Ariidae Bleeker, 1858

Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Oliveira, Claudio & Ferraris Jr, Carl J., 2024, A new classification of the family Ariidae (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (2), pp. 426-476 : 428-430

Family Ariidae Bleeker, 1858

MP 100, BI 1, ML 100

Type genus: Arius Valenciennes, 1840 .

Included subfamilies Ariinae Bleeker 1858

Bagreinae Schultz, 1944

Galeichthyinae Acero & Betancur-R, 2007.

Diagnosis (all non-ambiguous)

Contact face between lateral ethmoid and frontal through two facets that delimit a fenestra (14, 2> 3), state 0 in Ketengus ; bony blade anteriorly connecting nasal tubules present (21, 0> 1), reversed in Osteogeneiosus ; posterior cranial fontanel formed exclusively frontals (25, 0> 1), reversed in Arius , Aspistor , Betancurichthys , Cathorops dasycephalus , Cephalocassis , Cinetodus , Cryptarius , Doiichthys , Hemiarius , Hemipimelodus , Ketengus , Nedystoma , Nemapteryx , Neoarius (except Neoarius hainesi ), Notarius , Pachyula , Paracinetodus, Pauparius , and Potamosilurus ; epioccipital posterior process present (42, 0> 1); accessory tooth plates present (58, 0> 1), reversed in Hemipimelodus , Ketengus , Nedystoma , Pachyula , Potamarius (except Potamarius usumacintae ), and Potamosilurus ; otic capsule very large, limited by prootic, pterotic, and exoccipital (70, 0> 2), state 1 in Sciades (except Sciades couma and Sciades herzbergii ); lapilli otoliths several times larger than asteriscus and sagitta (75, 0> 1); space between transcapular process and otic capsule moderately large (89, 0> 1), reversed in Chinchaysuyoa , Occidentarius , Sciades (except Sciades couma and Sciades herzbergii ); posterior process of exoccipital present (90, 0> 1), reversed in Notarius ; posterior infraorbital S-shaped (97, 0> 1), state 2 in Bagre ; lachrymal-antorbital very wide (100, 1> 0), reversed in Plicofollis dussumieri , Plicofollis layardi , Plicofollis nella , and Plicofollis polystaphylodon ; dorsal crest of premaxilla present (125, 1> 0), reversed in Ketengus ; anterior portion of second basibranchial very expanded (165, 0> 1); anterior portion of proximal cartilage of fourth epibranchial about half as wide as posterior portion (188, 0> 1); third pharyngobranchial angled in form of boomerang (192, 0> 1), reversed in Doiichthys , Ketengus , and Paragenidens ; dorsal processes of upper (pharyngeal) tooth plate long (197, 0> 1), reversed in Cinetodus and state 2 in Doiichthys and Nedystoma ; anterior and posterior nostrils close together (232, 0> 1).

Remarks

Within the Ariidae , the subfamilies Ariinae and Bagreinae share a suite of molecular and morphological characters not found in the species of the Galeichthyinae . The MP and ML results place the Ariinae plus Bagreinae as the sister group to the Galeichthyinae ( Figs 1–2 ). Morphological character states that are shared by those two subfamilies and absent in Galeichthyinae are as follows: anterior portion of anterior cranial fontanel partially or totally delimited by dorsal expansion of orbitosphenoid ( 24, 0> 1); enclosure of aortic canal present ( 76, 0> 1); subvertebral process well developed (78, 0> 1); basioccipital lateral process present ( 82, 0> 1), sesamoid bone I very long and subtriangular (145, 0> 1); urohyal long 157 (0> 1); posterolateral processes of urohyal short (160, 0> 1); posterolateral processes of urohyal as long as or longer than distal portion of bone (162, 0> 1); distal portion of uncinate process of third epibranchial truncate (183, 0> 1); mesial one-fourth of fourth epibranchial thin, its width about twice its length ( 186, 0> 1), superficial ventral ossification of Weberian apparatus entirely covering aortic canal ( 209, 0> 1); 19 or more precaudal vertebrae (215, 0> 1); and protractor muscle of parapophysis of fourth vertebra contacting posterior process of epioccipital ( 249, 0> 1).

Ambiguous optimization: Mesethmoid median portion moderately wide (2, 1> 2); epioccipital posterior process very long ( 43, 0> 1); orbitosphenoid and pterosphenoid lateral expansions very narrow and long (65, 0> 1); otolith anteromesial process conspicuous ( 72, 0> 1); contact face for articulation of transcapular process with basioccipital large and depressed (85, 0> 1); exoccipital bony crest parallel to vertebral column and mesially folded (92, 1> 2); articulation of the autopalatine with lateral ethmoid slightly displaced to anterior portion of bone (111, 1> 0); dorsal crest of urohyal not projected anteriorly (156, 1> 0); Müllerian ramus distal third gently curved (208, 0> 1), 15 or more ribs (213, 0> 1); adipose-fin base very short (222, 0> 3); gas bladder shape cordiform (239, 0> 1), and lateral line not bifurcated, reaching dorsal caudal-fin lobe (247, 0> 1).

Figures

Figure 1. MP analysis.Subfamilies (SF) Galeichthyinae (pink), Bagreinae (bright blue), and Ariinae (dark blue). Tribe (T) Ariini (blue), Cathopsini (orange), Genidentini tribe nov. (brown), and Sciadeini tribe nov. (light green).Subtribe (ST) Ariina (light blue) and Doiichthyina (green). Incertae sedis taxa (IS) (red). Numbers over branches correspond to the bootstrap support.

Figure 2. ML analysis. Subfamilies (SF) Galeichthyinae (pink), Bagreinae (bright blue), and Ariinae (dark blue). Tribe (T) Ariini (blue), Cathopsini (orange), Genidentini tribe nov. (brown), and Sciadeini tribe nov. (light green). Subtribe (ST) Ariina (light blue) and Doiichthyina (green). Incertae sedis taxa (IS) (red). Numbers over branches correspond to the bootstrap support.