Chiasmocleis papachibe, Peloso & Sturaro & Forlani & Gaucher & Motta & Wheeler, 2014

Peloso, Pedro L. V., Sturaro, Marcelo José, Forlani, Mauricio C., Gaucher, Philippe, Motta, Ana Paula & Wheeler, Ward C., 2014, Phylogeny, Taxonomic Revision, And Character Evolution Of The Genera Chiasmocleis And Syncope (Anura, Microhylidae) In Amazonia, With Descriptions Of Three New Species, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2014 (386), pp. 1-1 : 67-69

Chiasmocleis papachibe , new species Figure 45 , plate 11

HOLOTYPE (fig. 45, pl. 11A–B): MPEG

30683 (field number PRG 043), an adult

male, collected by M.J. Sturaro and A. D’Angiolella in April 18, 2010.

TYPE LOCALITY: Paragominas (03 ° 069230 S / 47 ° 469550W), municipality of Paragominas, state of Pará, Brazil.

PARATYPE: MPEG 30684 (field number PRG 055), an adult female (pl. 11C–D), from the type locality, collected by M.J. Sturaro and A. D’Angiolella, in April 23, 2010.

DIAGNOSIS: A medium-sized Chiasmocleis ; SVL of adult male 24.8 mm, of female 32.6 mm. Body ovoid and relatively slender; snout rounded in dorsal and lateral views, IOD about 2.1–2.3 ×the IND. Four distinctive fingers present; all but FI fringed in males; FI well developed with a subarticular tubercle usually present between the proximal phalanges; adpressed FI does not touch subarticular tubercle on FII; adpressed FIV touches distal subarticular tubercle of FIII; distinct subarticular tubercles present on all fingers; palmar tubercles protuberant, divid- ed; relative finger lengths I,II,IV,III. Five distinctive and well-developed toes present; toes fringed, less so in female; adpressed TI does not touch or barely touches subarticular tubercle of TII; adpressed TV does not reach or reaches only to the middle of the middle subarticular tubercle on TIV; TII–IV with terminal discs, usually more developed in females; toes basally webbed; relative toe lengths I,II,V,III,IV. Males without dermal spines on fingers and toes; both sexes without dermal spines on dorsum and toes. Vocal sac undeveloped, vermiculated by black and white. Femoral line and inguinal blotch are always absent.

COMPARISONS: Chiasmocleis papachibe differs from C. antenori by its much larger SVL (maximum recorded SVL 13.6 mm in C. antenori ) and in having four externally evident fingers (FI not evident externally), five externally evident toes (TI not evident), toe tips rounded (toe tips pointed), and a reticulated venter (dark with scattered light spots).

The new species differs from Chiasmocleis anatipes in having basal webbing in toes of males (extensive webbing in males of C. anatipes ), and by its vermiculated venter (dark spots in C. anatipes ). The new species is distinguished from C. avilapiresae by: its smaller size (SVL of C. avilapiresae up to 37.8 mm in females), its basally webbed feet in males (extensively webbed in male C. avilapiresae ), the absence of a femoral line (present in C. avilapiresae ), and its venter with intense dark reticulations over a white background (brown stains or blotches in C. avilapiresae ). The new species differs from C. bassleri in having a vermiculated venter (large dark spots or stains over a light venter in C. bassleri ) and by the absence of an inguinal blotch (present in C. bassleri ). The new species differ from C. carvalhoi by its much larger SVL (maximum recorded SVL 13.2 in C. carvalhoi: Nelson, 1975 ), four externally evident fingers (FI not evident externally), and five externally evident toes (TI not evident). The new species is distinguished from C. haddadi and C. hudsoni by its larger size (maximum SVL 23.4 mm in C. hudsoni and 18.2 mm in C. haddadi ), fully developed FI (reduced in C. haddadi and C. hudsoni ), and a round finger I tip (tip slightly pointed in C. haddadi and C. hudsoni ). Chiasmocleis papachibe differs from C. magnova by having all fingers fully developed (fingers I and IV reduced in C. magnova ), and by its larger size (maximum SVL 18.3 mm in C. magnova: Moravec and Köhler, 2007 ). Chiasmocleis papachibe is distinguished from C. shudikarensis in having basal webbing on toes of males (males with extensive webbing in C. shudikarensis ) and in lacking an inguinal blotch (present in C. shudikarensis ) and dermal spines on dorsum and digits (spines numerous and conspicuous in C. shudikarensis ). Chiasmocleis papachibe differs from C. ventrimaculata in having a venter with a heavy amount of brown vermiculations (venter light colored with brown stains or blotches, sometimes forming a weakly defined vermiculated pattern in C. ventrimaculata ). The new taxon differs from C. tridactyla by its much larger SVL (maximum recorded SVL 12.4 mm in C. tridactyla ; Duellman and Mendelson III, 1995) in by its four externally evident fingers (FI not evident externally in C. tridactyla ), five externally evident toes (TI not evident), rounded toe tips (toe tips pointed), by its reticulated venter (dark with scattered light spots).

DESCRIPTION OF THE HOLOTYPE: Body ovoid, relatively slender. Head short, wider than long ( HW 1.1 × HL); head slightly narrower than body; snout rounded in dorsal and lateral views; nostrils not protuberant, positioned anterolaterally, directed laterally. IOD 2.3 ×the IND. Canthus rostralis poorly defined, round in cross section; loreal region slightly convex. Eyes are small. No occipital fold present, supratympanic fold present; tympanum not apparent externally. Upper jaw projecting beyond lower; lower lip with truncate, trilobed anterior margin; spines on chin absent; tongue large, elongated, with free lateral and posterior edges; vocal slits not developed; choanae small, rounded, widely separated, just anterior to eye; vomerine teeth absent. Vocal sac is not developed.

Forelimbs slender; all fingers developed, nearly round in cross section; no webbing between fingers; relative finger lengths I,II,IV,III; tips rounded, with little developed fringes, without discs. FI swollen, no distinct subarticular tubercle visible. Subarticular tubercles on remaining fingers present but not very developed and not prominent; one subarticular tubercle on FII and FIV, two on FIII; both tubercles are equal in size; no supernumerary tubercles; palmar tubercle not visible, thenar tubercle present, large, round prominent; outer metacarpal tubercle present. All fingers without dermal spines laterally.

Legs short (combined THL, TBL, and FL 1.36 × SVL); legs relatively robust, lacking tubercles, lacking tibial and tarsal ridges or warts; toes not webbed (a very rudimentary vestige of web between TIII–TIV and TIV– TV is present and may be considered basal webbing by some observers); TI weakly developed (tip fails to reach subarticular tubercle of TII), without a visible subarticular tubercle; toe tips rounded with little developed lateral fringes and small discs on all but TI. Subarticular tubercles present in all toes; no outer metatarsal tubercle. TI barely reaches proximal margin of the tubercle of TII; TV reaches distal margin of proximal subarticular tubercle on TIV; relative toe lengths I,II,V,III,IV. Toes without lateral dermal spines.

Skin smooth dorsally and ventrally without scattered spines.

MEASUREMENTS OF THE HOLOTYPE: SVL 24.8 , HL 4.7, HW 5.3, ED 1.8, IOD 4.1, IND 1.8, END 2.0, THL 9.0, TBL 9.4 , FL 15.4 .

VARIATION: The species is only known from three specimens (two of which are illustrated in pl. 11) and all have very similar morphology, except for trivial differences in size and body shape between males and females. Additionally, males seem to have more numerous white dots on the dorsum than females.

ETYMOLOGY: The specific epithet, a noun in apposition, refers to the vernacular composite word ‘‘Papa-Chibe´,’’ meaning ‘‘the one who eats chibe´.’’ Chibé is made by soaking manioc ( Manihot esculenta Crantz ) flour— locally known as farinha de mandioca —in water. The resulting porridge, or soupy liquid, is then commonly seasoned with salt and hot peppers and eaten, sometimes with fish or game, but often as the only source of nutrients ( Murrieta, 1998). Farinha de mandioca and its derivatives, including chibe´, are an important source of nutrition to several Amazonian populations in the Lower Rio Amazonas region ( Murrieta, 1998; Murrieta et al., 2008). The name ‘‘Papa-Chibe´,’’ or ‘‘Papa-Xibe´,’’ is colloquially used to refer to anyone who is native to the state of Pará, Brazil ( Sobral, 2005). Chiasmocleis papachibe is, up until now, known only from a couple of localities in Pará, and the name is given as homage to the inhabitants of the Brazilian state of Pará (‘‘paraenses’’).

CALL AND TADPOLES: Unknown.

REMARKS: Genetic distances between the three specimens of Chiasmocleis papachibe included in the phylogenetic is zero.

DISTRIBUTION (fig. 34): Known from the type locality and from a nearby locality, Barcarena, Pará, Brazil.

Figures

Fig. 45. Holotype of Chiasmocleis papachibe, sp. nov. (MPEG 30683), in (A) dorsal and (B) ventral views. SVL 5 24.8 mm.