Philornis sp.

Tagalis evavilmae Gil-Santana, Pinto Gouveia & Zeraik, 2010 View in CoL

[ ARGENTINA: Buenos Aires: Ea. La Candelaria]: ( Dudaniec & Kleindorfer 2006, following Fraga 1984).

Psarocolius sp.

HEMIPTERA : Reduviidae

BRAZIL: Amazonas: Manaus, Marchantaria (3º 14’ 01” S, 59º 58’ 10” W), III-VI-2002, F.B.P. Gouveia & L.S. Aquino leg., 1 male Holotype [ INPA], in nest; Xiborena (3º 12’ 22” S, 59º 56’ 48” W), III-VI-2002, F.B.P. Gouveia & L.S. Aquino leg., 1 male Paratype, 1 last nymph, in nest; Paracuúba (3º 13’ 05” S, 59º 59’ 17” W), III- VI-2002, F.B.P. Gouveia & L.S. Aquino leg., 1 female Paratype, in nest ( Gil-Santana et al. 2010) GoogleMaps .

Psarocolius viridis (Statius Muller, 1776)

= Ostinops viridis: Barrera & Díaz-Ungría 1957: 180 .

= Xanthomus viridis: Johnson 1957 ; Machado-Allison 1963.

COLEOPTERA : Staphylinidae View in CoL

Note: Scheerpeltz (1960) mentions 22 specimens of 9 species of small Staphylinidae collected from the hanging nests of P. viridis , but the new taxa described in 1967 totalize 21 exx. of 9 species.

Atheta (Atheta) venezuelica Scheerpeltz, 1967 View in CoL

VENEZUELA: Carret , Chorosú, 1400 m, 18-VI-1953, E. Vogelsang leg., 1 male Holotype [ NHMW], 1 female Allotype [ NHMW], 2 males Paratypes [ NHMW], 1 male Paratype [coll. Vogelsang], 1 female Paratype [coll. Vogelsang], “Aus Nest” ( Scheerpeltz 1967) .

Atheta (Atheta) xanthorni Scheerpeltz, 1967 View in CoL

VENEZUELA: Carret , Chorosú, 1400 m, 18-VI-1953, E. Vogelsang leg., 1 female Holotype [ NHMW], “Aus Nest” ( Scheerpeltz 1967).

Coproporus caeruleomicans Scheerpeltz, 1967 View in CoL

VENEZUELA: Carret , Chorosú, 1400 m, 18-VI-1953, E. Vogelsang leg., 1 female Holotype [ NHMW], “Aus Nest” ( Scheerpeltz 1967).

Diestota amplicornis Scheerpeltz, 1967 View in CoL

VENEZUELA: Carret , Chorosú, 1400 m, 18-VI-1953, E. Vogelsang leg., 1 male Holotype [ NHMW], “Aus Nest” ( Scheerpeltz 1967).

Diestota biimpressa Scheerpeltz, 1967 View in CoL

VENEZUELA: Carret , Chorosú, 1400 m, 18-VI-1953, E. Vogelsang leg., 1 female Holotype [ NHMW], “Aus Nest” ( Scheerpeltz 1967).

Euvira gilvicollis Scheerpeltz, 1967 View in CoL

VENEZUELA: Carret , Chorosú, 1400 m, 18-VI-1953, E. Vogelsang leg., 1 female Holotype [ NHMW], “Aus Nest” ( Scheerpeltz 1967).

Euvira martinii Scheerpeltz, 1967 View in CoL

VENEZUELA: Carret , Chorosú, 1400 m, 18-VI-1953, E. Vogelsang leg., 1 male Holotype [ NHMW], 1 female Allotype [ NHMW], 1 male Paratype [ NHMW], 1 female Paratype [ NHMW], 3 males Paratypes [coll. Vogelsang], 1 female Paratype [coll. Vogelsang], “Aus Nest” ( Scheerpeltz 1967) .

Gnathymenus vogelsangi ( Scheerpeltz, 1967) View in CoL

= Xanthornobium vogelsangi Scheerpeltz, 1967: 240-242 View in CoL [descr.; distr.]

= Xanthornobium: Paulian 1988: 548 View in CoL [distr.; biol.]

VENEZUELA: Carret, Chorosú, 1400 m, 18-VI-1953, E. Vogelsang leg., 1 male Holotype [ NHMW], “Aus Nest” ( Scheerpeltz 1967); “chez un Toucan du Vénézuéla” ( Paulian 1988).

Note: The original citation was not given by Paulian (1988), who erroneously gives this insect as related to a toucan [Rhampastidae].

Oligota ruficauda Scheerpeltz, 1967 View in CoL

VENEZUELA: Carret , Chorosú, 1400 m, 18-VI-1953, E. Vogelsang leg., 1 male Holotype [ NHMW], “Aus Nest” ( Scheerpeltz 1967).

Dasypsyllus (Dasypsyllus) gallinulae (Dale, 1878)

VENEZUELA: “Carret Chorpú,” [=Carret, Chorosú], 3 males, 1 female ( Johnson 1957); Aragua: Rancho Grande, 2 males, 1 female, ex nest ( Johnson 1957); [locality not stated] ( Barrera & Díaz-Ungría 1957); Rancho Grande, from nest ( Machado-Allison 1963, following Johnson 1957).

Psarocolius wagleri (Gray, 1845)

= “Oropendolas”: Meyer-Rochow 2000: 26.

Quiscalus niger (Boddaert, 1783)

[ PANAMA]: parasitism by the giant cowbird ( Scaphidura oryzivora ) actually advantageous in Oropendolas spp. because the young cowbirds remove botfly larvae (from the genus Philornis ) from the host’s young, thus reducing their mortality ( Meyer-Rochow 2000, following Smith 1968).

Philornis pici ( Macquart, 1853) View in CoL

PUERTO RICO: Roosevelt Roads, 3 parasitized (7 %) of 43 examined nestlings ( Snyder et al. 1987).

MIMIDAE

Margarops fuscatus (Vieillot, 1808)

Mimus gilvus (Vieillot, 1807)

= Philornis angustifrons : Rivera Irizarry 1990.

= Philornis deceptivus: Arendt 1985b ; Couri 1985; Young 1993; Teixeira 1999; Dudaniec & Kleindorfer 2006; Luz et al. 2010.

= Philornis pici: Couri 1985 View in CoL ; LaRue 1987; Snyder et al. 1987; Teixeira 1999.

= Philornis spp. : Gottdenker et al. 2008: 1029 [biol.; ref.]

PUERTO RICO: Luquillo Forest, 229 parasitized (79 %) of 289 examined nestlings; Roosevelt Roads, 24 parasitized (89 %) of 27 examined nestlings; Ciales and Utuado, 1 parasitized (17 %) of 6 examined nestlings ( Snyder et al. 1987); 1979-1982, January total of 69 larvae (mean 23.0 parasites per bird, range 19-26) in 100 % of 3 sampled nestlings; February total of 432 larvae (mean 20.6 parasites per bird, range 0-49) in 80 % of 25 sampled nestlings; March, total of 1086 larvae (mean 25.3 parasites per bird, range 0-73) in 81 % of 43 sampled nestlings; April, total of 4215 larvae (mean 40.9 parasites per bird, range 0-220) in 96 % of 97 sampled nestlings; May, total of 4720 larvae (mean 45.4 parasites per bird, range 6-131) in 100 % of 115 sampled nestlings; June, total of 6294 larvae (mean 61.7 parasites per bird, range 3-169) in 100 % of 95 sampled nestlings; July, total of 2946 larvae (mean 42.1 parasites per bird, range 5-135) in 100% of 70 sampled nestlings; 96% of a total of 448 nestlings harbored larvae, and 31% of adult birds harbored the larvae ( Torres 1994, following Arendt 1985a); 60 % botfly ectoparasitism on first hatched nestlings (n = 938); 50 % botfly ectoparasitism on second hatched nestlings (n = 978); 65 % botfly ectoparasitism on third hatched nestlings (n = 860); 53 % botfly ectoparasitism on fourth hatched nestlings (n = 84); philornid ectoparasitism by far the major source of nestling mortality in rain-forest population (see also Arendt 1985a, 1985 b, 2000); mortality by philornid botflies much higher than all other causes of mortality, which, when combined, accounted for only about 3 percent; younger siblings succumbed more often to philornid ectoparasitism than did first-hatched nestlings; only about 20 % of first-hatched nestlings succumbed to botfly ectoparasitism; more nestlings in the remaining three positions in the hatching sequence died as a result of botfly ectoparasitism than the number of nestlings that fledged; no adult thrasher mortality attributed to ectoparasitism for the first 13 years of this study (1979–92); an adult female thrasher observed dying, apparently from a heavy infestation of botflies during the 1992 breeding season; her wings were heavy laden with larvae, unable to lift them or keep her balance, and died floundering about on the forest floor (R. Díaz 1992, pers. comm.) ( Arendt 2006); 75 % mortality attributed to parasitism ( Gottdenker et al. 2008, following Arendt 1985); ( Luz et al. 2010, following Teixeira 1999).

Philornis deceptivus (Dodge e Aitken, 1968)

[ TRINIDAD] ( Luz et al. 2010, following Teixeira 1999).

Mimus melanotis (Gould, 1837)

Philornis downsi Dodge & Aitken, 1968 View in CoL

ECUADOR: Galápagos Islands ( Wiedenfeld & Jímenez-Uzcátegui 2008, following Wiedenfeld et al. 2007).

Mimus polyglottos orpheus (Linnaeus, 1758)

= Mimus orpheus: Johnson 1919 .

= Mimus polyglottos: Ventura 1965 .

DIPTERA : Muscidae View in CoL

Philornis spermophila ( Towsend, 1895)

JAMAICA: Duncans, larvae also noticed in nightingale ( Johnson 1919, following Towsend 1895).

Mimus saturninus frater Hellmayr, 1925

JAMAICA: St. Catherine, Caymanas Estates, nest located 40 feet above the ground in a mango tree, and contained three nestlings about 2 weeks old; one nestling accidentally killed when the nest was being collected; suspension made of Philornis maggots taken from the nestlings, inoculated into mice, produced no virus ( Ventura 1965).

= Mimus saturninus: Espinola 1985 .

HEMIPTERA View in CoL : Reduviidae View in CoL

Psammolestes tertius Lent & Jurberg, 1965

[ BRAZIL] ( Espinola 1985).

Mimus saturninus [modulator (Gould, 1836)]

Philornis torquans Nielsen, 1913 View in CoL

= larvas de moscas: De la Peña 2005.

[ ARGENTINA: Santa Fe]: one to seven larvae per nestling ( De la Peña 2005); 31º 23’ 08’’ S, 60º 55’ 00’’ W, IX- 2006 to III-2007 and IX-2007 to III-2008, 12.5 % infested from 8 examined nestlings in 20.0 % infested from 5 examined nests; maximal intensity 10 larvae /nestling ( Antoniazzi et al. 2010).

Note: Apparently specimens reared from M. saturninus were not sent to M. Couri for identification. Because P. torquans and P. seguyi are present in the area ( Couri et al. 2009), identification of P. torquans given by Antoniazzi et al. (2010) needs a further corroboration.

Mimus trifasciatus (Gould, 1837)

ARGENTINA: Buenos Aires: north of the province, X to XII-1999, 50 % infested of a total of 39 nests with nestlings ( Rabuffetti & Reboreda 2000); [Ea. La Candelaria]: ( Dudaniec & Kleindorfer 2006, following Fraga 1984).

Philornis downsi Dodge & Aitken, 1968 View in CoL

ECUADOR: Galápagos Islands ( Wiedenfeld & Jímenez-Uzcátegui 2008, following Wiedenfeld et al. 2007).

Mimus triurus (Vieillot, 1818)

Odontophorus guttatus (Gould, 1838)

ARGENTINA: Mendoza: Reserva de la Biosfera Ñacuñán (34º 02’ S, 67º 58’ W), parasitism by larvae of flies ( Mezquida 2000) GoogleMaps .

ODONTOPHORIDAE

Opisthocomus hoazin (Statius Muller, 1776)

COSTA RICA: Puntarenas: 14 mi NE Potrero Grande, Finca Helechales , 28-VI-1965, 12 larvae ( Arnold 1970) .

OPISTHOCOMIDAE

SIPHONAPTERA

Rhopalopsyllidae

* Polygenis (Polygenis) dendrobius ( Wagner, 1939) View in CoL

BOLIVIA ( Macchiavello 1948, following Wagner 1939): Santa Cruz: 1 female Holotype ( Johnson 1957). Stephanocircidae

* Nonnapsylla rothschildi rothschildi Wagner, 1938

BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz: Río Japacani ( Macchiavello 1948), XII-1936, 4 females type series ( Johnson 1957); nominate form described from a single female, there is little doubt that this is not the preferred host ( Lewis 1974).

PASSERIDAE

Passer domesticus Linnaeus, 1758

Acanthocrios furnarii ( Cordero & Vogelsang, 1928) View in CoL

Cimicidae

=? Cimex passerinus Cordero et Vogelsang, 1928 : Pinto 1930: 274 [distr.; host], 277 [distr.; host]

= Cimex passerinus: Kasianoff 1937a: 99 [host (table)], 102 [distr.; host]; Kasianoff 1937c: 316 [morphol.; distr.]; Kasianoff 1937d: 403 [syst.], 405 [ref.]

= Cimex passerinus Cord. y Vog. : Ruffinelli & Carbonell 1954: 15 [host]

= Caminicimex furnarii: Bentancourt et al. 2009: 285 View in CoL [hosts]

= Caminicimex furnarii (Cordero y Vogelsang) View in CoL : Aramburú & Calvo 2009: 3-6 [distr.; host]

ARGENTINA: north of Argentina, in nests (Aramburú & Calvo 2009, following Wygodzinsky 1951, Ronderos 1961, Usinger, 1966).

URUGUAY: parasite of bird ( Pinto 1930); “sur un moineau” ( Kasianoff 1937a); “lives in the nests” ( Ruffinelli & Carbonell 1954); ( Bentancourt et al. 2009).

Note: For Ruffinelli & Carbonell (1954) and Bentancourt et al. (2009), this species lives in the nests of P. domesticus , but a single specimen from one bird captured with mist nests was known at the date ( Cordero & Vogelsang 1928), not from a nest.

Pelecanus occidentalis Linnaeus, 1766

Triatoma sordida [ sordida (Stål, 1859) ]

BRAZIL: São Paulo: Sertaozinho County, Fazenda Vila Maria, 857 nymphs and 151 adults collected in the roof of a “seat farm house,” and 14 nymphs and 5 adults collected in the roofs of “Houses nº 17 and 22”; “colonization of Triatoma sordida was formed in the roofs of dwellings where a great quantity of sparrows ( Passer domesticus ) [were] nesting” ( Forattini 1971a); São Paulo, “carrying first instar nymphs … in their feathers” ( Smith 1972).

Note 1: Eighty-one birds (sparrows) from the “Houses nº 17 and 22,” all negative, and 200 birds (sparrows) were examined in the “seat farm house.” Two of these latter birds had first and second nymphs between the feathers, suggesting a passive transportation during a short flight between the houses ( Forattini 1971a). For Smith (1972), “these nymphs can be picked up easily from around nests and carried from house to house.”

Note 2: A second record of a Triatominae found on a bird was mentioned by Lent (1935), following Días da Rocha (1923), when he comments that 2 nymphs of Rhodnius nasutus Stål, 1859 were found “entre as pennas de um perú [ Meleagris gallopavo , Aves: Phasianidae ] ainda frango, que apresentava, no emtanto, bôa saúde” [ BRAZIL: Ceará: Maranguapé].

PELECANIDAE

Ceratophyllus (Ceratophyllus) pelecani Augustson, 1942 View in CoL

MEXICO: Baja California: Los Coronado Islands, IX-1937, 7 males, 3 females ( Hubbard 1947, following Augustson 1942), 28-IX-1937, L.W. Walker leg., 1 female Holotype, 1 male Allotype, # 11 S.D.Zoo, # 1937-83 [ LACM] ( Lewis & Galloway 2001, following Augustson 1942).

Note: A further record on a rodent was added by Hubbard (1947).

PHALACROCORACIDAE

Phalacrocorax brasilianus (Gmelin, 1789)

= Phalacrocorax olivaceus olivaceus (Humboldt) : Hastriter 2001.

= Phalacrocorax olivaceus: Lewis & Lewis 1985 View in CoL .

SIPHONAPTERA : Ceratophyllidae View in CoL

Ceratophyllus (Ceratophyllus) altus Tipton & Mendez, 1966 View in CoL

= Ceratophyllus titicacensis Smit, 1978 View in CoL : Lewis & Lewis 1985 [distr.; host]; Hastriter 2001: 583 [syn.; distr.; hosts] PERU: Lake Titicaca, Capachica Peninsula, near Taman, nest of tropical cormorant ( Lewis & Lewis 1985), 15º 38’ S, 69º 50’ W, 3850 m, 21-XI-1937, G.O. Crawford leg., 6 males Paratypes, 6 females Paratypes [BMNH] ( Hastriter 2001).

PHASIANIDAE View in CoL

Gallus gallus (Linnaeus, 1758)

SIPHONAPTERA : Pulicidae

Echidnophaga gallinacea (Westwood, 1875)

MEXICO: Puebla: Petlalcingo , 19-XII-1960, L. Ancona, 6 males [ IDRE], 4 females [ IDRE], det. M.W. Hastriter 2004 ( Salceda-Sánchez & Hastriter 2006) .

Psammolestes coreodes Bergroth, 1911

BRAZIL: Mato Grosso do Sul: Município de Miranda , Chácara das Piuvas, 2006, 1 male, # RGT 1682 [ LESP], in chicken house ( Almeida et al. 2009) .

Note: According to Almeida et al. (2009), this is the first record of P. coreodes in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. This species was previously recorded in the same state (see note below Phacellodomus rufifrons sincipitalis ,

Furnariidae ), although this is the first time that it hs been recorded in a chicken house, as was stated by Gurgel- Gonçalves (2010).

Triatoma guasayana Wygodzinsky & Abalos, 1949

ARGENTINA: Santiago del Estero: [locality not stated], 3 males, in chicken houses ( Panzera et al. 1997).

Triatoma infestans Klug in Meigen, 1834

ARGENTINA: San Luis: Dto. Capital, 345 exx. (177 adults) in 86% infested chicken houses from 7 houses in 5 localities; Dto. Belgrano, 155 exx. (47 adults) in 66% infested chicken houses from 3 houses in 2 localities; Dto. Junín, 345 exx. (177 adults) in 95% infested chicken houses from 11 houses in 3 localities ( Crocco et al. 2010).

Triatoma patagonica Del Ponte, 1929

ARGENTINA: Santa Fe: [locality not stated], in chicken houses, 6 males, 2 females (first generation), 2 males, 4 females (second generation) [colony of laboratory] ( Panzera et al. 1997); San Luis ( Rodríguez et al. 2010).

Note: Rodríguez et al. (2010) state that antennal phenotypes were studied from two samples, one from insects in chickenhouses and the other from a laboratory colony (7th generation). In the following paragraph, it is stated that 12 males and 12 females from peridomicily (San Luis province) and 11 males and 11 females from the laboratory colony (original colony from Santa Fe province) were used. If the original colony from Santa Fe is the same of Panzera et al. (1997), the two samples used by Rodríguez et al. (2010) were provenient from chicken houses.

Phasianus colchicus Linnaeus, 1758

= “Faisão”: Linardi & Guimarães 2000.

SIPHONAPTERA : Tungidae

Hectopsylla psittaci Frauenfeld, 1860

BRAZIL: brazilian record ( Linardi & Guimarães 2000).

Note: Original citation was not found.

PICIDAE

Colaptes campestroides (Malherbe, 1849)

= Colaptes agricola (Malh) [sic]: Wolffhügel 1910a: 370 [distr.; host]; Wolffhügel 1910b: 68 [host]; Wolffhügel 1911: 11 [host]; Wolffhügel 1912: 28 [host]

= Colaptes agricola (pica-pau campestre): Pinto 1930: 370 [hosts]

= Soroplex campestroides : Costa Lima & Hathaway 1946: 133 [host]

= Picidae View in CoL : Riet 1941: 505 [hosts]

SIPHONAPTERA : Tungidae View in CoL

Hectopsylla psitacii Fraunfeld, 1860

ARGENTINA: Buenos Aires: Coronel Suarez, foot of the Sierra de la Ventana, 24-XII-1905, 9 females, in the inferior angle of the beak of a first young bird, 1 female, on a second young bird [+ two other birds without fleas] ( Wolffhügel 1910a); ( Wolffhügel 1910b 1911); [apparently from Sierra de la Ventana], XII-1909 ( Wolffhügel 1912); Argentina ( Pinto 1930); ( Del Ponte & Riesel 1939); ( Riet 1941, following Wolffhügel); ( Costa Lima & Hathaway 1946); ( Johnson 1957, following Del Ponte & Riesel 1939); ( Capri & Capri 1959); ( Autino & Lareschi 1998).

Note: After all bird hosts of H. psitacii, Del Ponte & Riesel (1939) add “ Promops perotis de la provincia de Tucumán,” and this province is erroneously attributed to all hosts by Johnson (1957).

Colaptes rubiginosus (Swainson, 1820)

= Piculus rubiginosus: Dodge 1971: 458 View in CoL [host; ref.]

DIPTERA : Muscidae View in CoL

Philornis angustifrons (Loew, 1861)

[ TRINIDAD]: on adult bird ( Dodge 1971, following Dodge & Aitken 1968).

Colaptes rupicola Orbigny, 1840

Dasypsyllus (Neornipsyllus) stejnegeri (Jordan, 1929)

PERU: Recuay Province: 19 km W Recuay [9º 44’ 6’’ S, 77º 30’ 3’’ W], 29-III-2000, Hastriter Team leg., 3 females [ MWHC], ex “soil from nest cavity” in earth bank; highway 109 between Chiquian junction and Pavilotica [10º 9’ 36’’ S, 77º 19’ 43’’ W], 1-IV-2000, M.W. Hastriter & R. Soto leg., 1 male [ MWHC], from nest cavity in vertical road cut ( Hastriter et al. 2002; Hastriter & Schlatter 2006).

Remarks: According to Hastriter et al. (2002), “the adult host bird was seen exiting the earth nest cavity (opening: 18 cm diameter, depth: 60 cm) on several occasions. Five hatchlings were present and fleas were not noted on them. Aproximately one liter of dry, course sand was removed from the earthen nest cavity. Each of the three female fleas was rather inactive, failing to crawl or jump when probed. In comparison, the single male removed from the nest cavity in the road cut along highway 190 was collected from very fine moist soil. It should be noted that the localities of the two collection sites (within the same province) were separated by more than 70 km.”

Melanerpes striatus (Müller, 1776)

= Picus striatus Gmelin : Macquart, 1853; Blanchard 1896; Ribeiro 1901; Luz et al. 2010.

= Chryserpes striatus: Van Tyne 1929: 36 [host]

DIPTERA : Muscidae View in CoL

Philornis pici ( Macquart, 1853) View in CoL

= Aricia pici Macquart, 1853: 657-660 [descr.; distr.; biol.], plate 20, Nº II [figs.]

= Mydaea pici Macq. : Ribeiro 1901.

SANTO DOMINGO: “ville de Santo Domingo ” [type locality], 15-III-1851, Auguste Sallé leg., one larva “sur la membrane de l’aile droite,” pupated 18[- III-1851], adult emerged “au matin” 28[- III-1851] ( Macquart 1853); ( Blanchard 1896, following Macquart 1853); ( Ribeiro 1901, following Macquart 1853); ( Van Tyne 1929); ( Dodge 1971, following Macquart 1853); ( Luz et al. 2010, following Macquart 1853, Couri 1999).

Note: Pupal stage of 10 days.

HISPANIOLA: Hidalgo, 3 parasitized (100 %) of 3 examined nestlings; Samaná, 3 parasitized (50 %) of 6 examined nestlings ( Snyder et al. 1987). ( Snyder et al. 1987).

Undetermined sp.

[woodpecker holes, woodpecker nests]

Ceratophyllus (Ceratophyllus) altus Tipton & Mendez, 1966 View in CoL

MEXICO: Chiapas: 6 mi E of San Cristobal de las Casas , ± 7000 ft, 15-V-1969, J.E.H. Martin leg., 6 males, 7 females, from “woodpecker holes” ( Holland 1971) ; 9 km E San Cristobal de las Casas , 15-V-1969, J.E.H. Martin leg., 4 males, 4 females [ CNCI], from “woodpecker holes” ( Hastriter 2001) .

POLIOPTILIDAE

Polioptila dumicola [ dumicola (Vieillot, 1817) ]

Philornis torquans ( Nielsen, 1913) View in CoL

[ ARGENTINA: Buenos Aires: Ea. La Candelaria]: ( Antoniazzi et al. 2006, following Fraga 1984); ( Dudaniec & Kleindorfer 2006, following Fraga 1984).

ARGENTINA: Santa Fe: Reserva de la Escuela de Agricultura, Ganadería y Granja (31º 23’ S, 60º 55’ W) GoogleMaps , I-2008, Antoniazzi leg., 2 adults [ MNRJ], # SF00059 View Materials c, reared from larvae, 1 adult [ MNRJ], # SF00060 View Materials c, reared from larva, 1 adult [ MNRJ], # SF00060 View Materials c, reared from larva, early II-2008, Antoniazzi leg., 6 adults [ MNRJ], # SF00065 View Materials , reared from pupae found in a nest ( Couri et al. 2009) ; 31º 23’ 08’’ S, 60º 55’ 00’’ W, IX-2006 to III-2007 and IX-2007 to

III-2008, 10.7 % infested from 28 examined nestlings in 9.1 % infested from 11 examined nests; maximal intensity 7 larvae /nestling ( Antoniazzi et al. 2010).

PROCELLARIIDAE

Puffinus lherminieri subalaris Ridgway, 1897

= Puffinus: Lewis 1973 View in CoL [distr.; host]

SIPHONAPTERA : Rhopalopsyllidae View in CoL

Parapsyllus cedei Smit, 1970 View in CoL

ECUADOR: Galapagos Islands: Isla Santa Cruz, 13-II-1964, D.W. Snow leg., 1 male Holotype [ BMNH], 1 female Allotype [ BMNH], 4 males Paratypes, 2 females Paratypes, from nests; Plaza (islet just to the east of Isla Santa Cruz), 6-I-1966, 1 male Paratype, 24-I-1966, 1 male Paratype, 25-I-1966, 1 female Paratype, 28-VII-1966, 1 male Paratype, 31-VII-1966, 2 males Paratypes, 3 females Paratypes ( Smit 1970); collected on [this bird] ( Lewis 1973).

PSITTACIDAE

Amazona aestiva (Linnaeus, 1758)

COLEOPTERA

BRAZIL: Mato Grosso do Sul: Pantanal de Miranda , August and November 2005 to 2008, 45.0 % of the fauna found in nests ( Martinez et al. 2010) .

DIPTERA

Muscidae

BRAZIL: Mato Grosso do Sul: Refúgio Ecológico Caiman (19º 51’ to 19º 58’ S, 56º 17’ to 56º 24’ W), 1997-1999, two nestlings (2.3%) with more than 25 bot fly larvae died from a total of 86 nestlings in 44 nests [38 nestlings from 17 nests in 1997, 30 from 18 nests in 1998, and 18 from 9 nests in 1999]; bot fly larvae infestation negatively affected the growth of wild nestlings [residual = 31.06–14.01 number of bot fly larvae, F 1–13 = 6.61, P = 0.02, r 2 = 0.34] ( Fernandes Seixas & Mourão 2003).

Undetermined family

Undetermined sp.

BRAZIL: Mato Grosso do Sul: Pantanal de Miranda , August and November 2005 to 2008, 36.6 % of the fauna found in nests ( Martinez et al. 2010) .

BRAZIL: Mato Grosso do Sul: Pantanal de Miranda , August and November2005 to 2008, 5.0 % of the fauna found in nests ( Martinez et al. 2010) .

HYMENOPTERA

BRAZIL: Mato Grosso do Sul: Pantanal de Miranda , August and November2005 to 2008, 15.0 % of the fauna found in nests ( Martinez et al. 2010) .

ORHTOPTERA

BRAZIL: Mato Grosso do Sul: Pantanal de Miranda , August and November2005 to 2008, 11.5 % of the fauna found in nests ( Martinez et al. 2010) .

PSOCOPTERA

BRAZIL: Mato Grosso do Sul: Pantanal de Miranda , August and November2005 to 2008, 5.0 % of the fauna found in nests ( Martinez et al. 2010) .

COLLEMBOLA

BRAZIL: Mato Grosso do Sul: Pantanal de Miranda , August and November2005 to 2008, 3.3 % of the fauna found in nests ( Martinez et al. 2010) .

ISOPTERA

BRAZIL: Mato Grosso do Sul: Pantanal de Miranda , August and November2005 to 2008, 1.6 % of the fauna found in nests ( Martinez et al. 2010) .

Amazona aestiva [xanthopteryx (Berlepsch, 1896)]

+ Aratinga acuticaudata (Vieillot, 1818)

Triatoma infestans infestans Klug in Meigen, 1834

ARGENTINA: Chaco: Reserva Natural Provincial Loro Hablador, II-2006, Berkunsky leg., 2 adults inside nests, 2 nymphs IV captured with adhesive traps inside tree hollows “algunos de los cuales tenían o habían tenido nidos de aves” ( Gürtler 2007); wild “dark morph” found inside the trunks of emergent trees, in hollows occupied by bluefronted parrots ( Noireau 2009).

Note 1: One nymph IV moults to adult after 7 months, resulting similar to the dark morph of T. infestans infestans from Bolivia ( Gürtler 2007).

Note 2: Giai (1950) makes an interesting comment about the local inhabitants of Tostado ( Argentina: Santa Fe), able to distinguish the nests with eggs from the nests with larger nestlings, because some small flies can be seen around this last nests, “atracted without doubt by the deyections.”

Amazona aestiva [xanthopteryx (Berlepsch, 1896)]

Amazona amazonica (Linnaeus, 1766)

Triatoma infestans infestans Klug in Meigen, 1834

ARGENTINA: Chaco: General Güemes Department, 40 km S Fuerte Esperanza (25°30’ S, 61°50’ W), a total of 3 nymph IV, 4 nymphs V, 7 adults in 4 (22 %) positive of 18 trees that recently had parrot nests and were treated with insecticide fumigant canisters, including 3 trees with an A. aestiva nest and 1 tree with an A. acuticaudata nest [XII- 2006, in 2 (25 %) of 8 trees with parrot nests inspected with fumigant canisters, I-2007, in 2 (20 %) of 10 trees with parrot nests inspected with fumigant canisters] ( Ceballos et al. 2009); 40 km from Fuerte Esperanza ( Petherick 2010).

Philornis falsificus Dodge & Aitken, 1968

[ TRINIDAD]: already recorded as a parasite ( Leite et al. 2009 [following Dodge & Aitken 1968, Teixeira 1999]).

Amazona leucocephala (Linnaeus, 1758)

[ DIPTERA : Muscidae ]

Amazona pretrei Temminck, 1830

CUBA: warble parasitism recently reported ( Snyder et al. 1987, following Garrido 1980).

[ HYMENOPTERA : Apoidea]

[Undetermined sp.]

BRAZIL: Mato Grosso do Sul: nests occupied by bees during the amazon’s breeding season ( Prestes et al. 1997).

Amazona sp.

Philornis falsificus Dodge & Aitken, 1968

= “ Neomusca falsificus (Philornis) ”: Aitken 1973: 17 [distr.; host]

TRINIDAD: Bush Bush Forest Nature Reserve, larvae subcutaneous [ex nestling] and extracutaneous, R. Dodge identificatin ( Aitken 1973).

Amazona ventralis (Müller, 1776)

[ DIPTERA : Muscidae ]

Amazona vittata (Boddaert, 1783)

HISPANIOLA: one parasitized nestling among 375 chicks ( Snyder et al. 1987).

[ DIPTERA : Muscidae ]

Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus (Latham, 1790)

= Philornis deceptivus: Little 2008 ; Luz et al. 2010.

= Philornis pici: Snyder et al. 1987 View in CoL [distr. hosts]

= Philornis spp. : Torres 1994.

= Philornis sp. : Anonymous 2006.

PUERTO RICO: Luquillo Forest, 1974, 6 maggots (probably single infestation) on head of nestling # 1 (just before fledging) in 1 infested (South Fork) from a total of 2 examined nests; 1975,> 100 maggots of various sizes (multiple infestation) removed from nestling # 1 (midnestling stage), larvae scattered over body (probably multiple infestation) in nestling # 2 (midnestling stage) in 1 infested (East Fork # 2) of 4 examined nests; 1977, 6 maggotts (1 on right side of crop, 4 on right thigh, 1 on back) in nestling # 1 (first week), 4 maggots (1 on right shoulder, 2 on right lower back, 1 on left thigh) in nestling # 2 (first week), 5 maggots (2 under right wing, 2 on left thigh, 1 on right shoulder) in nestling # 3 (first week) in one nest (South Fork); 118 maggots (43 on right leg and thigh, 29 on left leg and thigh, 19 on abdomen, 12 on right wing, 5 on left wing, 2 on neck, 5 on cheek, 3 on rump) in nestling # 1 (withing 2 weeks of fledging), 61 maggots (13 on left leg and thigh, 17 on right leg and thigh, 9 on abdomen, 3 on foreneck, 9 on the chest, 1 adjacent to left eye, 5 on right wing, 5 on left wing) in nestling # 2 (within 2 weeks of fledging) in nest East Fork # 1, from 2 infested of a total of 3 examined nests; 1978, 4 maggots (2 on back, 2 on right thigh) (first week stage) + 1 maggot (right wing) three weeks before fledging in nestling # 1, 3 maggots (1 on right leg, 2 on right thigh) (first week stage) + 1 maggot (right wing) three weeks before fledging in nestling # 2, 6 maggots (3 on thighs, 1 on back, 1 on right leg, 1 on left leg) in nestling # 3 (first week stage) in nest East Fork # 3 of 1 infested from a total of 3 examined nests ( Snyder et al. 1987); ( Torres 1994, following Snyder et al. 1987); ( Anonymous 2006); ( Little 2008); ( Luz et al. 2010, following Teixeira 1999).

Ara rubrogenys Lafresnaye, 1847

BRAZIL: Mato Grosso do Sul: Pantanal de Nhecolândia, XI-1991, 28 larvae at 48 days, 32 larvae at 54 days, 28 larvae at 67 days, 30 larvae at 74 days, 42 larvae at 81 days, 42 larvae at 89 days, and 4 larvae at 92 days in one nestling hatched in a natural nest, fledged at 120 days [maximal weight 1130 gr]; Pantanal de Miranda, X-1998, 10 larvae at 48 days, fledged at 107 days [maximal weight 1368 gr] ( Guedes et al. 2000); high bot fly larvae infestation on a nestling (~ 31 larvae), leading to slower growth, although the bird survived and flew ( Fernandes Seixas & Mourão 2003, following Guedes 1993); Miranda Pantanal subregion (19º 51’- 19º 58’ S, 56º 17’- 56º 24’ W), 2003- 2006 (during four breeding seasons), ectoparasites (larvae) detected in 3 (3 %) nestlings during 2003 and 2006; scars suggesting the occurrence of parasitism observed on the head and wings of 6 (6 %) nestlings [from a total of 91 freeliving examined nestlings]; larvae not collected for identification, but they were identified in the field ( Allgayer et al. 2009).

Note: Although the larvae were not morphologically or molecularly identified, the field identification of Philornis sp. is consistent with previous reports of this parasite in this macaw population ( Guedes & Harper 1995, Guedes et al. 1999, cited by Allgayer et al. 2009).

HEMIPTERA : Reduviidae

Triatoma infestans (Klug in Meyen, 1834)

BOLIVIA: Dto. Potosi: Toro Toro area, rupicolous T. infestans populations recently found, “in fissures in cliffs where the red-fronted macaw and other birds nests,” M. Baune, pers. com. ( Noireau 2009).

Note: In the account of the habitats of dark morphs given by Noireau (2009), the nests of Myiopsitta monachus cotorra are not mentioned nor included in the table (p. 61).

Aratinga chloroptera (de Souancé, 1846)

[ DIPTERA : Muscidae ]

Aratinga pertinax (Linnaeus, 1758)

HISPANIOLA: 2 parasitized nestlings among 13 chicks ( Snyder et al. 1987).

= Parrot’s nest: Moreau 1936: 463 [biol.; ref.]

= Savannah Parrakeet Conurus aeruginosus: Hindwood 1951: 121 [biol.; ref.]

= Aratinga pertinax aeruginosa View in CoL . Brown-throated or Savannah Parrakeet: Hindwood 1959: 15 [biol.; ref.] LEPIDOPTERA View in CoL : Pyralidae View in CoL

Caphys bilineata (Stöll, 1781)

[ BRAZIL]: South America , masses of fully-fed larvae of the moth in a recently-used Parrot’s nest in an arboreal termitarium still in occupation by the termites ( Moreau 1936, following Myers 1935); fully-fed white larvae and pupae of the maroon-coloured pyralid, lying in termite galleries lined with white silk [at] the sides of the lower part of the entrance passage [in the] nesting place of the Parrakeet [sic] hollow, drilled in an arboreal termitarium ( Hindwood 1951, following Myers 1935).

Note 1: This moth in a parrot’s nest is presented as the Neotropical parallel case of the Australian moth Trysintopa scatophaga (White) [= Neossiosynaeca scatophaga, Lepidoptera : Oecophoridae ] in the nests of the Australian parrot Psephotus chrysopterygius Gould , whose larvae feed exclusively on the deyections of the parrot’s nestlings ( Moreau 1936, Hindwood 1951, both following Myers 1935) [for other species of Trysintopa in birds’nests from Australia see also Hindwood 1951, Edwards et al. 2007, Cooney 2009, and Cooney et al. 2009]. By the other side, host plants of [free?] larvae of C. bilineata have been recorded in the families Araucariaceae [ Araucaria angustifolia , Brazil], Arecaceae [ Elaeis guineensis , Guyana; Elaeis melanococca , Colombia], Meliaceae [ Carapa guianensis , Trinidad and Tobago], Myrtaceae [ Marlierea edulis , Brazil] ( Robinson et al. 2001). In contrast, other species of Pyralidae : Chrysauginae were recorded as associated with fur of sloths, and bee and bird nests ( Pastrana 2004). Therefore, the following possibilities are present: 1) the true Caphys bilineata has a foliage-feeder larva; 2) the “ Caphys bilineata ” of the parrot’s nest was misidentified; 3) the “ Caphys bilineata ” of the parrot’s nest is a Caphys but not C. bilineata ; 4) the “ Caphys bilineata ” of the parrot’s nest was correctly identified and it has a wide range of food sources; 5) the occurrence in a parrot’s nest was totally accidental, and the nest was used as well as the vacated large tunnels of larvae of Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) in Prosopis trees are used by an foliage-feeder caterpillar as a refuge during cool hours ( Di Iorio 2006). Therefore, the larval habits of C. bilineata deserves further investigation and corroboration.

Note 2: Hindwood (1959) mentions the nest but not the moth.

Aratinga sp.

SIPHONAPTERA : Malacopsyllidae

* Malacopsylla grossiventris grossiventris (Weyenberg, 1879)

[ BRAZIL] (Costa Lima & Hataway 1946).

Note: Edentate flea, also in Carnivora .

Cyanoliseus patagonus patagonus (Vieillot, 1817)

SIPHONAPTERA : Tungidae

Hectopsylla narium Blank, Kutzscher, Masello, Pilgrim & Quillfeldt, 2007

ARGENTINA: Río Negro: El Condor, near Viedma , 41º 03’ 23’’ S, 62º 48’ 10’’ W, 28-XI-1999 / 5-I-2000, J.F. Masello & P. Quillfeldt leg., 3 larvae [ DEIM, PRLC], from nest, 3/ 23-XII-2001, C. Kutzscher & J.F. Masello leg., 5 males, 31 larvae [ DEIM, PRLC], 5 males Paratypes, 3 females Paratypes, on sand in a nest ( Blank et al. 2007) GoogleMaps .

Hectopsylla psitacii Fraunfeld, 1860

ARGENTINA: Buenos Aires: near Mar del Plata, 26-II-1909, Florentino Ameghino leg., 1 ex. [female], identified by Wolffhügel, captured by Ameghino when the flea pick its head at the base of a cliff where the parrots have its nests, probably coming from the parrots ( Wolffhügel 1910a 1912); ( Wolffhügel 1910b 1911); Mar del Plata, coll. Wolfhügell ( Lahille 1920); Argentina ( Pinto 1930); ( Del Ponte & Riesel 1939); Mar del Plata, “en loros barranqueros” ( Riet 1941); ( Costa Lima & Hathaway 1946); ( Johnson 1957, following Del Ponte & Riesel 1939); ( Capri & Capri 1959); ( Autino & Lareschi 1998).

Myiopsitta monachus catita (Jardine & Selby, 1830)

= Myiopsitta monachus cotorra [non (Vieillot, 1817)]: Undiano 1957.

= Myiopsitta monachus: Keirans et al. 1973 View in CoL .

HEMIPTERA View in CoL

Cimicidae

Psitticimex uritui (Lent & Abalos, 1946)

ARGENTINA: Córdoba: Los Leones, 30° 20’ S, 65º 10’ W, 70 km NW Cruz del Eje, F.J. Radovsky leg., 20-X- 1971, 2 communal nests [BBM-SA-32834; RML No. 60296 & BBM-SA-32835, RML No. 60297] in one Prosopis sp. tree, 23-X-1971, one communal nest [BBM-SA-32870, RML No. 60298] in a Prosopis sp. tree; cimicid extremely abundant in the nests, found together with Argas monachus Keirans, Radovsky & Clifford, 1973 [Ixodoidea: Argasidae ] ( Keirans et al. 1973).