Achrysocharoides Girault

Hansson, Christer, 2012, Achrysocharoides Girault (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) new to tropical America, with eight new species, ZooKeys 173, pp. 79-108 : 83-84

Achrysocharoides Girault

Achrysocharoides Girault, 1913:72. Type species: Chrysocharis sarcophagus Girault, by original designation.

Neoderostenus Girault, 1915:180. Type species Neoderostenus australiensis Girault, 1915:180, by original designation. Synonymized by Peck (1951).

Enaysma Delucchi, 1954:1. Type species: Enaysma zwoelferi Delucchi, by orginal designation. Synonymized by Yoshimoto (1977).

Kratoysma Bouček, 1965:5-6. Type species: Derostenus usticrus Erdös, by original designation. Syn. n.

The classification into species-groups.

The subdivision of Achrysocharoides was initiated by Graham (1959) who divided the European species into two subgenera, Enaysma Delucchi and Pentenaysma Graham. These correspond with the two species-groups, atys- and latreilleii-groups, which Bryan (1980a) introduced for the European species, thus abandoning the formal subdivision into subgenera. Yoshimoto (1977) divided the Nearctic species into two species-groups, the gahani- and guizoti-groups. Kamijo (1991) transferred some of the Nearctic species from the guizoti-group to either of the two newly erected clypeatus- and titiani-groups, and removed the remaining species in the guizoti-group to the latreilleii-group, thus terminating the guizoti-group. Kamijo (1990b) established the crassinervis-group for two species from Japan and one undescribed species from Nepal. Hence there are currently six species-groups in Achrysocharoides : atys-, clypeatus-, crassinervis-, gahani-, latreilleii-, and titiani-groups. See Kamijo (1991) for group-diagnostic characters.

Diagnosis.

Eyes densely pubescent (e.g. Fig. 3); females with frontal suture as a raised carina (i.e. with frons just above frontal suture protruding), straight (e.g. Fig. 3); males with frontal suture straight to slightly V-shaped, sometimes missing; females with antennal scrobes indistinct (i.e. not as narrow grooves) joining below frontal suture (e.g. Fig. 3); lateral downsloping part of pronotum with a longitudinal carina (Figs 60-63); postmarginal vein short, 0.5 –1.5× as long as stigmal vein. Achrysocharoides is similar to Apleurotropis , but has a short postmarginal vein (in Apleurotropis postmarginal vein is 2.8 –3.7× as long as the stigmal vein), with antennal scrobes in female joining below frontal suture (antennal scrobes join the frontal suture separately in Apleurotropis ).

Identification.

To separate Achrysocharoides from other Eulophidae genera the keys in Bouček (1988) (Australasia), Gibson et al. (1997) (Nearctic), Graham (1959) (Europe) are useful. To differentiate Achrysocharoides from other genera of Entedon- inae in tropical America the matrix key on the website http://www.neotropicaleulophidae.com can be used.

Description.

Female flagellum with a 2-segmented clava, in male with a 2-segmented clava or with all 5 flagellomeres distinctly separated; male flagellomeres with scattered setae; male scape enlarged, frequently with a species-specific shape, ventral sensory area present along entire scape; sensilla ampullacea globular, symmetric (type I sensu Hansson (1990)), present on all flagellomeres. Antenna with discoid anelli. Mandibles with two large teeth at apex, with one or several smaller teeth above large teeth. Clypeus not delimited. Malar sulcus present. Males with a more or less developed cross-ridge below antennal toruli. Frons occasionally with an indistinct groove between median ocellus and frontal suture. Female with frons just above frontal suture protruding, hence frontal suture appear to be a raised carina. Frontal suture in female straight; in male straight to slightly V-shaped, but sometimes missing. Antennal scrobes usually join below frontal suture in females, join on or below frontal suture in males, scrobes absent in males of some species. Occipital margin with raised carina or an edge, or rounded; occiput with a median fold/groove, at least close to occipital margin.

Pronotum with or without a transverse carina. Midlobe of mesoscutum with two pairs of setae, sometimes with an indistinct median groove in posterior ½; notauli more or less distinct in anterior 1/2, in posterior 1/2 present as weakly delimited depressions which are smooth to weakly reticulate. Scutellum with one pair of setae; sometimes with an anteromedian groove; with or without detached lateral foveae or rows of foveae. Transepimeral sulcus almost straight to weakly curved. Dorsellum visible in dorsal view. Forewing with costal cell usually wider than width of base of submarginal vein; postmarginal vein 0.5-1.5 × as long as stigmal vein, usually about as long as stigmal vein. Propodeum without longitudinal ridges, or with a complete median carina - undivided or branched in posterior half - median carina sometimes incomplete and present only in posterior 1/3, or with two complete submedian carinae that run parallel or diverge weakly to strongly towards posterior part of propodeum.

Petiole 0.5 –1.5× as long as wide, smooth and shiny or with some irregular sculpture, sometimes with anterolateral corners, ventral surface smooth. Male genitalia as in most other genera of Entedoninae , i.e. with normal volsellar setae, one parameral setae at the apex of phallobase, with two digital spines ( Hansson 1996).

Biology.

Endoparasitoids of leafmining Lepidoptera of the family Gracillariidae , mainly the genus Phyllonorycter Hübner ( Bryan 1980a).

Distribution.

Australia ( Girault 1913, Bouček 1988), Canada ( Kamijo 1991, Miller 1962, Yoshimoto 1977), Japan ( Kamijo 1990a, 1990b), Nepal ( Hansson 1985), New Zealand ( Bouček 1988), Pakistan ( Hansson 1985), Papua New Guinea ( Bouček 1988), USA ( Kamijo 1991), and Europe (many countries, e.g. Bouček and Askew 1968). In tropi- cal America: Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago.

Key to the Neotropical species of Achrysocharoides