Phanocles virgulatus ( Redtenbacher, 1908 ), 2024

Hennemann, Frank H. & Conle, Oskar V., 2024, Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXVI: Taxonomic review of Cladomorformia tax. n., a lineage of Diapheromerinae stick insects, with the descriptions of seven new genera and 41 new species (Phasmatodea: Occidophasmata: Diapheromerinae), Zootaxa 5444 (1), pp. 1-454 : 220-222

Phanocles virgulatus ( Redtenbacher, 1908) comb. n.

( Figs. 51C , 55B , 59G , 62Q–S , 65G–J , 93F , 97G , 99L , 120B )

Bacteria virgulata Redtenbacher, 1908: 420 .

Caudell, 1918: 9.

Otte & Brock, 2005: 66.

Steinherr, 2017: 108.

Brock & Büscher, 2022: 511.

= Bacteria innocens Redtenbacher, 1908: 420 . syn. n.

Brock, 1998: 35.

Bostra innocens, Otte & Brock, 2005: 263 . [As homonym of Phanocloidea redtenbacheri (Brock, 1998) ]

Brock & Büscher, 2022: 511.

Bostranova innocens, Villet, 2023: 150 .

Phanocloidea innocens, Zompro, 2001: 196 .

= Bacteria peruana Redtenbacher, 1908: 421 . syn. n.

Otte & Brock, 2005: 66.

Brock & Büscher, 2022: 511.

= Bacteria redtenbacheri, Brock, 1998: 35 . [Replacement name for Bacteria innocens Redtenbacher, 1908: 420 ] syn. n. Phanocloidea redtenbacheri, Zompro, 2001: 196 .

Otte & Brock, 2005: 263.

Brock & Büscher, 2022: 514.

Further material examined [8 ♂♂, 17 ♀♀, 2 ♀♀ (nymph), 5 eggs]:

PERU: 1 ♀ + 1 egg (ex ovipositor): Peru, Prov. Junin, Satipo , 600–700 m, VI.2002 [ FH, No. 0538–1 & E1] ; 1 ♂: Peru: Rodriguez de Mendoza , 3.1996 [coll. FH, No. 0538–2] ; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 2 eggs: Peru, Dep. Huanuco, Rio Llullapichis, Nebenfluss des Rio Pachitea , “Panguana” 260 m, 9°37´S, 74°56´W, 21.IX.–3.X.2004, leg. F. Hennemann & O. Conle [ FH, No’s 0538–3, 4 & E2] ; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 2 eggs: Peru, Dep. Huanuco, Rio Llullapichis, Nebenfluss des Rio Pachitea , “Panguana” 260 m, 9°37´S, 74°56´W, 21.IX.–3.X.2004, leg. F. Hennemann & O. Conle [OC] ; 1 ♂, 1 ♀: Peru, Dep. Huanuco, Rio Llullapichis, Nebenfluss des Rio Pachitea , “Panguana” 260 m, 9°37´S, 74°56´W, 21.IX.–3.X.2004, leg. F. Hennemann & O. Conle [ ZSMC] ; 1 ♀: Peru, Panguana, März 1972, leg. Kaiser; PHA 86, Zoologisches Museum Hamburg [ ZMUH] ; 1 ♀: Coll. R. I. Sc. N. B., Pérou : V.1939, Satipo, de Jaupa, ex coll. Le Moult [ IRSN] ; 1 ♀: Peru: Satipo , Junin, 650 m, 20.iii.1986, BMNH(E) 2009–98; Bacteria peruana Redtenbacher , det. P.D. Brock [ NHMUK] ; 1 ♂: 1000 m, 11°9’S. 75°17’ W. Greenw., N. Iconnicoff 12.9.06 [ USNM] ; 2 ♂♂: Satipo , Peru [ UMMZ] ; 1 ♀, 1 ♂: Je 1944, Satipo (Dist.) Peru [ ANSP] ; 1 ♀: Satipo ( Dist. ) Peru [ ANSP] ; 3 ♀♀: May 1944, Satipo (Dist.) Peru [ ANSP] ; 1 ♀: Contamano, Rio Ucayali, Peru , XXII, 1912 [ ANSP] ; 1 ♀: Coll. Paul G. Howe, Nov. 1943 [ ANSP] ; 1 ♀ (n4): Yurimaguas, Peru , Huallaga River, IV.6.1920 (H.S. Parish) [ ANSP] ; 2 ♀♀, 1 ♀ (n5): Chanchamayo, Peru [ ANSP] ; 1 ♀: Museum Paris, Perou, Urubamba , Der 1879; 96. Phanocles arumatia Stoll [ MNHN] .

Diagnosis. Among the South American species of the genus ♀♀ (Fis. 51C, 120B) most closely resemble the Peruvian Ph. cuzcoense sp. n., Ph. satyr ( Redtenbacher, 1908) from Brazil and Ph. significans ( Redtenbacher, 1908) from Colombia. From the ♀♀ of Ph. cuzcoense sp. n. the may be separated by the somewhat slenderer and elongate shape, proportionally longer body segments and somewhat more delicate legs, smooth meso- and metathorax, larger and almost semi-circular lobes of the praeopercular organ ( Fig. 93F ; small and rather oval in cuzcoense ), almost entire lateral margins and bilobate posterior margin of the anal segment ( Fig. 62R ), that only has a fairly narrow median indention (with a broad and shallow emargination in cuzcoense ). Although similar in most aspects, eggs ( Fig. 99L ) differ from those of Ph. cuzcoenese by the less pitted micropylar plate and much taller, tube-like excrescence of the operculum, whose height corresponds to as much as three-fifth the length of the capsule (roundly conical and only one-quarter the length of capsule in cuzcoense ). From Ph. satyr these ♀♀ differ at first glance by the much slenderer and elongate shape and limbs (e. g. abdominal segment V 3.4x longer than wide vs. 2.5x in satyr ), smooth posterior portion of the vertex (granulose in satyr ), smooth meso- and metathorax (densely and distinctly granulose in satyr ), much smaller posterolateral lobes of abdominal tergum VII ( Figs. 62 Q-S) and almost circular lobes of the praeopercular organ ( Fig. 93F ). From Ph. significans they may be distinguished by the shorter and broader cephalad horns, lack of white granules on the meso- and metathorax, lack of a posteromedian projection on abdominal terga II–IV, much smaller lobes of the praeopercular organ and shorter subgenital plate, that projects beyond the apex of the abdomen by less than the length of the anal segment ( Fig. 93F ). In several aspects the apterous ♂♂ ( Fig. 55B ) resemble the Venezuelan Ph. obtusa ( Redtenbacher, 1908) but can be differentiated from these by the distinct black postocular stripe of the genae, presence of small cephalad spines ( Fig. 59G ), shorter median segment, that is less than 1.5x longer than the metanotum (almost 3x longer in obtusus ), much shorter poculum, which scarcely projects beyond the posterior margin of abdominal tergum IX ( Fig. 65G ; reaching as much as two-thirds the way along the anal segment in obtusus ) and angular, medially indented posterior margin of the anal segment ( Fig. 65H ; gradually narrowed in obtusa ).

Variability. Females show considerable variability in size (see table 51 below), shape and size of the cephalad lobes, shape of the sub-basal lobes on the two outer ventral carinae of the meso- and metafemora and colouration. The colour mostly ranges from drab over mid to dark brown and almost black. Often specimens are irregularly flecked with white, pale grey or dark brown and can be more or less lichenose in appearance, but occasionally specimens occur which have the head, thorax and single abdominal terga furnished with single, bold white markings ( Fig. 120B ). The lobes of the head can be very prominent, carinate anteriorly and posteriorly and extend by almost two-thirds of the height of the head capsule (e. g. specimen from Río Ucayali in ANSP) or at the other extreme are reduced to just slightly raised and obtusely rounded to angular carinae (e. g. specimens from Panguana). The sub-basal lobe of the meso- and metafemora is mostly entire but sometimes may be bidentate. No such variation is seen in the ♂♂ at hand, except for that the cephalad horns are smaller in the examples from Panguana, which however is concordance with ♀♀ from the same locality .

Egg ( Fig. 99L ). Fairly large but typical for the genus with a very large operculum. Shape angularly ovoid, narrowed towards the posterior with the polar-area flattened and the dorsal egg surface angular and convex in the anterior portion; oval in cross-section. Capsule surface deeply and fairly irregularly pitted, the pits fairly large and deep but variable in size and sharply defined. Micropylar plate fairly broad, ovate and very slightly widened towards the posterior, about two-thirds the length of capsule and only 2.6x longer than wide; surface with only a few small, round impressions and the gently bulgy central portion. Micropylar cup small and cup-shaped. Median line narrow and almost reaching to polar end of capsule. Operculum oval. Operculum oval and with a large, tube-shaped and apically rounded, hollow excrescence that is formed by the outer margin, which has several irregular radially directed impressions in the upper portion; height of excrescence more than two-thirds of capsule length. Colour of capsule plain grey with the polar-area dark grey and a small dark grey lateral marking, the opercular collar dark grey. Micropylar plate drab with the outer margin yellow. Capitulum straw.

Measurements [mm]: Length incl. operculum 5.7, length 3.5, width 2.5, height 2.8, length of micropylar plate 2.1.

Comments. Apparently, this species is not uncommon in the lowland regions of eastern Peru and frequently encountered. Bacteria peruana Redtenbacher, 1908 and Bacteria innocens Redtenbacher, 1908 are here synonymised with Ph. virgulatus ( Redtenbacher, 1908) comb. n. because examination of their holotypes has proven them to be the same species as Redtenbacher’s virgulatus (syn. n.). Consequently, also the replacement name for Redtenbacher’s innocens , B. redtenbacheri Brock, 1998 , becomes a synonym of virgulatus (syn. n.). The eggs are here described and illustrated for the first time.

Table 51: Measurements of Phanocles virgulatus ( Redtenbacher, 1908) comb. n.

Figures

FIGURE 51. Phanocles Stål, 1875 habitus (in scale): A. P. ecuadoricus sp. n. ♀ HT (Ecuador, Prov. Imbabura, Paramba), dorsolateral view [ZMUH]; B. P. falcatus sp. n. ♀ PT (Ecuador, Prov. Napo, Misahualli), dorsolateral view [coll. FH, No. 0919–1]; C. P. virgulatus (Redtenbacher, 1908) ♀ (Peru, Dept. Huanuco, Rio Lullapichis, Panguana) dorsolateral view [coll. FH, No. 0538–3]; D. P. brevipes sp. n. ♀ HT (Peru, Prov. Satip, Junín, Satipo), dorsal view [ANSP]; E. P. satyr (Redtenbacher, 1908) ♀ (S-Venezuela, San Esteban), dorsolateral view [ANSP].

FIGURE 55. Phanocles Stål, 1875: A. P. ecuadoricus sp. n. ♂ PT (Ecuador, Prov. Esmeraldas, Rio Verde), dorsolateral view [MNCN]; B. P. falcatus sp. n. ♂ PT (Ecuador, Prov. Napo, Misahualli), dorsolateral view [coll. FH, No. 0919–3]; C. P. maximus sp. n. ♀ PT (captive reared from Panamá, Prov. Coclé, Valle deAntón), dorsolateral view [coll. FH, No. 1360–3]; D. P. spectabilis sp. n. ♂ PT (captive reared from Costa Rica, Prov. Puntarenas, La Gamba), dorsolateral view [coll. FH, No. 0563–18]; E. P. ploiaria (Westwood, 1859) ♀ (Panamá, Prov. Coclé, Valle de Antón 650–850 m), dorsolateral view [coll. FH, No. 0705–12]; F. P. obtusus (Redtenbacher, 1908) ♂ (Venezuela, Aragua N.P., Rancho Grande), dorsolateral view [ANSP].

FIGURE 59. Phanocles Stål, 1875: A. P. mexicanus sp. n. ♀ HT (with small cephalic tubercles), lateral view of head and prothorax [MNHN]; B. P. mexicanus sp. n. ♀ PT (with prominent cephalic horns), lateral view of head and prothorax [MNHN]; C. P. mexicanus sp. n. ♀ HT, dorsal view of head, pro and mesonotum [MNHN]; D. P. pleurospinosus sp. n. ♀ HT, dorsolateral view of mesothorax with median segment showing the typical spines of the metapleurae [MNCR-A]; E. P. solidus sp. n. ♀ HT, lateral view of head and prothorax [ANSP]; F. P. maroniensis (Chopard, 1911) ♂, lateral view of head and prothorax [MNHN]; G. P. virgulatus (Redtenbacher, 1908) ♂, dorsolateral view of head and prothorax [coll. FH]; H. P. ecuadoricus sp. n. ♂ PT, dorsolateral view [MNCN]; J. P. falcatus sp. n. ♂ PT, dorsolateral view of head and prothorax [coll. FH].

FIGURE 62. Phanocles Stål, 1875 terminalia of ♀♀: A. P. maximus sp. n. ♀ PT, lateral view [coll. FH]; B. P. maximus sp. n. ♀ PT, dorsal view [coll. FH]; C. P. maximus sp. n. ♀ PT, ventral view [coll. FH]; D. P. rehni sp. n. ♀ HT, lateral view [ANSP]; E. P. rehni sp. n. ♀ HT, dorsal view [ANSP]; F. P. rehni sp. n. ♀ HT, ventral view [ANSP]; G. P. subvolans (Redtenbacher, 1908), lateral view [ANSP]; H. P. subvolans (Redtenbacher, 1908), dorsal view [ANSP]; J. P. subvolans (Redtenbacher, 1908), ventral view [ANSP]; K. P. ploiaria (Westwood, 1859), lateral view [coll. FH]; L. P. ploiaria (Westwood, 1859), dorsal view [coll. FH]; M. P. ploiaria (Westwood, 1859), ventral view [coll. FH]; N. P. spectabilis sp. n. ♀ PT, lateral view [coll. FH]; O. P. spectabilis sp. n. ♀ PT, dorsal view [coll. FH]; P. P. spectabilis sp. n. ♀ PT, ventral view [coll. FH]; Q. P. virgulatus (Redtenbacher, 1908), lateral view [coll. FH]; R. P. virgulatus (Redtenbacher, 1908), dorsal view [coll. FH]; S. P. virgulatus (Redtenbacher, 1908), ventral view [coll. FH].

FIGURE 65. Phanocles Stål, 1875 terminalia of ♂♂: A. P. costaricensis Hennemann, 2002, lateral view [coll. FH]; B. P. costaricensis Hennemann, 2002, dorsal view [coll. FH]; C. P. costaricensis Hennemann, 2002, ventral view [coll. FH]; D. P. falcatus sp. n. ♂ PT, lateral view [coll. FH]; E. P. falcatus sp. n. ♂ PT, dorsal view [coll. FH]; F. P. falcatus sp. n. ♂ PT, ventral view [coll. FH]; G. P. virgulatus (Redtenbacher, 1908), lateral view [coll. FH]; H. P. virgulatus (Redtenbacher, 1908), dorsal view [coll. FH]; J. P. virgulatus (Redtenbacher, 1908), ventral view [coll. FH]; K. P. maximus sp. n. ♂ PT, lateral view [ANSP]; L. P. maximus sp. n. ♂ PT, dorsal view [coll. FH]; M. P. maximus sp. n. ♂ PT, ventral view [coll. FH]; N. P. spectabilis sp. n. ♂ PT, lateral view [coll. FH]; O. P. spectabilis sp. n. ♂ PT, dorsal view [ANSP]; P. P. spectabilis sp. n. ♂ PT, ventral view [ANSP]; Q. P. vosseleri (Redtenbacher, 1908), lateral view [coll. FH]; R. P. vosseleri (Redtenbacher, 1908), dorsal view [coll. FH]; S. P. vosseleri (Redtenbacher, 1908), ventral view [coll. FH].

FIGURE 93. Praeopercular organ of ♀♀: A. Phanocles significans (Redtenbacher, 1908) [ANSP]; B. Phanocles decorus Zompro, 2001 [MNHU]; C. Phanocles falcatus sp. n. PT [ANSP]; D. Phanocles maroniensis (Chopard, 1911) HT [MNHN]; E. Phanocles brevipes sp. n. HT [ANSP]; F. Phanocles virgulatus (Redtenbacher, 1908) [coll. FH]; G. Phanocles vosseleri (Redtenbacher, 1908) [coll. FH]; H. Phanocles ploiaria (Westwood, 1859) ♀ [coll. FH]. Not in scale.

FIGURE 97. Vomer of ♂♂: A. Phanocles falcatus sp. n. HT lateral view [NHMUK]; B. Phanocles falcatus sp. n. PT [MNHN]; C. Phanocles maroniensis (Chopard, 1911) [MNHN]; D. Phanocles costaricensis Hennemann, 2002 [coll. FH]; E. Phanocles maximus sp. n. PT Laguna San Carlos, Panamá [coll. FH]; F. Phanocles significans (Redtenbacher, 1908) [ANSP]; G. Phanocles virgulatus (Redtenbacher, 1908) [coll. FH]; H. Phanocles ploiaria (Westwood, 1859) [coll. FH]; J. Phanocles vosseleri (Redtenbacher, 1908) [coll. FH]; K. Phanocles spectabilis sp. n. PT [ANSP]; L. Phanocles horni (Redtenbacher, 1908) [coll. FH]; M. Phanocles acutecornutus sp. n. PT [ZSMC]; N. Phanocles mutica (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907) [coll. ASPER, © Philippe Lelong]; O. Phanocles keratosqueleton (Olivier, 1792) St. Vincent [coll. ASPER, © Philippe Lelong]. Not in scale.

FIGURE 99. Eggs (in scale): A. Phanocles aequatorialis (Redtenbacher, 1908) [coll. FH]; B. Phanocles costaricensis Hennemann, 2002; C. Phanocles cuzcoense sp. n. ex ovipositor HT [ANSP]; D. Phanocles ecuadoricus sp. n. PT [coll. FH]; E. Phanocles maximus sp. n. [coll. FH]; F. Phanocles mutica (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907) [coll. FH]; G. Phanocles ploiaria (Westwood, 1859) Panamá, Prov. Coclé, Valle de Antón [coll. FH]; H. Phanocles rehni sp. n. ex ovipositor HT [ANSP]; J. Phanocles spectabilis sp. n. PT [coll. FH]; K. Phanocles vosseleri (Redtenbacher, 1908) [coll. FH]; L. Phanocles virgulatus (Redtenbacher, 1908) [coll. FH]; M. Phanocles keratosqueleton (Olivier, 1792) Martinique [coll. FH]; N. Phanocles keratosqueleton (Olivier, 1792) St. Vincent [coll. FH]; O. Phanocles chaperi (Redtenbacher, 1908) [coll. FH]; P. Phanocles falcatus sp. n. PT [coll. FH]. [Scale = 1 mm]

FIGURE 120. Live insects: A. Phanocles berezini sp. n. captive reared ♀ PT (insect showing detail of head, pro- and mesothorax in lateral aspect); B. Phanocles virgulatus (Redtenbacher, 1908) ♀ with pretty white mottling at Panguana, Dept. Huanuco, Peru; C. Jeremia gymnota Günther, 1930 ♀ at Satipo, Peru (© Raf Stassen).