Spinocloidea, Hennemann & Conle, 2024

Hennemann, Frank H. & Conle, Oskar V., 2024, Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXVI: Taxonomic review of Cladomorformia tax. n., a lineage of Diapheromerinae stick insects, with the descriptions of seven new genera and 41 new species (Phasmatodea: Occidophasmata: Diapheromerinae), Zootaxa 5444 (1), pp. 1-454 : 39-42

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.5444.1.1
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:5DE4A9DD-99F7-4E23-AD50-58DC491BB75E
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FD87D9-FF86-D84C-FF55-F5D3284FE6DB
treatment provided by	Plazi
scientific name	Spinocloidea
status

Treatment

1. Bostriana boliviana (Piza, 1939: 115) View in CoL [ Heteronemia ]. HT, ♀: Bolivia, J. Steinbach; No. 12138 [ MACN —lost]. NT, ♀: Bolivia, Prov. Sara, Dept. Santa Cruz, J. Steinbach S.V. [ MNHU] .

Distribution: See genus above.

5.5. Genus Calynda Stål, 1875

( Figs. 13 View FIGURE 13 , 14 View FIGURE 14 , 85D View FIGURE 85 , 95A View FIGURE 95 , 98C–D View FIGURE 98 , 101E View FIGURE 101 , 106A–E View FIGURE 106 , 107A–B View FIGURE 107 )

Type-species: Calynda bicuspis Stål, 1875b: 78 , by monotypy.

Calynda Stål, 1875b: 24 View in CoL , 78.

Kirby, 1904: 353.

Rehn, 1904: 57.

Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907: 328 (in part).

Shelford, 1909: 349.

Bradley & Galil, 1977: 180.

Hausleithner, 1987: 177, fig. 3 (in part).

Zompro, 2001: 205, figs. 17–18, 86–87.

Bragg, 2001: 630.

Otte & Brock, 2005: 79 (in part).

Brock & Büscher, 2022: 511 (in part).

Bacteria, Otte & Brock, 2005: 65 View in CoL (in part).

Dyme, Hebard, 1933: 123 View in CoL , pl. 6: 7–8.

Otte, 1978: 77.

Description. ♀, ♂ ( Fig. 13 View FIGURE 13 ): Small to moderately sized (body length ♂♂ 68.0–98.0 mm, ♀♀ incl. subgenital plate 99.0- 138.0 mm) slender Cladomorphini with a very short median segment, that is transverse in ♀♀, roughly quadrate in ♂♂ and less than 0.25x the length of the metanotum. ♂♂ apterous. Body surface entirely smooth and slightly shiny in ♂♂, to a variable granulose and the thoracic segments ± tubercular and occasionally armed with single, irregularly dispersed, conical spines in ♀♀ ( Fig. 15C View FIGURE 15 ; meso- and metapleurae in particular). Colour of ♀♀ variable and ranging from green over yellow and straw to dark brown ( Figs. 106A–E View FIGURE 106 , 107A View FIGURE 107 ), ♂♂ may be multicolourous. Head sub-cylindrical, noticeably longer than wide and narrowing towards the posterior with the vertex flattened; unarmed in ♂♂ ( Figs. 14D–E View FIGURE 14 ), granulose and often with one or two pairs of ± distinct, erect spines ♀♀ ( Figs. 14A–C View FIGURE 14 ). Antennae very long, more than two-thirds the length of body in ♀♀ and almost as long as body in ♂♂. Scapus moderately compressed dorsoventrally, roundly rectangular in dorsal aspect, slender and notably longer than wide. Pedicellus almost cylindrical and shorter than scapus, III somewhat longer than pedicellus. Pronotum roughly as long but narrower than head, rectangular and longer than wide; granulose to tubercular and occasionally with some paired spines in ♀♀. Meso- and metasternum simple; smooth in ♂♂, granulose to tubercular in ♀♀. Abdomen excluding median segment and excluding subgenital plate in ♀♀ about as long as head and complete thorax taken together. Median segment very short, transverse (♀♀) to quadrate (♂♂) and less than one-quarter the length of metanotum ( Fig. 13A–E View FIGURE 13 ). Abdominal segment II>2.5x longer than median segment but slightly shorter than following. Segments II–VII roughly uniform in length in ♂♂, II–IV gradually increasing and V– VII scarcely decreasing in length in ♀♀; all considerably longer than wide, parallel-sided and of uniform width. Tergum VII in ♀♀ parallel-sided. Abdominal sterna II–VII smooth; in ♀♀ praeopercular organ scarce and at best represented by a pair of wart-like projections at posterior margin of sternum VII. Terminalia of ♀♀ ( Figs. 14F–L View FIGURE 14 ): Terga VIII–X in ♀♀ considerably shorter and slightly narrower than preceding, roughly of uniform width. Anal segment carinate medio-longitudinally, the posterior margin narrowed and with a ± distinct median excavation. Epiproct fairly large, triangular and tectate longitudinally, projecting considerably over posterior margin of anal segment ( Figs. 14G, K View FIGURE 14 ). Cerci elongate, very slender, gradually tapering towards a narrow and fairly pointed tip and more than half the length of anal segment. Gonoplacs not considerably enlarged, narrowly spatulate. Gonapophyses VIII short, wholly concealed under anal segment and roughly reaching to tip of gonoplacs. Subgenital plate very long, lanceolate with a narrow tip and projecting over apex of abdomen by more than 2x the length of terga VIII–X combined. Terminalia of ♂♂ ( Figs. 14M–Q View FIGURE 14 , 95A View FIGURE 95 ): Terga VIII–X scarcely wider than preceding. VIII shorter than VII and gently broadening towards the posterior. IX almost as long as VIII and parallel-sided with lateral margins straight and not notably deflexed. Anal segment shorter than IX, scarcely longer than wide and somewhat flattening towards the posterior with the lateral margins ± angular; posterior margin with a distinct median notch, the outer angles distinctly protruded, inflated and ventrally armed with several denticles (“thorn-pads”, Fig. 15N View FIGURE 15 ). Epiproct distinct, shield-shaped and scarcely projecting beyond posterior margin of anal segment. Vomer well-developed and sclerotised, basically heart-shaped with a single but short terminal hook ( Figs. 14O, Q View FIGURE 14 , 95A View FIGURE 95 ). Cerci fairly large, longer than anal segment and gently incurved with the apex ± club-like and somewhat hook-shaped; intero-basal portion set with a few minute denticles. Poculum small, weakly convex, scoop-shaped and not reaching posterior margin of tergum IX; posterior margin bilobed and ± incised medially ( Fig. 95A View FIGURE 95 ). Legs all long and slender, profemora roughly as long (♀♀) or longer than mesothorax (♂♂), mesofemora longer than metathorax, and metatibiae slightly (♀♀) or greatly projecting beyond apex of abdomen (♂♂); tibiae longer than corresponding femora. Profemora with anterodorsal carina strongly raised and the medioventral carina distinct, lamellate and considerably displaced towards anteroventral carina (♀♀ in particular). Meso- and metafemora in both sexes with a few minute sub-apical teeth on medioventral carina. Legs of ♂♂ otherwise unarmed, in ♀♀ mesofemora (more rarely also metafemora) often with one or two teeth or lobes in the basal one-third of the two outer ventral carinae. Basitarsi slender and longer than the following three tarsomeres combined.

Eggs ( Figs. 98C–D View FIGURE 98 ). Small (capsule length <4.0 mm), capsule ovoid to slightly bullet-shaped, compressed laterally, distinctly oval in cross-section and> 2x longer than wide. Capsule surface very minutely granulose and shiny. Micropylar plate somewhat displaced towards the posterior, less than half the length of capsule and about 3x longer than wide with the posterior portion gently widened and rounded. Surface like capsule, but outer margin notably inflated. Micropylar cup represented by a small, rounded median granule near polar end of plate. Median line distinct but very short. Operculum oval with the anterior portion gently downcurved with opercular angle roughly 10°; outer margin set with a rim of setae. Central portion with a roundly convex and very unevenly indented, rugose and carinated protuberance. Colour plain light to dark brown, the micropylar plate surrounded by a broad area of slightly paler colour. Micropylar plate coloured like capsule with the posterior portion darker than anterior portion. Central opercular protuberance orange.

Differentiation. While very similar in most morphological aspects and egg morphology to Spinocloidea gen. n. and Andeocalynda Hennemann & Conle, 2020 , this genus is characteristic for the very short median segment, that is less than one-quarter the length of the metanotum and quadrate (♂♂) or even transverse in shape (♀♀). This character is only shared with Spinocloidea gen. n., which is also distributed throughout southern Central America but also has some representatives in northwestern Colombia. Calynda however differs from Spinocloidea by the elongate and sub-cylindrical head (globose in Spinocloidea ) and smaller size of both sexes. Females have short gonapophyses VIII that are fully concealed under the anal segment (elongated and considerably projecting beyond the anal segment in Spinocloidea ) and have the body surface and abdomen in particular generally more densely granulose to tubercular and not as glossy as in Spinocloidea . Males may be separated from those of Spinocloidea by the less complex colouration, bilobed and medially incised posterior margin of the poculum (rounded and entire in Spinocloidea ) and not flattened, nor angular apex of the cerci. The very similar eggs merely differ from those of Spinocloidea by the smaller dimensions, somewhat more elongate shape, relatively longer micropylar plate and longer setae on the outer margin of the operculum ( Figs. 98C–D View FIGURE 98 ).

From the South American Andeocalynda , which is restricted to the Andean regions of Colombia and Ecuador, Calynda readily differs by the shorter median segment of both sexes (considerably longer than wide and more than one-quarter the length of the metanotum in Andeocalynda ). Females may also be distinguished by the frequently armed head (always unarmed in Andeocalynda ), having the praeopercular organ represented by two wart-like swellings (only one median protuberance in Andeocalynda ) and small gonoplacs (considerably enlarged and paddle-like in Andeocalynda ). Males frequently differ from those of Andeocalynda by the longer cerci, and flattened anal segment ( Figs. 14M, P View FIGURE 14 ; tectate in Andeocalynda ) and much smaller, scoop-shaped and posteriorly bi-lobed poculum. The eggs differ from those of Andeocalynda ( Figs. 98 View FIGURE 98 A-B) by the lack of a distinctly white or pale cream area around the micropylar plate, which is somewhat displaced towards the posterior (towards anterior in Andeocalynda ), much smaller opercular protuberance that is restricted to the central portion and presence of setae on the outer margin of the operculum.

The lancet-like subgenital plate, granulose to tubercular body surface and elongate head of ♀♀ also resemble the northern Central American Lanceobostra gen. n., but this genus has a much longer median segment and a prominent praeopercular organ, that usually is formed by a pair of spiniform processes on abdominal sternum VII.

Comments. Calynda was originally established by Stål (1875b: 24, 78) for his Calynda bicuspis which is the type-species by monotypy. Six further species were added to the genus by Brunner v. Wattenwyl (1907: 328) , four of which are from South America and not congeneric. The two species described from Bolivia and Peru were transferred to Globocalynda Zompro, 2001 by Zompro (2001a: 202). This author listed three Central American species in Calynda , one of which was transferred from Dyme , but did not make any mention on the generic position of the three other South American species currently still attributed to Calynda (see Otte & Brock, 2005: 79).

All South American species previously in Calynda belong to other genera and are here removed from the genus. Calynda laevis Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907 was described from Paraguay, but unfortunately the ♀ holotype is lost. The original description clearly mentions a smooth thorax and a bi-spinose but otherwise smooth head, which together with the type-locality suggest this species to belong in the genus Xiphophasma Rehn, 1913 (Heteronemiinae: Paraleptyniini), hence the valid name is Xiphophasma laevis (Brunner v., W., 1907, comb. n.). Calynda dorbygniana Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907 was described on basis of a unique ♀ in the collection MNHN and stated to be from “ Cuba (Santa Cruz, Valle Grande)”. Examination of the specimen however, has proven the type-locality to have been associated with Cuba in error, since the locality refers to the city of Vallegrande in the Santa Cruz Province of Bolivia. The elongated, flattened and bi-spinose head and smooth thorax actually also place this species in the genus Xiphophasma Rehn, 1913 (Heteronemiinae: Paraleptyniini), why the valid name should be Xiphophasma dorbygniana (Brunner v., W., 1907, comb. n.). Calynda fiebrigi Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907 was described from a unique penultimate instar ♀ from Paraguay. Examination of the type specimen in the collection NHMW clearly shows this to have conspicuously shortened antennae, that are scarcely longer than the wholly smooth and unarmed, conspicuously elongated head and a wholly smooth thorax, characters which place this species in the genus Paraleptynia Caudell, 1904 (Heteronemiinae: Paraleptyniini), thus the valid name must be Paraleptynia fiebrigi (Brunner v. W., 1907, comb. n.). Finally, Calynda fallax (Giglio-Tos, 1898) from south Ecuador is only known from the ♂ and was placed in Calynda by Giglio-Tos (1910: 32). The morphology of the genitalia however is very unlike that of Calynda , the poculum being strongly convex, angular, cup-like and almost reaching to the apex of the abdomen and abdominal terga VIII–X being conspicuously shortened and taken together hardly longer than VII. These morphological features of the terminalia and the comparatively longer median segment, which is roughly two-fifths the length of the metanotum, place this species in the genus Globocalynda Zompro, 2001 (comb. n., see 5.8)

Distribution ( Fig. 101E View FIGURE 101 ). Central America ( Costa Rica & Northern Panama). This genus appears to be restricted to the biogeographical province termed Eastern Central America and part of the Mesoamerican Dominion of the Caribbean Subregion ( Morrone, 2006: 471, fig. 2).

Species included: