiana; Iowa; Kansas; Kentucky; Maine; Maryland; Massachusetts; Michigan; Minnesota; Missouri; Montana; Nebraska; Nevada; New Hampshire; New Jersey; New Mexico; New York; North Carolina; Ohio; Oklahoma; Oregon; Pennsylvania; Rhode Island; Utah; Virginia; Washington; Wisconsin; Wyoming).

— Ádám, 1996: 245 ( Bisnius ; synonym of pachycephalus ).

— Owen, 1997a: 149 ( Philonthus ; collecting sites; Ireland).

— Emberson, 1998: 36 ( Philonthus ; collecting notes; Chatham Islands).

— Kashcheev, 1999a: 57 ( Philonthus ; Kazakhstan).

- DISTRIBUTION: Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Canary Islands, Madeira, Azores, Iceland, Europe, Russia, Caucasus, Turkey, Iran, Kazakhstan, Afghanistan, “Karakorum region”, India, Nepal, Mongolia, Australia, New Zealand, Chatham Islands, Canada, USA, Argentina, Chile.

pachycephalus Nordmann, 1837: 82 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: Borussia).

— Erichson, 1839a: 459 ( Philonthus ; synonym of sordidus ).

— Heer, 1839: 263 ( Philonthus ; synonym of sordidus ).

— Erichson, 1840: 457 ( Philonthus ; synonym of sordidus ).

— Kraatz, 1857d: 591 ( Philonthus ; synonym of sordidus ).

— Fauvel, 1866a: 344 [= 1866b: 95] ( Philonthus ; synonym of sordidus ).

— Ganglbauer, 1895: 451 ( Philonthus ; synonym of sordidus ).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 355 ( Philonthus ; synonym of sordidus ).

— Cameron, 1932: 92 ( Philonthus ; synonym of sordidus ).

— Smetana, 1958: 203 ( Philonthus ; synonym of sordidus ).

— Coiffait, 1967a: 408 ( Philonthus ; characters).

— Coiffait, 1968c: 502 ( Philonthus ; cave collection; Corsica).

— Coiffait, 1974a: 198 ( Philonthus ; Siberia).

— Coiffait, 1974: 239 ( Philonthus ; characters; Holarctic region; Australia).

— Pace and Zanetti, 1977: 297 ( Philonthus ; Italy).

— Pope, 1977: 29 ( Philonthus ; synonym of sordidus ).

— Bordoni, 1978a: 59 ( Philonthus ; cave collection; Turkey).

— Coiffait, 1979d: 552 ( Philonthus ; Afghanistan).

— Muona, 1979: 14 ( Philonthus ; cited as valid species).

— Coiffait, 1982: 29 ( Philonthus ; cited as valid species; India; Nepal).

— Coiffait, 1982a: 232 ( Philonthus ; cited as valid species; India).

— Coiffait, 1983: 274 ( Philonthus ; cited as valid species; Kashmir).

— Coiffait, 1983e: 477 ( Philonthus ; Afghanistan).

— Lohse and Lucht, 1989: 168 ( Philonthus ; synonym of sordidus ).

— Borges, 1990: Table II ( Philonthus ; Azores) .

— Smetana, 1993b: 48 ( Philonthus ; synonym of sordidus ).

— Sadler and Dugmore, 1995: 144 ( Philonthus ; habitat notes; Iceland).

— Ciceroni and Zanetti, 1995: 29 ( Philonthus ; synonym of sordidus ).

— Smetana, 1995e: 523 ( Bisnius ; synonym of sordidus ).

— Ádám, 1996: 245 ( Bisnius ; valid name; Hungary).

placidus Erichson, 1840: 458 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: Chersonesus Tauricus; Hungaria).

— Kraatz, 1857d: 591 ( Philonthus ; synonym of sordidus ).

— Hochhuth, 1862: 58 ( Philonthus ; Dauria).

— Ganglbauer, 1895: 451 ( Philonthus ; synonym of sordidus ).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 356 ( Philonthus ; synonym of sordidus ).

— Cameron, 1932: 92 ( Philonthus ; synonym of sordidus ).

— Smetana, 1958: 203 ( Philonthus ; synonym of sordidus ).

— Coiffait, 1974: 240 ( Philonthus ; synonym of pachycephalus ).

— Smetana, 1995e: 523 ( Bisnius ; synonym of sordidus ).

niger Melsheimer, 1844: 38 ( Philonthus ; [Note: Preoccupied secondary homonym in Philonthus ]; Type locality: Pennsylvania; [Note: See lectotype designation by Smetana, 1995e]).

— Ganglbauer, 1895: 454 ( Philonthus ; synonym of agilis ).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 327 ( Philonthus ; synonym of agilis ).

— Smetana, 1958: 193 ( Philonthus ; synonym of agilis ).

— Smetana, 1995e: 523 ( Bisnius ; lectotype designation; synonym of sordidus ).

chilensis Solier, 1849: 315 ( Staphylinus ; Type locality: Chili; [Note: See lectotype designation by Coiffait and Saiz, 1968]. Originally cited from Chile: San Carlos ; Coquimbo; Longotomo ).

— Kraatz, 1859a: 4 ( Philonthus ; notes).

— Fairmaire and Germain, 1861: 434 ( Philonthus ; characters; Chile).

— Fauvel, 1864a: 125 ( Philonthus ; notes; Chile).

— Fauvel, 1866a: 344 [= 1866b: 95] ( Philonthus ; synonym of sordidus ).

— Fauvel, 1869: 489 ( Philonthus ; synonym of sordidus ).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 355 ( Philonthus ; synonym of sordidus ).

— Cameron, 1932: 92 ( Philonthus ; synonym of sordidus ).

— Smetana, 1958: 203 ( Philonthus ; synonym of sordidus ).

— Coiffait and Saiz, 1968: 353 ( Philonthus ; lectotype designation: Chili; valid species; characters; Chile) .

— Saiz, 1969a: 9 ( Philonthus ; notes).

— Saiz, 1971b: 341 ( Philonthus ; Chile).

— Smetana, 1995e: 523 ( Bisnius ; synonym of sordidus ).

chloropterus Solier, 1849: 319 ( Staphylinus ; [preoccupied]; Type locality: Chile).

— Kraatz, 1859a: 5 ( Philonthus ; notes).

— Fairmaire and Germain, 1861: 432 ( Philonthus ; characters; Chile).

— Fauvel, 1866a: 344 [= 1866b: 95] ( Philonthus ; synonym of sordidus ).

— Fauvel, 1869: 489 ( Philonthus ; synonym of sordidus ).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 355 ( Philonthus ; synonym of sordidus ).

— Cameron, 1932: 92 ( Philonthus ; synonym of sordidus ).

— Smetana, 1958: 203 ( Philonthus ; synonym of sordidus ).

— Coiffait and Saiz, 1968: 353 ( Philonthus ; synonym of chilensis ).

— Saiz, 1969a: 9 ( Philonthus ; synonym of chilensis ).

— Smetana, 1995e: 523 ( Bisnius ; synonym of sordidus ).

longipennis Provancher, 1877: 730 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: Quebec; [Note: See lectotype designation by Smetana, 1995e]. No locality cited originally).

— Provancher, 1877a: 308 ( Philonthus ; synonym of sordidus ).

— Ganglbauer, 1895: 451 ( Philonthus ; synonym of sordidus ).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 355 ( Philonthus ; synonym of sordidus ).

— Cameron, 1932: 92 ( Philonthus ; synonym of sordidus ).

— Smetana, 1958: 203 ( Philonthus ; synonym of sordidus ).

— Smetana, 1995e: 523 ( Bisnius ; lectotype designation: Quebec; synonym of sordidus ).

impressifrons Broun, 1880: 110 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: Parua).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 355 ( Philonthus ; synonym of sordidus ).

— Cameron, 1932: 92 ( Philonthus ; synonym of sordidus ).

— Smetana, 1958: 203 ( Philonthus ; synonym of sordidus ).

brouni Duvivier, 1883: 145 ( Philonthus ; replacement name for impressifrons Broun ; [Note: Unnecessary replacement name; I find no impressifrons in Philonthus that predates that of Broun]). — Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 355 ( Philonthus ; synonym of sordidus ). — Cameron, 1932: 92 ( Philonthus ; synonym of sordidus ). — Smetana, 1958: 203 ( Philonthus ; synonym of sordidus ). — Smetana, 1995e: 523 ( Bisnius ; synonym of sordidus ).

coloripennis Bernhauer, 1910b: 257 ( Philonthus ; variety of sordidus ; Type locality: Ala-Tau, Syr-Darja). — Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 356 ( Philonthus ; synonym of sordidus ). — Cameron, 1932: 92 ( Philonthus ; synonym of sordidus ). — Hodge and Jones, 1995: 40 ( Philonthus ; aberration of sordidus ; characters; Britain).

testaceipennis Roubal, 1948: 123 ( Philonthus ; aberration of sordidus ; cited as testaceipenennis on page 123 and testaceipennis on page 124; [Note: Nomen nudum (Articles 1.3.4, 45.5)); preoccupied]; cited from Slovakia: Zadiel; Bohemia: Praha-Stresovice). — Smetana, 1958: 203 ( Philonthus ; aberration of sordidus ). — Smetana, 1959: 154 ( Philonthus ; aberration of sordidus ; characters). — Coiffait, 1967a: 408 ( Philonthus ; aberration of pachycephalus ; characters). — Coiffait, 1974: 240 ( Philonthus ; variety of pachycephalus ). — Smetana, 1995e: 523 ( Bisnius ; synonym of sordidus ).

sparsus P. Lucas, 1846: 112 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: Algeria: environs du cercle de Lacalle). — Kraatz, 1857d: 574 ( Philonthus ; characters). — Fauvel, 1869: 489 ( Philonthus ; synonym of sordidus ). — Fauvel, 1874: 222 [= 1874a: 448] ( Philonthus ; synonym of sordidus ). — Mulsant and Rey, 1876: 439 [= 1877: 295] ( Philonthus ; characters; France). — Ganglbauer, 1895: 451 ( Philonthus ; synonym of sordidus ). — Fauvel, 1902b: 109 ( Philonthus ; synonym of sordidus ). — Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 356 ( Philonthus ; synonym of sordidus ). — Cameron, 1932: 92 ( Philonthus ; synonym of sordidus ). — Tottenham, 1949a: 42 ( Philonthus ; valid species). — Lohse, 1956: 88 ( Philonthus ; notes). — Lohse, 1964: 181 ( Philonthus ; subgenus Philonthus ; characters; central Europe). — Horion, 1965: 152 ( Philonthus ; Algeria; Tunisia; France; Britain; Holland; Germany). — Coiffait, 1967a: 408 ( Philonthus ; characters; North Africa; France; central Europe). — Coiffait, 1974: 272 ( Philonthus ; characters; North Africa; France; Germany; Gold Coast). — Brunne, 1976: 86 ( Philonthus ; characters). — Mahler and Pritzl, 1980: 122 ( Philonthus ; characters). — Tóth, 1984: 63 ( Philonthus ; characters). — Lucht, 1987: 104 ( Philonthus ; checklist; Germany; Austria; Benelux). — Drugmand, 1988: 62 ( Philonthus ; Belgium). — Lohse and Lucht, 1989: 166 ( Philonthus ; characters). — Smetana, 1995e: 516 ( Bisnius ). — Assing, Frisch, Kahlen, et al., 1998: 137 ( Philonthus ; note). — Kashcheev, 1999a: 57 ( Philonthus ; Kazakhstan). - DISTRIBUTION: Ghana, Algeria, Tunisia, France, Germany, Holland, Belgium, Britain, Kazakhstan.

speculicollis Solodovnikov and Schillhammer, 2000: 167 ( Bisnius ; Type locality: Abkhazia: near Avadkhara , confluence of Avadkhara and Mzimna rivers, 1700 m). - DISTRIBUTION: Georgia.

spermophili Ganglbauer, 1897: 568 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: Wien). — Bernhauer, 1899: 22 ( Philonthus ; valid species; notes). — Reitter, 1909: 127 ( Philonthus ; characters; Germany). — Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 356 ( Philonthus ; catalog). — Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1361 ( Philonthus ; catalog). — Wüsthoff, 1934: 61 ( Philonthus ; illustration of aedeagus).

— Smetana, 1955b: 227 ( Philonthus ; characters).

— Smetana, 1958: 205 ( Philonthus ; subgenus Philonthus ; characters; ecology; Czechoslovakia).

— Smetana, 1959: 154 ( Philonthus ; characters).

— Lohse, 1964: 180 ( Philonthus ; subgenus Philonthus ; characters; central Europe).

— Horion, 1965: 151 ( Philonthus ; Russia; Ukraine; Poland; Czechoslovakia; Hungary; Austria; Germany; Italy; France; Belgium; Holland).

— Coiffait, 1967a: 407 ( Philonthus ; characters; central and western Europe).

— Coiffait, 1974: 238 ( Philonthus ; characters; Europe; Russia).

— Brunne, 1976: 86 ( Philonthus ; characters).

— Mahler and Pritzl, 1980: 121 ( Philonthus ; characters).

— Tóth, 1984: 61 ( Philonthus ; cited as spermophilii; characters; Hungary).

— Lucht, 1987: 105 ( Philonthus ; checklist; Germany; Poland; Czechoslovakia; Austria; France; Benelux).

— Lohse and Lucht, 1989: 166 ( Philonthus ; characters).

— Nowosad, 1990: 109 ( Philonthus ; collected from mole nest; notes; Poland).

— Smetana, 1993b: 48 ( Philonthus ; subgenus Philonthus ; Czech Republic; Slovakia).

— Smetana, 1995e: 516 ( Bisnius ).

- DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Russia.

stacesmithi Hatch, 1957: 194 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: British Columbia: Copper Mt. ).

— Smetana, 1995e: 586 ( Bisnius ; characters; notes; Alberta; British Columbia; Montana; Oregon; Utah; Washington).

- DISTRIBUTION: Canada, USA.

stenoderus Reiche, 1861 , see: fimetarius Gravenhorst, 1802 .

subaereipennis Bernhauer, 1939 , see: parcus Sharp, 1874 .

subrugosus Mulsant and Rey, 1876 , see: cephalotes Gravenhorst, 1802 .

subuliformis Gravenhorst, 1802: 29 ( Staphylinus ; Type locality: Not cited, but presumably Brunsvigae ).

— Latreille, 1804: 317 ( Staphylinus ; characters; Germany).

— Gravenhorst, 1806: 61 ( Staphylinus ; characters).

— Gyllenhal, 1810: 312 ( Staphylinus ; characters; Sweden).

— C. Sahlberg, 1830: 319 ( Staphylinus ; characters; Finland).

— Mannerheim, 1830: 27 ( Staphylinus ; Russia).

— Mannerheim, 1831: 441 ( Staphylinus ; Russia).

— Zetterstedt, 1838: 62 ( Staphylinus ; characters; habitat; Lapland).

— Erichson, 1839a: 461 ( Philonthus ; synonym of fuscus ).

— Heer, 1839: 264 ( Philonthus ; synonym of fuscus ).

— Erichson, 1840: 457 ( Philonthus ; synonym of fuscus ).

— Kraatz, 1857d: 593 ( Philonthus ; synonym of fuscus ).

— Ganglbauer, 1895: 451 ( Philonthus ; synonym of fuscus ).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 340 ( Philonthus ; synonym of fuscus ).

— Smetana, 1958: 208 ( Philonthus ; synonym of fuscus ).

— Coiffait, 1967a: 405 ( Philonthus ; characters; Europe).

— Coiffait, 1974: 236 ( Philonthus ; characters; Europe; England; Russia; Scandinavia).

— Pope, 1977: 29 ( Philonthus ; Britain).

— Lohse and Lucht, 1989: 165 ( Philonthus ; note).

— Smetana, 1993b: 48 ( Philonthus ; subgenus Philonthus ; Czech Republic; Slovakia).

— Ciceroni and Zanetti, 1995: 29 ( Philonthus ; Italy).

— Smetana, 1995e: 516 ( Bisnius ).

— Martikainen, Kaila, and Haila, 1998: 296 ( Philonthus ; possibly threatened species; Finland).

— Fowles, Alexander, and Key, 1999: 129 ( Philonthus ; saproxylic species; status as endangered or threatened species; Britain).

- DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Russia, Uzbekistan.

fuscus Gravenhorst, 1802: 29 ( Staphylinus ; preoccupied; Type locality: Not cited, but presumably Brunsvigae ).

— Latreille, 1804: 317 ( Staphylinus ; characters; Germany).

— Gravenhorst, 1806: 59 ( Staphylinus ; characters).

— Gyllenhal, 1810: 329 ( Staphylinus ; characters; Sweden).

— Mannerheim, 1830: 29 ( Staphylinus ; Finland).

— Mannerheim, 1831: 443 ( Staphylinus ; Finland).

— Nordmann, 1837: 90 ( Philonthus ; Germany; Sweden).

— Erichson, 1839a: 461 ( Philonthus ; characters; Germany).

— Heer, 1839: 264 ( Philonthus ; characters; Switzerland).

— Erichson, 1840: 457 ( Philonthus ; characters; Germany; Sweden).

— Redtenbacher, 1849: 702 ( Philonthus ; characters; Austria).

— Kraatz, 1857d: 593 ( Philonthus ; characters; Germany).

— Redtenbacher, 1857: 192 ( Philonthus ; characters; Austria).

— Thomson, 1860: 159 ( Philonthus ; characters; Scandinavia).

— Fauvel, 1874: 224 [= 1874a: 450] ( Philonthus ; characters; France; Scandinavia; Britain; Germany; Switzerland; Austria; Italy).

— Redtenbacher, 1874: 210 ( Philonthus ; characters; Austria).

— Seidlitz, 1875: 274 ( Philonthus ; characters; Baltic region).

— Mulsant and Rey, 1876: 440 [= 1877: 296] ( Philonthus ; characters; France).

— Fowler, 1888: 269 ( Philonthus ; characters; Britain).

— Ganglbauer, 1895: 451 ( Philonthus ; characters; north and middle Europe).

— Reitter, 1909: 126 ( Philonthus ; characters; Germany).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 340 ( Philonthus ; catalog).

— Johansen, 1914: 403 ( Philonthus ; characters; Denmark).

— Portevin, 1929: 359 ( Philonthus ; characters; France).

— Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1344 ( Philonthus ; catalog).

— Wüsthoff, 1934: 61 ( Philonthus ; illustration of aedeagus).

— V. Hansen, 1952: 62 ( Philonthus ; subgenus Philonthus ; characters; Denmark).

— Smetana, 1955b: 227 ( Philonthus ; cited as valid species; characters).

— Smetana, 1958: 208 ( Philonthus ; subgenus Philonthus ; characters; ecology; Czechoslovakia).

— Smetana, 1959: 153 ( Philonthus ; characters).

— Lohse, 1964: 180 ( Philonthus ; subgenus Philonthus ; characters; central Europe).

— Palm, 1963b: 77 ( Philonthus ; characters; Sweden; Denmark; Norway; Finland).

— Horion, 1965: 149 ( Philonthus ; Russia; Finland; Sweden; Norway; Denmark; Britain; France

to Poland and Russia; Pyrenees; Italy; Romania; Germany; Austria).

— Last, 1974a: 225 ( Philonthus ; collecting notes; England).

— Coiffait, 1974: 236 ( Philonthus ; synonym of subuliformis ).

— Pope, 1977: 29 ( Philonthus ; synonym of subuliformis ).

— Boller, 1983: 118 ( Philonthus ; larval characters).

— Tóth, 1984: 60 ( Philonthus ; characters; Hungary).

— Lucht, 1987: 104 ( Philonthus ; checklist; Germany; Poland; Czechoslovakia; Austria; Switzerland; France; Benelux; Denmark; Sweden).

— Boháč, 1988: 551 [= 1989: 34] ( Philonthus ; synonym of subuliformis ).

— Lohse and Lucht, 1989: 165 ( Philonthus ; synonym of subuliformis ).

— Smetana, 1993b: 48 ( Philonthus ; synonym of subuliformis ).

— Ciceroni and Zanetti, 1995: 29 ( Philonthus ; synonym of subuliformis ).

fragilis Gravenhorst, 1802: 30 ( Staphylinus ; Type locality: Not cited, but presumably Brunsvigae ).

— Latreille, 1804: 317 ( Staphylinus ; characters; Germany).

— Gyllenhal, 1810: 313 ( Staphylinus ; synonym of subuliformis ).

— Erichson, 1839a: 461 ( Philonthus ; synonym of fuscus ).

— Heer, 1839: 264 ( Philonthus ; synonym of fuscus ).

— Erichson, 1840: 457 ( Philonthus ; synonym of fuscus ).

— Kraatz, 1857d: 593 ( Philonthus ; synonym of fuscus).

— Ganglbauer, 1895: 451 ( Philonthus ; synonym of fuscus ).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 340 ( Philonthus ; synonym of fuscus ).

— Smetana, 1958: 208 ( Philonthus ; synonym of fuscus ).

— Coiffait, 1974: 236 ( Philonthus ; synonym of subuliformis ).

terminatus Gravenhorst, 1802: 30 ( Staphylinus ; Type locality: Not cited, but presumably Brunsvigae ).

— Latreille, 1804: 317 ( Staphylinus ; characters; Germany).

— Gravenhorst, 1806: 61 ( Staphylinus ).

— Erichson, 1839a: 461 ( Philonthus ; synonym of fuscus ).

— Heer, 1839: 264 ( Philonthus ; synonym of fuscus ).

— Erichson, 1840: 457 ( Philonthus ; synonym of fuscus ).

— Kraatz, 1857d: 593 ( Philonthus ; synonym of fuscus ).

— Ganglbauer, 1895: 451 ( Philonthus ; synonym of fuscus ).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 340 ( Philonthus ; synonym of fuscus ).

— Smetana, 1958: 208 ( Philonthus ; cited as terminalis ; synonym of fuscus ).

— Coiffait, 1974: 236 ( Philonthus ; cited as terminalis ; synonym of subuliformis ).

— Boháč, 1988: 551 [= 1989: 34] ( Philonthus ; cited as terminalis ; synonym of subuliformis ). syrovatkai Roubal, 1913: 109 ( Philonthus ; aberration of fuscus ; [Note: Nomen nudum (Articles 1.3.4, 45.5)]; cited from Chudenice).

— Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1344 ( Philonthus ; aberration of fuscus ).

— Smetana, 1959: 153 ( Philonthus ; aberration of fuscus ; characters).

— Smetana, 1955b: 227 ( Philonthus ; aberration of fuscus ; characters).

— Smetana, 1958: 208 ( Philonthus ; synonym of fuscus ).

— Coiffait, 1967a: 405 ( Philonthus ; aberration of subuliformis ; characters).

— Coiffait, 1974: 236 ( Philonthus ; variety of subuliformis ).

— Pope, 1977: 29 ( Philonthus ; synonym of subuliformis ).

— Hodge and Jones, 1995: 40 ( Philonthus ; aberration of subuliformis ; characters; Britain). rubrithorax Kirshenblat, 1950: 237 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: Uzbekistan: Gul’dzha).

— Coiffait, 1967a: 390 ( Philonthus ; characters; Uzbekistan).

— Coiffait, 1974: 277 ( Philonthus ; characters; Uzbekistan).

— Boháč, 1988: 549, 551 [= 1989: 32, 34] ( Philonthus ; characters; synonym of subuliformis ). summanus Smetana, 1995e: 590 ( Bisnius ; Type locality: Oregon: Wallowa Co.: Eagles Cap Prim. Area Moccasin Lk., 7500 ft. Also cited from Montana).

- DISTRIBUTION: USA.

synonymicus Roubal, 1915 , see: cephalotes Gravenhorst, 1802 .

syrovatkai Roubal, 1913 [Note: Nomen nudum], see: subuliformis Gravenhorst, 1802 . tantulus Luze, 1904 , see: alaiensis Fauvel, 1900 .

tereus Smetana, 1995e: 566 ( Bisnius ; Type locality: British Columbia: 21 mi. W. Creston. Also cited from Alberta and Montana).

- DISTRIBUTION: Canada, USA.

terminatus Gravenhorst, 1802 , see: subuliformis Gravenhorst, 1802 .

testaceipennis Roubal, 1948 [Note: Nomen nudum], see: sordidus Gravenhorst, 1802 . thessalonicus Coiffait, 1963 [Note: Nomen nudum], see: cephalotes Gravenhorst, 1802 . thoracicus Melsheimer, 1884 , see: blandus Gravenhorst, 1806 .

varipennis Scriba, 1864a: 379 ( Philonthus ; [Note: This name is older than scribae ; name said to be preoccupied by variipennis Kraatz but the two are not homonyms. The variant spelling difference is not covered by Article 58]; Type locality: Mehadia).

— Fauvel, 1867c: 112 [= 1868b: 211] ( Philonthus ; cited as variipennis ; synonym of scribae ).

— Fauvel, 1874: 224 [= 1874a: 450] ( Philonthus ; synonym of scribae ).

— Redtenbacher, 1874: 217 ( Philonthus ; characters).

— Ganglbauer, 1895: 451 ( Philonthus ; synonym of scribae ).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 354 ( Philonthus ; synonym of scribae ).

— Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1360 ( Philonthus ; synonym of scribae ).

— Smetana, 1958: 207 ( Philonthus ; aberration of scribae ).

— Coiffait, 1974: 237 ( Philonthus ; synonym of scribae ).

— Burakowski, Mroczkowski, and Stefańska, 1980: 71 ( Philonthus ; cited as valid name; catalog; Poland).

— Ádám, 1987: 151 ( Philonthus ; cited as valid name; collecting notes; Hungary).

— Nowosad, 1990: 111 ( Philonthus ; cited as valid name; collected from mole nest; notes; Poland).

— Smetana, 1993b: 48 ( Philonthus ; subgenus Philonthus ; Czech Republic; Slovakia).

- DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Russia, Kazakhstan, Caucasus.

scribae Fauvel, 1867c: 112 [= 1868b: 211] ( Philonthus ; [Note: Unnecessary replacement name; proposed to replace “ variipennis ” Scriba that was said to be preoccupied by variipennis Kraatz ; however Scriba cited the name as varipennis ; see the previous “note” at varipennis ]).

— Erichson, 1840: 458 ( Philonthus ; [Note: Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 354 cited placidus variety Erichson as a synonym of scribae ; there is no available name]; characters).

— Kraatz, 1857d: 591 ( Philonthus ; [Note: Misidentification: Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 354 cited sordidus variety Kraatz as a synonym of scribae ; there is no available name]; characters; Germany).

— Fauvel, 1874: 224 [= 1874a: 450] ( Philonthus ; characters; Germany; Hungary; Austria; Russia; Dauria; Netherland; Belgium).

— Eppelsheim, 1892: 332 ( Philonthus ; Turkestan).

— Ganglbauer, 1895: 451 ( Philonthus ; characters; Europe).

— Reitter, 1909: 126 ( Philonthus ; characters; Germany).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 354 ( Philonthus ; catalog).

— Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1360 ( Philonthus ; catalog).

— Wüsthoff, 1934: 61 ( Philonthus ; illustration of aedeagus).

— Kirshenblat, 1950: 241 ( Philonthus ; characters in key).

— Smetana, 1955b: 229 ( Philonthus ; notes).

— Smetana, 1958: 207 ( Philonthus ; subgenus Philonthus ; characters; ecology; Czechoslovakia).

— Smetana, 1959: 153 ( Philonthus ; characters).

— Lohse, 1964: 180 ( Philonthus ; subgenus Philonthus ; cited as scribai; characters; central Europe).

— Horion, 1965: 147 ( Philonthus ; Russia; Hungary; Romania; Bosnia; Czechoslovakia; Austria; Germany; Holland).

— Coiffait, 1967a: 405 ( Philonthus ; characters; central Europe; Caucasus; Kazakhstan).

— Coiffait, 1974: 237 ( Philonthus ; characters; Europe; Russia; Kazakhstan).

— Tóth, 1984: 60 ( Philonthus ; cited as scribai; characters; Hungary).

— Lucht, 1987: 105 ( Philonthus ; cited as scribai; checklist; Germany; Poland; Czechoslovakia; Austria; Benelux).

— Callot, 1993: 14 ( Philonthus ; notes; France).

— Smetana, 1993b: 48 ( Philonthus ; synonym of varipennis ).

— Smetana, 1993b: 48 ( Philonthus ; synonym of varipennis ).

— Smetana, 1995e: 516 ( Bisnius ).

heidenreichi Hubenthal, 1911a: 189 ( Philonthus ; variety of scribae ; Type locality: Not cited).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 354 ( Philonthus ; aberration of scribae ).

— Smetana, 1959: 153 ( Philonthus ; aberration of heidenreichi ; characters).

— Coiffait, 1967a: 405 ( Philonthus ; variety of scribae ; characters).

— Coiffait, 1974: 237 ( Philonthus ; variety of scribae ).

— Tóth, 1984: 60 ( Philonthus ; aberration of scribae ).

versutus Horn, 1884: 211 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: California; [Note: See lectotype designation by Smetana, 1995e]).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 360 ( Philonthus ; catalog).

— Smetana, 1995e: 559 ( Bisnius ; lectotype designation; characters; notes; British Columbia; California; Idaho; Nevada; New Mexico; Oregon; Utah; Washington) .

- DISTRIBUTION: Canada, USA.

watsoni Stephens, 1832 , see: puella Nordmann, 1837 .

xanthomerus Kraatz, 1859 , see: fimetarius Gravenhorst, 1802 .

zetes Smetana, 1995 , see: picicornis Horn, 1884 .

Cafius

[45 species; Neotropical, Nearctic, Palaearctic, Ethiopian, Madagascan,

Oriental, Australian, and Oceanic Regions]

Cafius Curtis, 1829: 26 , 245 (species included: xantholoma and two unavailable names). TYPE SPECIES: Staphylinus xantholoma Gravenhorst , fixed by monotypy.

— Stephens, 1829a: 23 (catalog; Britain).

— Stephens, 1829: 283 (catalog; Britain).

— Curtis, 1830: pl. 322 (characters; type species; Britain).

— Mannerheim, 1830: 7, 31 (characters).

— Mannerheim, 1831: 421, 445 (characters).

— Stephens, 1832: 200 (characters).

— Stephens, 1833: 245 (characters).

— Dejean, 1833: 63 (list of species).

— Lacordaire, 1835: 410 (characters).

— Westwood, 1838a: 16 (characters; type species).

— Stephens, 1839: 385 (characters).

— Erichson, 1840: 426 (synonym of Philonthus ).

— Laporte, 1840: 179 (characters).

— Solier, 1849: 313 (characters).

— Lacordaire, 1854: 80 (synonym of Philonthus ).

— Thomson, 1859: 24 (characters; type species: xantholoma ).

— Thomson, 1860: 152 (characters).

— Gemminger and Harold, 1868: 584 (synonym of Philonthus ).

— Fauvel, 1874: 195 [= 1874a: 421] (characters; key to species).

— Fauvel, 1875a: XXVIII [= 1875b: 230] (catalog).

— Mulsant and Rey, 1876: 564 [= 1877: 420] (characters; key to French species).

— Fauvel, 1877: 250 (notes; key to species).

— Fauvel, 1878f: 251 (characters; notes).

— Duvivier, 1883: 149 (catalog).

— Horn, 1884: 234 (characters; notes; key to North American species).

— Olliff, 1887: 498 (characters; Australian species).

— Fowler, 1888: 281 (notes; key to British species).

— Heyden, Reitter, and Weise, 1891: 102 (list of species of Europe and Caucasus).

— Ganglbauer, 1895: 462 (characters; key to middle European species).

— Fauvel, 1897d: 297 (catalog of species of Barbary; Canaries).

— Heyden, Reitter, and Weise, 1906: 163 (list of species of Europe and Caucasus).

— Reitter, 1909: 116, 123 (characters).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 361 (world catalog; 43 species).

— Johansen, 1914: 420 (characters).

— Leng, 1920: 109 (catalog of North American species).

— Cameron, 1921a: 354, 405 (characters; key to Singapore species; catalog).

— Winkler, 1925: 380 (catalog for Palaearctic region).

— Cameron, 1925: 63 (catalog of Indian species).

— Porta, 1926: 108 (characters; key to species of Italy).

— Portevin, 1929: 354 (characters; key to French species).

— Gridelli, 1931: 122 (key to European and Mediterranean species).

— Cameron, 1932: 154 (characters; key to species of British India).

— Joy, 1932: 115 (key to British species).

— Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1368 (world catalog supplement).

— Normand, 1935: 372 (list of species of Tunisia).

— C. Koch, 1936b: 172 (key to species).

— Blackwelder, 1943: 435 (characters; type species: fucicola ; key to species of West Indies).

— Blackwelder, 1944: 135 (checklist of species from Mexico, Central and South America, and

the West Indies).

— Kloet and Hincks, 1945: 166 (list of British species).

— Tottenham, 1949: 373, 419 (type species: xantholoma Gravenhorst ; notes; checklist of British

— Blackwelder, 1952: 88 (type species: xantholoma ).

— V. Hansen, 1952: 34 (characters; Danish species).

— Hatch, 1957: 173, 210 (characters; key to species of Pacific Northwest).

— Kocher, 1958: 151 (checklist of species; Morocco).

— Smetana, 1959a: 214 (list of species collected in Albania).

— Ferreira, 1962a: 17 (list of Portuguese species).

— Coiffait, 1963: 8, 20 (characters; key to subgenera).

— Palm, 1963b: 60 (characters; species of Sweden).

— Lohse, 1964: 173 (characters; key to central European species).

— Moore, 1965: 98, 101 (characters; notes).

— Pototskaia, 1966: 152 (larval characters).

— Pototskaia, 1967: 53 (larval characters).

— Coiffait and Saiz, 1968: 348, 361 (characters; notes; key to Chilean species).

— Kasule, 1970: 65 (larval characters).

— James, Moore, and Legner, 1971: 279 (notes on habitat, predation, feeding, mating; larval characters; key to known larvae and key to pupae of American species).

— Bordoni, 1973j: 710 (list of species from islands near Sicily).

— Tikhomirova, 1973a: 182 (checklist of species of USSR).

— Coiffait, 1974: 338 (adult and larval characters; key to species of western Palaearctic region).

— Moore, 1975a: 140 (key to Nearctic species).

— Moore and Legner, 1975: 9 (catalog; North America north of Mexico).

— Moore and Legner, 1976: 540 (includes seashore species; notes).

— Pope, 1977: 30 (list of British species).

— Topp, 1978: 312 (larval characters).

— Moore and Legner, 1979: 17 (characters; notes).

— Muona, 1979: 14 (list of Scandinavian species).

— Orth and Moore, 1980: 181, 198 (notes; key to species of eastern and western North America; characters).

— Burakowski, Mroczkowski, and Stefańska, 1980: 33 (catalog; Poland).

— Uhlig and Vogler, 1981: 110 (list of some species collected in Germany; habitat and collecting notes).

— Tóth, 1984: 39 (characters; habitus).

— Frank, Carlysle, and Rey, 1986: 155 (discussion of habitat, community, and adaptations to environment).

— Shibata, 1986a: 123 (supplemental list of species from Taiwan).

— Drugmand 1987b (comments on distribution of Belgian species).

— Campbell and Davies, 1991: 119 (checklist of species; Alaska and Canada).

— Silfverberg, 1992: 17 (list of species of Fennoscandia, Denmark, and the Baltic States).

— Welch, 1993: 229 (ovariole structure and development).

— Kanehisa, Tsumuki, and Kawazu, 1994 (chemical secretions).

— Smetana, 1995e: 50 (characters).

— Ciceroni and Zanetti, 1995: 27 (list of species of Italy).

— M. Hansen, 1996: 104 (list of Danish species).

— Lundgren, 1998: 51 (list of species from Florida; records for other States listed for each species).

— Newton, Thayer, Ashe, and Chandler, 2000: 396 (13 Nearctic species; notes; characters in key).

— Hayashi, 2000: 23 (notes on empodial setae).

Platygonium Motschulsky, 1845a: 40 (without species). TYPE SPECIES: Platygonium sculticeps Motschulsky , fixed by Motschulsky, 1858: 649, by subsequent monotypy.

— Motschulsky, 1858: 649 (description; first included species: sculticeps ).

— Gemminger and Harold, 1868: 615 (catalog).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1912: 273 (catalog).

— Winkler, 1925: 369 (catalog; Palaearctic region).

— Blackwelder, 1939: 120 (type species).

— Blackwelder, 1952: 313 (type species: sculticeps ).

— Gusarov, 1991a: 8 (subgenus of Cafius ).

Bryonomus Casey, 1885a: 313 (species included: canescens , seminitens ). TYPE SPECIES: Philonthus canescens Mäklin , fixed by subsequent designation by Blackwelder,

1943: 435.

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 361 (subgenus of Cafius ).

— Cameron, 1932: 154 (subgenus of Cafius ).

— Blackwelder, 1943: 435 (subgenus of Cafius ; type species: canescens ).

— Blackwelder, 1952: 86 (type species).

Euremus Blackwelder, 1943: 435 (subgenus of Cafius ; Bierig did not designate a type species, so Pseudoremus Koch is unavailable. Blackwelder’s designation of a type species made the name available so he is the author [see Herman, 2001]; see Bierig, 1934a for species included). TYPE SPECIES: Philonthus bistriatus Erichson , fixed by original designation.

— Bierig, 1934a: 68 (subgenus of Cafius ; species included: rufifrons , bistriatus , fonticola cited as fronticola, pacificus , lithocharinus , nauticus cited as nautucus; characters; [Note: Bierig did not designate a type species so Euremus Bierig is unavailable, but was made available by Blackwelder]).

— Blackwelder, 1943: 435 (subgenus of Cafius ; type species: bistriatus ).

— Blackwelder, 1952: 158 (type species).

— Hatch, 1957: 210 (subgenus of Cafius ; characters; species of Pacific Northwest).

— Coiffait, 1974: 338, 341 (subgenus of Cafius ; characters; key to species of western Palaearctic region).

— Herman, 2001: 9 (type species; discussion; Blackwelder is author of name, not Bierig).

Philonthopsis Blackwelder, 1943: 435 (subgenus of Cafius ; [preoccupied by Cameron, 1932; Koch did not designate a type species, so Philonthopsis Koch is unavailable. Blackwelder’s designation of a type species made the name available so he is the author]). TYPE SPECIES: Cafius sabulosus Fauvel , fixed by subsequent designation

by Blackwelder, 1943: 435 (see Herman, 2001).

— C. Koch, 1936b: 173, 178 (subgenus of Cafius ; species included: australis , areolatus , litoreus , sabulosus ; [Note: Koch did not designate a type species so Philonthopsis Koch is unavailable but was made available by Blackwelder]).

— Blackwelder, 1952: 301 (type species).

— Herman, 2001: 10 (type species; discussion; Blackwelder is author of name, not Koch).

Pseudoremus Blackwelder, 1943: 435 (subgenus of Cafius ; [Koch did not designate a type species, so Pseudoremus C. Koch is unavailable. Blackwelder’s designation of a type species made the name available so he is the author]). TYPE SPECIES: Philonthus lithocharinus LeConte , fixed by original designation (see Herman, 2001).

— C. Koch, 1936b: 175, 179 (subgenus of Cafius ; species included: opacus , vestitus , rufescens , algarum , histrio , mimulus , lithocharinus , ragazzii , nauticus ; [Note: Koch did not designate a type species so Pseudoremus Koch is unavailable, but was made available by Blackwelder]).

— Blackwelder, 1952: 330 (type species).

— Hatch, 1957: 210 (subgenus of Cafius ; characters; species of Pacific Northwest).

— Coiffait, 1974: 339, 341 (subgenus of Cafius ; characters; key to species of western Palaearctic region).

— Herman, 2001: 10 (type species; discussion; Blackwelder is author of name, not Koch).

Ifacus Blackwelder, 1952: 198 (subgenus of Cafius ; replacement name for Philonthopsis Koch [Note: As stated above Blackwelder is the author of the name]). TYPE SPECIES: Cafius sabulosus Fauvel , fixed by objective synonymy with Philonthopsis .

Suborthidus Coiffait, 1963: 20 (subgenus of Cafius ; species included: cicatricosus ). TYPE SPECIES: Cafius cicatricosus Erichson , fixed by monotypy.

— Coiffait, 1974: 338, 341 (subgenus of Cafius ; characters; key to species of western Palaearctic region).

— Gusarov, 1991a: 8 (synonym of Platygonium ).

aegyptiacus Motschulsky, 1858 , see: Remus .

aguayoi Bierig, 1934a: 66 ( Cafius ; subgenus Remus ; Type locality: USA: Woods Hole, Massachusetts).

— C. Koch, 1936b: 192 ( Cafius ; characters).

— Orth and Moore, 1980: 199 ( Cafius ; characters).

— Frank, Carlysle, and Rey, 1986: 149 ( Cafius ; notes).

- DISTRIBUTION: USA.

algarum Sharp, 1874: 38 ( Philonthus ; subgenus Cafius ; Type locality: Nagasaki).

— Fauvel, 1874: 196 [= 1874a: 422] ( Cafius ).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 361 ( Cafius ; catalog).

— Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1369 ( Cafius ; catalog).

— C. Koch, 1936b: 191, 193 ( Cafius ; characters in key).

— Watanabe, 1961: 354 ( Cafius ; Izu Islands).

— Watanabe, 1993d ( Cafius ; cited as alganum; Sarushima Island).

— Kanehisa, Tsumuki, and Kawazu, 1994 ( Cafius ; chemical secretions).

- DISTRIBUTION: Japan.

algophilus Broun, 1894: 419 ( Cafius ; Type locality: Mokohinou Island).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 361 ( Cafius ; catalog).

— Kuschel, 1990: 26 ( Cafius ; endemic; winged; habitat; New Zealand).

— Emberson, 1998: 35 ( Cafius ; collecting notes; Chatham Islands).

- DISTRIBUTION: New Zealand, Chatham Islands.

amblyterus Olliff, 1887, see: Philonthus .

anchora Fauvel, 1877 , see: Hesperus .

andamanensis Coiffait, 1981f: 337 ( Cafius ; Type locality: South Andaman, Ile Rutland).

- DISTRIBUTION: Andaman Islands.

areolatus Fauvel, 1877 , see: australis Redtenbacher, 1867 .

arrowi Bernhauer, 1932 , see: martini Cameron, 1927 .

australis Redtenbacher, 1867: 28 ( Ocypus ; Type locality: Sidney).

— Fauvel, 1877: 251 ( Cafius ; characters; Australia).

— Olliff, 1887: 500 ( Cafius ; characters; Australia).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 361 ( Cafius ; catalog).

— Lea, 1925: 225 ( Cafius ; characters; Australia).

— Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1369 ( Cafius ; catalog).

— C. Koch, 1936b: 178 ( Cafius ; characters in key; Australia).

- DISTRIBUTION: Australia.

areolatus Fauvel, 1877: 251 ( Cafius ; Type locality: Australie, Victoria).

— Fauvel, 1878g: 541 ( Cafius ; characters).

— Olliff, 1887: 499 ( Cafius ; characters; Australia).

— Lea, 1899: 540 ( Cafius ; Australia).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 361 ( Cafius ; catalog).

— Lea, 1925: 225 ( Cafius ; synonym of australis ).

— C. Koch, 1936b: 176, 178 ( Cafius ; synonym of australis ).

bilineatus Erichson, 1840 , see: bistriatus Erichson, 1840 .

bistriatus Erichson, 1840: 502 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: Americae septentrionalis

Insula Longa [Long-Island]).

— Fauvel, 1874: 196 [= 1874a: 422] ( Cafius ).

— Horn, 1884: 237 ( Cafius ; characters; Atlantic coast and on margin of tide-water streams).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 361 ( Cafius ; catalog).

— Notman, 1920b: 705 ( Cafius ; Florida).

— Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1369 ( Cafius ; catalog).

— Bierig, 1934a: 68 ( Cafius ; subgenus Euremus ).

— C. Koch, 1936b: 187 ( Cafius ; characters in key; New York; Massachusetts; Lesser Antilles; Jamaica; Florida).

— Blackwelder, 1943: 439 ( Cafius ; characters; Bahamas; Cuba; Jamaica; Mona Island; Puerto Rico; St. Thomas; St. John; St. Croix; St. Kitts; Antigua; Montserrat; Guadeloupe; Dominica; St. Lucia; Barbados; Grenadines; Grenada; Tobago; Trinidad). — Ramos, 1946: 33 ( Cafius ; Mona Island, West Indies). — Smetana, 1965: 32 ( Cafius ; Newfoundland). — Moore, 1975a: 140, 142 ( Cafius ; [Note: Misidentified as sulcicollis according to Orth and Moore, 1980: 195]; adult and larval characters). — Orth and Moore, 1980: 195, 199 ( Cafius ; characters; notes; California; Sonora; Baja California Norte; Baja California Sur; Long Island Sound; Chesapeake Bay). — Frank, 1985: 61 ( Cafius ; Florida). — Frank, Carlysle, and Rey, 1986: 149,158 ( Cafius ; characters; discussion of biogeography; Quebec; New Brunswick; Nova Scotia; Maine; Massachusetts; New York; New Jersey; Maryland; Virginia; Florida; Texas; Antigua; Virgin Islands; Jamaica; Venezuela; Mexico). - DISTRIBUTION: Canada, USA, Mexico, West Indies, Venezuela.

bilineatus Erichson, 1840: 503 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: Americae meridionalis ins. St. Johannis). — Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 330 ( Philonthus ; catalog). — Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1369 ( Cafius ; catalog). — Blackwelder, 1943: 438 ( Cafius ; synonym of bistriatus ). — Orth and Moore, 1980: 195 ( Cafius ; synonym of bistriatus ). — Frank, Carlysle, and Rey, 1986: 149 ( Cafius ; synonym of bistriatus ).

fulgens Frank, 1986: 153 ( Cafius ; subspecies of bistriatus ; Type locality: Mexico: Baja California Sur: Mulege. Also cited from California).

bisulcatus Solier, 1849: 314 ( Staphylinus ; Type locality: Chile). — Kraatz, 1859a: 4 ( Staphylinus ; subgenus Cafius ; notes). — Fairmaire and Germain, 1861: 432 ( Philonthus ; characters; Chile). — Fauvel, 1864a: 126 ( Philonthus ; notes; Chile). — Fauvel, 1866a: 342 [= 1866b: 93] ( Philonthus ; characters; Chile). — Redtenbacher, 1867: 29 ( Philonthus ; Chile; Australia). — Fauvel, 1874: 196 [= 1874a: 422] ( Cafius ). — Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 362 ( Cafius ; catalog). — Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1369 ( Cafius ; catalog). — C. Koch, 1936b: 183 ( Cafius ; characters in key; Chile). — Coiffait and Saiz, 1968: 362 ( Cafius ; characters; Chile). — Saiz, 1969a: 8 ( Cafius ; notes). — Saiz, 1971b: 349 ( Cafius ; notes; Chile). — Frank, 1982: 34 ( Cafius ; list of parasites). - DISTRIBUTION: Chile, Australia.

bryanti Cameron, 1943a: 343 ( Cafius ; Type locality: S. Australia: Adelaide ). - DISTRIBUTION: Australia.

canescens Mäklin, 1852: 313 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: insula Edgecombe; [Note: See lectotype designation by Orth and Moore, 1980]). — Fauvel, 1874: 196 [= 1874a: 422] ( Cafius ). — Horn, 1884: 235 ( Cafius ; characters; Pacific seacoast). — Casey, 1885a: 314 ( Bryonomus ; characters). — Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 362 ( Cafius ; catalog). — Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1369 ( Cafius ; catalog). — C. Koch, 1936b: 183 ( Cafius ; characters in key; California; Washington; Alaska). — Hatch, 1957: 211 ( Cafius ; subgenus Bryonomus ; characters; British Columbia; Washington; Oregon). — R. Dvořák, 1957a ( Cafius ; subgenus Bryonomus ; characters). — James, Moore, and Legner, 1971: 284, 287, 288 ( Cafius ; larval and pupal characters; California). — Moore, 1975a: 140 ( Cafius ; characters). — Orth, Moore, and Fisher, 1978: 185 ( Cafius ; characters; collecting notes; California).

— Orth and Moore, 1980: 185 ( Cafius ; lectotype designation; characters; British Columbia; Alaska; Washington; Oregon; California; Baja California Norte) .

— Frank, 1982: 34 ( Cafius ; list of parasites).

- DISTRIBUTION: Canada, USA, Mexico.

caribeanus Bierig, 1934a: 68 ( Cafius ; variety of corallicola ; Type locality: Plaia de Marianao).

— Blackwelder, 1943: 437 ( Cafius ; cited as valid species; characters; Cuba; Jamaica; Puerto Rico; St. Croix; Antigua; Guadeloupe; Dominica; Grenadines; Grenada).

— Orth and Moore, 1980: 197, 199 ( Cafius ; characters; Mexico; West Indies).

— Frank, 1985: 61 ( Cafius ; Florida; Venezuela).

— Frank, Carlysle, and Rey, 1986: 149 ( Cafius ; characters).

- DISTRIBUTION: Mexico, West Indies, Venezuela.

catenatus Fauvel, 1877: 256 ( Cafius ; Type locality: Australie, Nouvelle Galles du Sud).

— Fauvel, 1878g: 542 ( Cafius ; characters; Australia).

— Olliff, 1887: 506 ( Cafius ; characters; Australia).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 362 ( Cafius ; catalog).

— C. Koch, 1936b: 185 ( Cafius ; characters in key; Australia).

— Frank, 1982: 34 ( Cafius ; list of parasites).

- DISTRIBUTION: Australia.

caviceps Broun, 1886: 942 ( Cafius ; Type locality: Mokohinau Island).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 362 ( Cafius ; catalog).

— C. Koch, 1936b: 180 ( Cafius ; characters in key; New Zealand).

- DISTRIBUTION: New Zealand.

puncticeps White, 1846: 6 ( Staphylinus ; subgenus Cafius ; [Note: This name is older than caviceps ]; Type locality: New Zealand).

— Fairmaire, 1847: 91 ( Staphylinus ; translation of original description).

— Fauvel, 1874: 196 [= 1874a: 422] ( Cafius ).

— Fauvel, 1877: 254 ( Cafius ; characters; Nouvelle Zélande).

— Broun, 1880: 105 ( Xantholinus ; subgenus Cafius ; position unknown).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 363 ( Cafius ; catalog).

— Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1370 ( Cafius ; catalog).

— Steel, 1949a: 270 ( Cafius ; synonym of caviceps ; [Note: Steel cited the date of White’s description as 1874 and listed the species in Xantholinus but it was originally described in Staphylinus and later moved to Xantholinus where it was a secondary homonym]).

— Frank, 1982: 34 ( Cafius ; list of parasites).

ceylonicus Bernhauer, 1902b: 29 ( Cafius ; Type locality: Weligama).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 362 ( Cafius ; catalog).

— Cameron, 1932: 155 ( Cafius ; characters; Ceylon).

— Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1369 ( Cafius ; catalog).

- DISTRIBUTION: Sri Lanka.

cicatricosus Erichson, 1840: 454 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: Sicilia).

— Fairmaire and Laboulbène, 1856: 521 ( Philonthus ; characters; France).

— Kraatz, 1857d: 575 ( Philonthus ).

— Fauvel, 1874: 197 [= 1874a: 423] ( Cafius ; characters; France; England; Sardinia; Sicily).

— Mulsant and Rey, 1876: 567 [= 1877: 423] ( Cafius ; characters; France).

— Fowler, 1888: 281 ( Cafius ; characters; Britain).

— Ganglbauer, 1895: 462 ( Cafius ; characters; England; France; Italy; Sardinia; Sicily).

— Fauvel, 1902b: 106 ( Cafius ; Tunisia).

— Sainte-Claire Deville, 1906: 95 ( Cafius ; Corsica).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 362 ( Cafius ; catalog).

— Portevin, 1929: 355 ( Cafius ; characters; France).

— Gridelli, 1931: 123 ( Cafius ; characters in key).

— Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1369 ( Cafius ; catalog).

— C. Koch, 1936b: 181 ( Cafius ; characters in key; England; France; Spain; Italy; Corsica;

Dalmatia; Tunisia).

— Coiffait, 1974: 350 ( Cafius ; subgenus Suborthidus ; characters; Mediterranean coast; England). — Pope, 1977: 30 ( Cafius ; Britain).

— Gusarov, 1991a: 8 ( Cafius ; subgenus Platygonium ; notes).

— Ciceroni and Zanetti, 1995: 27 ( Cafius ; Italy).

- DISTRIBUTION: Britain, France, Italy, Tunisia, Russia.

sculticeps Motschulsky, 1858: 649 ( Platygonium ; Type locality: Kharov, Rus. mer.; [Note: See lectotype designation by Gusarov, 1991a]).

— Gemminger and Harold, 1868: 615 ( Platygonium ; cited as sculpticeps Motschulsky ).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1912: 273 ( Platygonium ; cited as sculpticeps ; catalog).

— Gusarov, 1991a: 8 ( Cafius ; lectotype designation: Kharov, Rus. mer.; synonym of cicatricosus ). decipiens LeConte, 1863a: 40 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: San Diego; [Note: See lectotype designation by Orth and Moore, 1980]).

— Fauvel, 1874: 196 [= 1874a: 422] ( Cafius ).

— Horn, 1884: 239 ( Cafius ; characters; California).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 362 ( Cafius ; catalog).

— Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1369 ( Cafius ; catalog).

— C. Koch, 1936b: 186 ( Cafius ; characters in key; California).

— Orth and Moore, 1980: 192 ( Cafius ; lectotype designation; characters; California;

Baja California Norte).

- DISTRIBUTION: Mexico, USA.

densiventris Fauvel, 1877 , see: nauticus Fairmaire, 1849 .

dubius LeConte, 1863 , see: opacus LeConte, 1863 .

expuncticollis C. Koch, 1936 [Note: Nomen nudum], see: quadriimpressus White, 1846 . femoralis Mäklin, 1853 , see: mutatus Gemminger and Harold, 1868 .

flicki Vauloger, 1897: 238 ( Cafius ; Type locality: iles Kerkenna , Tunisia).

— Fauvel, 1902b: 106 ( Cafius ; Tunisia).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 362 ( Cafius ; catalog).

— Gridelli, 1931: 120, 124 ( Cafius ; characters; Tunisia).

— C. Koch, 1936b: 182 ( Cafius ; characters in key; Tunisia; Tripolitania).

— Coiffait, 1974: 349 ( Cafius ; characters; Tunisia).

— Ciceroni and Zanetti, 1995: 27 ( Cafius ; Italy).

- DISTRIBUTION: Tunisia, Libya, Italy.

fonticola Erichson, 1840: 501 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: montes Sinai; mons S. Catharinae). — Fauvel, 1874: 196 [= 1874a: 422] ( Cafius ).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 362 ( Cafius ; catalog).

— Bierig, 1934a: 68 ( Cafius ; subgenus Euremus ; cited as fronticola).

— C. Koch, 1936b: 168 ( Cafius ; notes; Egypt).

— C. Koch, 1936b: 183 ( Cafius ; characters in key; Red Sea).

— Coiffait, 1974: 347 ( Cafius ; subgenus Euremus ; characters; Red Sea).

- DISTRIBUTION: Egypt.

fucicola Curtis, 1830: 322 ( Cafius ; Type locality: England: Mount Edgecombe , near Plymouth).

— Curtis, 1829: 30 ( Cafius ; nomen nudum; catalog; Britain).

— Stephens, 1833: 246 ( Cafius ; characters; England).

— Nordmann, 1837: 84 ( Philonthus ; [Note: Nordmann attributed this name to Leach who did not describe it; however Curtis described fucicola in Cafius and I assume it is this species to which Nordmann is referring]; characters; England).

— Stephens, 1839: 399 ( Cafius ; characters; England).

— Erichson, 1840: 454 ( Philonthus ; characters; England).

— Hardy, 1851: 28 ( Philonthus ; notes; England).

— Kraatz, 1857d: 575 ( Philonthus ).

— Fauvel, 1874: 197 [= 1874a: 423] ( Cafius ; characters; France; England).

— Fowler, 1888: 282 ( Cafius ; characters; Britain).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 362 ( Cafius ; catalog).

— Portevin, 1929: 354 ( Cafius ; characters; France).

— Gridelli, 1931: 124 ( Cafius ; characters in key).

— Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1369 ( Cafius ; catalog).

— C. Koch, 1936b: 182 ( Cafius ; characters in key; England; France).

— Coiffait, 1974: 348 ( Cafius ; characters; France; England).

— Pope, 1977: 30 ( Cafius ; Britain).

- DISTRIBUTION: Britain, France.

fulgens Frank, 1986 , see: bistriatus Erichson, 1840 .

gigas Lea, 1929: 204 ( Cafius ; Type locality: Lord Howe Island: Mount Ledgbird).

— Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1369 ( Cafius ; catalog).

- DISTRIBUTION: Lord Howe Island.

heroopoliticus C. Koch, 1936 , see: xantholoma Gravenhorst, 1806 .

histrio Sharp, 1874: 37 ( Philonthus ; subgenus Cafius ; Type locality: Amakusa and Iwosima). — Fauvel, 1874: 196 [= 1874a: 422] ( Cafius ).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 362 ( Cafius ; catalog).

— Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1369 ( Cafius ; catalog).

— C. Koch, 1936b: 191 ( Cafius ; characters in key; Hong Kong; Korea).

— Watanabe, 1961: 354 ( Cafius ; Izu Islands).

— Watanabe and Shibata, 1972: 64 ( Cafius ; Yaku-shima Island).

- DISTRIBUTION: Japan, Korea, Hong Kong.

horni Bernhauer, 1902 , see: Phucobius .

johnsoni Fall, 1916 , see: Philonthus .

keysianus Donisthorpe, 1930 [Note: Nomen nudum], see: xantholoma Gravenhorst, 1806 .

laetabilis Olliff, 1887 , see: Philonthus .

laeus Olliff, 1887, see: Philonthus .

lateralis Stephens, 1833 , see: xantholoma Gravenhorst, 1806 .

lithocharinus LeConte, 1863a: 38 ( Philonthus ; Type locality: San Diego , California).

— Horn, 1884: 236 ( Cafius ; characters; California sea-coast).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 362 ( Cafius ; catalog).

— Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1370 ( Cafius ; catalog).

— Bierig, 1934a: 68 ( Cafius ; subgenus Euremus ).

— C. Koch, 1936b: 189 ( Cafius ; characters in key; California).

— Hatch, 1957: 210 ( Cafius ; subgenus Pseudoremus ; characters; Washington).

— Leech and Moore, 1971 ( Cafius ; flight records; notes; California).

— James, Moore, and Legner, 1971: 283, 287, 288 ( Cafius ; larval and pupal characters; California). — Moore, 1975a: 140 ( Cafius ; characters).

— Orth, Moore, and Fisher, 1978: 186 ( Cafius ; characters; collecting notes; California).

— Moore and Andrews, 1985: 221 ( Cafius ; notes; Baja California Sur).

- DISTRIBUTION: Mexico, USA.

littoralis Stephens, 1833 , see: xantholoma Gravenhorst, 1806 .

littoralis Fauvel, 1877 , see: pacificus Erichson, 1840 .

litoreus Broun, 1880: 108 ( Staphylinus ; [preoccupied by littoreus Linné, 1758 (Article 58.7)]; Type locality: Tairua).

— Broun, 1886: 942 ( Cafius ).

— Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 362 ( Cafius ; catalog).

— C. Koch, 1936b: 178 ( Cafius ; characters in key; New Zealand).

— Klimaszewski and Watt, 1997: 171 ( Cafius ; characters; collecting notes; New Zealand).

— Herman, 2001: 43 ( Cafius ; although a junior primary homonym, prevailing use as valid maintained pending outcome of application to Commission under Article 23.9.5).

- DISTRIBUTION: New Zealand.