Apterolarnaca Gorochov 2004

Li, Shi-Yu, Liu, Yi-Jiao, Xu, Jing-Yi, Yin, Zi-Xu & He, Zhu-Qing, 2024, Molecular phylogeny of Chinese raspy crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllacrididae) reveals incongruences in current classification, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 201 (4), pp. 1-31 : 1-31

Apterolarnaca Gorochov 2004 RÊDzaeā

( Figs 3A, C, E , 4A–D , 5D–E )

Apterolarnaca Gorochov 2004: 914 .

Apterolarnaca Bian and Shi 2015: 6–10 .

Apterolarnaca Bian et al. 2016: 358 .

Apterolarnaca Tan and Wahab 2018: 582 .

Apterolarnaca Ingrisch 2018: 117 .

Apterolarnaca Cadena-Castañeda 2019: 83 .

Apterolarnaca Bian et al. 2021: 205 .

Bianigryllacris Cadena-Castañeda 2019: 38 . synon. nov.. Bianigryllacris Bian et al. 2021: 206. synon. nov..

Apterolarnaca (Bianigryllacris) Lu et al. 2022: 385 . synon. nov.. Apterolarnaca (Bianigryllacris) Zhang et al. 2023a: 501 . synon. nov..

Type species: Apterolarnaca ulla Gorochov 2004 .

Diagnosis: Apterolarnaca can be recognized by the combination of the following characters: body slender; wings absent ( Fig. 3A, C, E ); spines on hind tibiae degenerate ( Fig. 4A–D ); male ninth abdominal tergite divided, with inwardly extending spines on each side ( Fig. 5D, E ); male subgenital plate without styli; female ovipositor short and curved upwards ( Figs 3C, E , 4B, C ). This genus is similar to Tenuigryllacris and Nippancistroger , but Tenuigryllacris differs from Apterolarnaca by possessing styli on male subgenital plate. Nippancistroger differs from Apterolarnaca by existing two to three long spines on the middle of hind tibia, while there are only tiny spines or no spine on hind tibia in Apterolarnaca .

Included species: Apterolarnaca ulla Gorochov 2004 , Apt. apta Gorochov 2004 , Apt. biloba (Liu, Bi & Zhang, 2010) stat. nov., Apt. biprocera Zhang & Bian 2023 stat. nov., Apt. digitata (Liu & Bi, 2008) stat. nov., Apt. fallax (Liu & Bi, 2008) stat. nov., Apt. guizhouensis Zhang & Bian 2023 stat. nov., Apt. huanglianensis Bian & Lu, 2021 , Apt. longispina Pang, Zhang & Bian, 2023 , Apt. nigra Zhang & Bian 2023 stat. nov., Apt. nigrifrontis Bian & Shi 2016 , Apt. nigrigeniculata (Liu & Yin, 2002) stat. nov., Apt. parvospinus (Liu & Yin, 2002) stat. nov., Apt. quadrata (Li & Liu, 2015) stat. nov., Apt. quadrimaculata Bian & Shi, 2016 , Apt. sicula Zhang & Bian, 2023 stat. nov., Apt. spiculoproceris Zhang, Lu & Bian, 2022 stat. nov., Apt. tenuispinacia Lu, Zhang & Bian, 2022 stat. nov., Apt. transversa (Liu, Bi & Zhang, 2010) stat. nov., Apt. trigonistis Zhang, Pang & Bian, 2023 stat. nov., Apt. trilobus (Bian & Shi, 2014) stat. nov., Apt. truncatoloba (Li & Liu, 2015) , Apt. xinganensis Lu, Zhang & Bian, 2022 stat. nov., Apt. xinpingensis Zhang & Bian, 2023 stat. nov..

Remarks: The genus Apotrechus was proposed by Brunner von Wattenwyl (1888), and the type species is Apo. unicolor Brunner von Wattenwyl 1888 from Australia. The genus Apterolarnaca was established by Gorochov (2004) with the type species Apt. ulla Gorochov 2004 from Vietnam. Cadena-Castañeda (2019) established the genus Bianigryllacris Cadena-Castañeda 2019 , and left the Australian species in the original genus Apotrechus (no depression at the apex of male genital plate), but moved eight species from Asia to the genus Bianigryllacris (with a depression at the apex of male genital plate and distributed only in China). Cadena-Castañeda (2019) considered that the genus Bianigryllacris possessed wide cephalicus, but the genus Apterolarnaca did not. Lu et al. (2022) regarded the genus Bianigryllacris as a subgenus of the genus Apterolarnaca , and listed a key for this genus, in which the difference between the two subgenera is: the internal spines on male hind femur of Apterolarnaca were significantly larger than external spines, but internal spines of male hind femur of Bianigryllacris were slightly larger than external ones. Our molecular results showed that neither megacephalic condition nor internal spines on male hind femur larger is not monophyletic. Therefore, we consider subgenus Bianigryllacris Cadena-Castañeda 2019 as a synonym of the subgenus Apterolarnaca Gorochov 2004 . All species of the subgenus Bianigryllacris are moved to the genus Apterolarnaca .

Tenuigryllacris Li, Yin & He gen. nov. Ḥaeā http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:55608B7E-69AB-460A-8749-488144750C9B

( Figs 3G , 4E , 5F , 14A–D , 15A–E )

Type species: Tenuigryllacris huanglianensis Li, Yin & He sp. nov..

Diagnosis: This new genus can be recognized by the combination of the following characters: wings absent ( Figs 3G , 14D , 15E ); a central light-coloured stripe with two dark stripes on both sides extended dorsally from anterior pronotum to posterior abdomen ( Figs 3G , 15D ); posterior margin of male ninth abdominal tergite extended by a projection on each side at base ( Figs 5F , 15B ); male subgenital plate with styli ( Figs 5F , 15C ). This new genus differs from Apterolarnaca by possessing styli on male subgenital plate, while Apterolarnaca has not. The new genus has a central light-coloured stripe with two dark stripes on both sides extended dorsally from anterior pronotum to posterior abdomen, while Apterolarnaca only has one central dark stripe. The new genus differs from Nippancistroger by the tiny spines on hind tibia, while there are two to three long spines on the middle of the hind tibia in Nippancistroger ( Fig. 4E, F ).

Description: Body small-sized (18–22 mm) and slender; head little wider than anterior margin of pronotum ( Figs 14B , 15D ); fastigium of vertex about 1.5 times as broad as scape, scape as long as eye, ocelli indistinct ( Figs 14A , 15A ); anterior margin of pronotum slightly roundly projecting, posterior margin slightly concave in the middle ( Fig. 14B ); lateral lobes longer than deep ( Figs 3G , 14D , 15E ); wings absent ( Figs 3G , 14D , 15E ); a central light-coloured stripe with two dark stripes on both sides extended dorsally from anterior pronotum to posterior abdomen ( Figs 3G , 14D , 15D ); male eighth abdominal tergite prolonged ( Figs 3G , 14D ); posterior margin of male ninth abdominal tergite extended by a projection on each side at base ( Figs 5F , 15B ); male subgenital plate with styli ( Figs 5F , 15C ); female ovipositor short, curved upwards, rather strong and regularly narrowing from base to tip, with pointed apex ( Fig. 14C ).

Included species: Tenuigryllacris huanglianensis Li, Yin & He sp. nov., T. fruhstorferi (Griffini 1914) comb. nov., T. yingjiangensis Li, Yin & He sp. nov..

Etymology: The specific epithet tenuis is for Latin, meaning slender and thin. The name is given to this genus because of its long and slender body shape. Chinese name ḤAEỗ.

Remarks: Melaneremus fruhstorferi (Griffini 1914) is characterized by a pair of curved spines sitting on a strongly swollen base on ninth abdominal tergite. The character does more correspond to Tenuigryllacris than to Melaneremus . Thus, we place M. fruhstorferi in this new genus as T. fruhstorferi comb. nov.

Key to species of male Tenuigryllacris Li, Yin & He gen. nov.

1. Posterior margin of male ninth abdominal tergite extended by a pair of short spines vertically downwards both in the middle and lateral sides .................................................................................................................................................. T. yingjiangensis sp. nov.

- Posterior margin of male ninth abdominal tergite extended by a pair of short spines vertically downwards at lateral sides ..... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................2

2. Posterior margin of male ninth abdominal tergite extended by a stout and enlarged projection on each side at base................ ............................................................................................................................................................................. T. huanglianensis sp. nov.

- Posterior margin of male ninth abdominal tergite extended by a projection on each side at base, with swollen base and sharp tip ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ T. fruhstorferi

Tenuigryllacris huanglianensis Li, Yin & He sp. nov.

http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:DF2D8960-

223E-48A5-944A-0C3049FBB08F

( Figs 3G , 4E , 5F , 14A–D )

Diagnosis: Compared with T. fruhstorferi , spines of male ninth abdominal tergite in the new species larger and longer; apex of male subgenital plate flat and straight, while T. fruhstorferi possesses a V-shaped indentation. Compared with T. yingjiangensis , posterior margin of male ninth abdominal tergite in the new species extended by a pair of short spines vertically downwards only in lateral sides, while T. yingjiangensis extended both in the middle and lateral sides.

Type material: Holotype, ♂, CHINA: Yunnan, Honghe, Lüchun, Huanglian Mountain , 22°53.59 ʹ N, 102°18.17 ʹ E, 1951 m, 12.vii.2021, collected by Zhu-Qing He ( ECNU).

Paratypes, 2♀, same information as holotype ( ECNU) .

Description. Male: Body small-sized (18–22 mm) and slender; head little wider than anterior margin of pronotum, fastigium of vertex about 1.5 times as broad as scape; anterior margin of pronotum slightly roundly projecting, posterior margin slightly concave ( Fig. 14A, B ); completely wingless ( Fig. 3G ); fore tibia on ventral surface with five pairs of spurs (including one pair of apical spurs), hind tibiae spines slightly degenerated, four spines on dorsal surface and five spines on ventral surface ( Fig. 4E ); posterior margin of male ninth abdominal tergite extended by a pair of projections at base, and apical part of projections rounded; apical parts of subgenital plate flattened, with styli; cerci short, conical ( Fig. 5F ).

Female: Similar to male, ovipositor short, curved upward, rather strong and regularly narrowing from base to tip, with pointed apex ( Fig. 14C, D ).

Coloration: Body almost yellowish brown, middle of pronotum decorated with two dark black longitudinal stripes that extend to the ninth segment of abdomen, fore and mid tibiae and femur near joint, and tibiae near apex with black spots, hind tibiae with black spots at apex and base, projections on male ninth abdominal tergite pale when alive ( Figs 3G , 14D ).

Measurements (in mm): Male: BL 18.1, PL 4.0, HFL 11.2; Female: BL 21.0–22.1, PL 4.0–4.5, HFL 11.0–12.2, OV 7.5–8.0.

Distribution: China (Yunnan).

Etymology: The specific epithet huanglian is for the Chinese phonetic alphabet ȒỀ. It is named for the specimens collected from the Huanglian Mountain in Yunnan. Chinese name ȒỀ ḤAEỗ.

18 • Li et al.

Tenuigryllacris yingjiangensis Li, Yin & He sp. nov.

http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act141A50A7-96F1-

4065-AF1B-C9451C11E8C9:

( Fig. 15A–E )

Diagnosis: Posterior margin of male ninth abdominal tergite in T. yingjiangensis extended by a pair of short spines vertically downwards both in the middle and lateral sides ( Fig. 15B, C ), while that of other two species extended only in lateral sides.

Type material: Holotype, ♂, CHINA: Yunnan, Dehong, Yingjiang, Xima , 24°45.19 ʹ N, 97°42.03 ʹ E, 1700 m, 11.vi.2022 collected by Da-Fu Nie ( ECNU).

Description. Male: Body small-sized (20 mm) and slender; head little wider than anterior margin of pronotum, fastigium of vertex about 1.5 times as broad as scape ( Fig. 15A ); anterior margin of pronotum slightly roundly projecting, posterior margin slightly concave; completely wingless; fore tibia on ventral surface with five pairs of spurs (included one pair of apical spurs), hind tibiae spines slightly degenerate, four spines on dorsal surface and five spines on ventral surface; posterior margin of male ninth abdominal tergite extended by a pair of short spines vertically downwards both in the middle and lateral sides ( Fig. 15B, C ); posterior margin of subgenital plate arcuate and concave inward, with styli ( Fig. 15C ); cerci shorter, conical.

Female: Unknown.

Coloration: Body generally yellowish brown, middle of pronotum with two dark black longitudinal stripes extending to the ninth segment of abdomen, fore and mid tibiae and femur near joint, and tibiae near apex with black spots, hind tibiae with black spots at apex and base, tip of the spines on posterior margin of male ninth abdominal tergite black ( Fig. 15D, E ).

Measurements (in mm): Male: BL 20.1, PL 4.4, HFL 12.8.

Distribution: China (Yunnan).

Etymology: The specific epithet yingjiang is for the Chinese phonetic alphabet MỮ. It is named for the collection of the specimens from Yingjiang City, Yunnan Province. Chinese name MỮḤAEỗ.

Figures

Figure 3. Living Gryllacrididae. A, Apt. quadrimaculata; B, Diaphanogryllacris sp.; C, Apt. biloba; D, Microlarnaca sp.; E, Apt. huanglianensis; F, Me. obscurata; G, T. huanglianensis sp.nov.; H, Ni. testaceus.

Figure 4. Lateral hindfoot.A, Apt. quadrimaculata; B, Apt. digitate; C, Apt. huanglianensis; D, Apt. biloba; E, T. huanglianensis sp. nov.; F, Ni. testaceus (arrow in F indicates extremely extended spine in the middle of hind tibia).

Figure 5. Abdominal terminal: male (A–F), female (G–I). A, Glolarnaca sp.; B, Neolarnaca sp.; C, Ha. bilobulata; D, Apt. quadrimaculata; E, Apt. biloba; F, T. huanglianensis sp. nov.. (Arrow in A indicates spines extending downwards from the base in the middle of each valve at the posterior margin of male abdominal tergite, arrow in F indicates styli.).

Figure 14. Tenuigryllacris huanglianensis sp. nov.. A, head in frontal view; B, pronotum in dorsal view; C, ovipositor in lateral view; D, living female individual.

Figure 15. Male T. yingjiangensis sp. nov.. A, face; B, abdominal terminal; C, subgenital plate; D, holotype in dorsal view; E, living male individual in lateral view.