Lichnia Limbata Erichson, 1835

Hawkins, Shauna Joy, 2006, A revision of the Chilean tribe Lichniini Burmeister, 1844 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae), Zootaxa 1266 (1), pp. 1-63 : 26-31

Lichnia Limbata Erichson, 1835

( Figs. 1, 3a–b , 4a–b , 5b , 6b , 7b , 9b , 10 )

Lichnia limbata Erichson 1835: 270 (valid name).

Dasychaeta lateralis Erichson 1847: 104 . New synonymy.

Lichnia immarginata Blanchard 1850: 52 (junior synonym).

Lichnia inmarginata Blanchard 1850 (lapsus calami, Gutiérrez 1943: 149).

Catalog

Lichnia limbata: Erichson 1835: 270 , Plate 3, Fig. 6 (original description); Laporte

1840: 155 (catalog); Burmeister 1844: 9 (comments on morphology); Curtis 1845: 456

(catalog, comment on mouthparts); Blanchard 1850: 52 (catalog); Solier 1851: 123, Plate

17, Figs.11–12 (redescription and illustrations); Lacordaire 1856: 162 (note);

Redtenbacher 1868: 61 (catalog); Harold 1869: 1094 (catalog); Philippi 1887: 685

(catalog); Germain 1911: 68 (catalog); Arrow 1912: 6 (catalog); Chapin 1938: 80 (taxonomic notes); Guti é rrez 1943: 149 (redescription); Blackwelder 1944: 216

(checklist); Machatschtke 1959: 530, 532, 533 (illustrations); Hawkins 2004 (online

catalog).

Dasychaeta lateralis: Erichson 1847: 104 (original description); Lacordaire 1856: 162

(checklist, taxonomic notes); Harold 1869: 1093 (catalog); Arrow 1912: 6 (catalog); Chapin 1938: 81 (taxonomic note); Guti é rrez 1943: 147 (taxonomic note); Blackwelder

1944: 216 (checklist); Hawkins 2004 (online catalog).

Lichnia immarginata: Blanchard 1850: 52 (original description); Harold 1869: 1094

(placed in synonymy with L. limbata ); Philippi 1887: 685 (catalog listing as synonym of L.

limbata); Germain 1911: 68 (catalog listing as synonym of L. limbata ); Arrow 1912: 6

(catalog listing as synonym of L. limbata ); Hawkins 2004 (online catalog listing as

synonym of L. limbata ).

Lichnia inmarginata: Guti é rrez 1943: 149 (lapsus calami in catalog).

Type specimens

Lichnia limbata Erichson , male lectotype at ZMHB labeled: a) “Valparai/ so. M.” (handwritten), b) “Southern Neotropical Scarabs/ database #SH75980171/ Lichnia limbata Erichson ♂ / DET: S.J. Hawkins 2004 ” (typeset, ♂ hand­drawn), c) “ Lichnia limbata / Erichson/ LECTOTYPE ♂ / S.J. Hawkins” (red label, typeset). Lectotype here designated. One female paralectotype (glued on card) at ZMHB labeled: a) “Valparai/ so. M.” (handwritten), b) “ Lichnia lim / bata Er. M.” (handwritten), c) “ limbata Er. / Lichnia ” (large white label, handwritten), d) “ L./ limbata / Er. M./ Chile.” (large, light green, square label, handwritten), e) “Southern Neotropical Scarabs/ database #SH75980000/ Lichnia limbata Erichson ♀ / DET: S.J. Hawkins 2004 ” (typeset, ♀ hand­drawn), f) “ Lichnia limbata / Erichson/ PARALECTOTYPE ♀ S.J. Hawkins” (yellow label, typeset). Erichson (1835) did not indicate how many specimens were in the type series. The location and existence of other paralectotypes is unknown. Type locality: Valparaíso, Region V (Valparaíso), Chile.

Dasychaeta lateralis Erichson , neotype male at USNM labeled: a) Valparaiso / Chile /

XI. 1976 (typeset), b) “Southern Neotropical Scarabs/ database #SH75980122/ Lichnia

limbata Erichson ♂ / DET: S.J. Hawkins 2004 ” (typeset, ♂ hand­drawn), c) Dasychaeta

lateralis / Erichson/ NEOTYPE ♂ / S.J. Hawkins” (red label, typeset). Neotype here designated. Type locality: Valpara í so, Region V (Valpara í so), Chile. Original type missing

from ZMHB (see remarks).

Lichnia immarginata Blanchard , lectotype female at MNHN labeled: a) “4196 36” (round green label, handwritten on underside), b) “ Lichnia / immarginata / type Bl.” (handwritten), c) “ L. immarginata ./ Cat. Mus./ Chili / M. Gay” (large green label, handwritten), d) “Southern Neotropical Scarabs/ database #SH75980771/ Lichnia limbata Erichson ♀ / DET: S.J. Hawkins 2004 ” (typeset, ♀ hand­drawn), e) “ Lichnia immarginata / Blanchard/ LECTOTYPE ♀ / S.J. Hawkins” (red label, typeset). Lectotype here designated. Two female paralectotypes at MNHN labeled: a) “15/ 43” (round green label, handwritten on underside), b) “Southern Neotropical Scarabs/ database #SH75980773/ Lichnia limbata Erichson ♀ / DET: S.J. Hawkins 2004 ” and “Southern Neotropical Scarabs/ database #SH75980774/ Lichnia limbata Erichson ♀ / DET: S.J. Hawkins 2004 ” (typeset, ♀ hand­drawn), c) “ Lichnia immarginata / Blanchard/ PARALECTOTYPE ♀ / S.J. Hawkins” (yellow label, typeset). Blanchard (1850) did not indicate how many specimens were in the type series. The location and existence of other paralectotypes is unknown. Blanchard (1850) described L. immarginata based on females of L. limbata . Type locality: Chile.

Description

Male. Length 4.5–6.0 mm; width 3.0–4.0 mm. Color: Head, pronotum, venter, and legs black; elytral disc testaceous, margin dark brown to black. Head: Surface punctate; punctures small, dense, setose; setae long, moderately dense to dense, white. Clypeus with surface flat, punctate; punctures small, dense, setose; setae short, half as long as clypeal setae, dense, white or black; apex truncate. Labrum with surface punctate; punctures small, dense, setose; setae short, half as long as clypeal setae, dense, white or black; apex rounded without tooth. Clypeal apex slightly rounded. Labrum with surface punctate; punctures small, dense, setose; setae short, half as long as clypeal setae, dense, white or black. Mandible on external surface with moderately long, dense, black setae. Labial margins with moderately long, dense, black setae. Eye canthus setose; setae long, dense, black. Antenna with pedicel setose, elongate, segment 2 globular, 3–6 subequal in length, 7–9 lamellate; club slightly longer than segments 1–6 ( Fig. 4a ). Pronotum: Surface punctate; punctures small, moderately dense, with long, moderately dense to dense, white setae. Anterior margin setose; setae short, dense, yellow. Lateral margins slightly rounded, setose; setae long, dense, white. Posterior margin setose; setae long, dense, white. Scutellum: Surface setose; setae long, moderately dense, white. Elytron: Surface depressed posteriorly, punctate; punctures small, moderately dense medially, dense laterally, with both stout, black and slender, white setae. Propygidium: Surface exposed, covered with long, dense, white setae; setae overlaying basal 1/4 of pygidium, apices of setae forming straight row. Pygidium: Surface slightly convex, setose; setae long, dense, black. Apex rounded. Venter: Thorax punctate, punctures small, dense, with both black and white setae. Mes­ and metepisternum setose; setae long, dense, white. Abdomen with 7 segments exposed, segments densely setose on lateral margin, sparsely setose medially; setae long, white. Margin of apex sinuate. Terminal abdominal segment setose on apical half; setae long, dense, black. Legs: Surface setose; setae long, moderately dense, both black and white. Protibia slender, with 3 outer teeth and 1 inner apical tooth ( Fig. 3a ). Metatibia expanded apically. Parameres: Fig. 9b .

Female. Females differ from males in the following respects: length 5.1–6.5 mm; width 3.0– 4.2 mm. Color: Head, pronotum, venter, and legs reddish brown to black; elytral disc testaceous to red, margin dark brown to black. Head: Antennal club short, subequal in length to segments 3–6 ( Fig 4b ). Pronotum: Lateral margin rounded. Elytron: Surface not depressed posteriorly. Propygidium: Surface setose; setae yellow to yellowish brown, covering 1/3 of pygidium, not dense and not forming straight row. Pygidium: Apex attenuate. Venter: Apex of terminal sternite of abdomen deeply emarginate. Legs: Protibia expanded ( Fig. 3b ). Metatibia subparallel, not expanded apically.

Diagnosis

Lichnia limbata ( Fig. 1) resembles L. gallardoi . However, L. limbata is distinguished by a long antennal club ( Fig. 4a ) and the absence of a clypeal tooth in males (the antennal club is short ( Fig. 4b ) and a clypeal tooth is present in males of L. gallardoi ). In both sexes, L. limbata is slightly smaller than L. gallardoi . Aside from size, females of these two species are indistinguishable and must be identified based on association with males and geographical location. The distribution of L. limbata is from Region V (Valparaíso) to Region VII (Maule), whereas L. gallardoi is found further north in Region IV (Coquimbo) ( Fig. 10 ).

Remarks

Most specimens of L. limbata have been collected in dry, sandy areas around Valpara í so and Santiago, and the distributional records become fewer to the south. Many specimens were collected using sweep nets on flowers, but some were caught in malaise traps and pan traps.

Erichson (1847) stated that the original type of Dasychaeta lateralis was from Peru. However, Erichson described a number of new beetle species in “The Fauna of Peru ” (1847) that were actually from central Chile ( Jameson & Smith 2002, Smith 2003). This was a common error at that time because of recent changes in political borders and regional name changes. Because no specimens of any species of Lichniini have subsequently been found in Peru, I believe that D. lateralis is one of the species that was erroneously labeled. Erichson was likely observing a specimen of L. limbata Erichson from central Chile. He perhaps classified the mislabeled specimen as a new genus because of its locality despite the fact it resembled L. limbata . Erichson stated that the two species are indistinguishable except for a shorter lobe on the mandibles and a shorter eye canthus on D. lateralis . Because these characters are variable in L. limbata , I believe that D. lateralis is conspecific with L. limbata , and I have placed the name in synonymy. No specimens of D. lateralis are known, and according to accession records at ZMHB, Erichson described the species solely from the holotype. Dr. Johannes Frisch and Joachim Willers at the ZMHB have reported that the D. lateralis type specimen has been missing since at least 1999, and I did not locate it in any of the other museums that I visited or from which I borrowed specimens. For these reasons, I designate a neotype to stabilize the nomenclature.

Distribution

Central Chile from Region V (Valpara í so) to Region VII (Maule) ( Fig. 10 ).

Locality data

538 specimens were examined from ABTS, BMNH, CASC, CMNC, CNCI, EMUS, FMNH, FSCA, INHS, JMEC, KSUC, LACM, LEMQ, MCZC, MNHN, MNNC, UCCC, UMRM, USNM, VMDC, ZMHB, ZSMC .

CHILE. REGION V (VALPARAÍSO) (212): Algarrobo (15), Cuesta Chacabuco (41), Cuesta El Melón (38), El Quisco (11), Las Chilcas (1), Limache (7), Llay­Llay (3), Llo­ Lleo (4), Palma de Ocoa (40), Penuelas (2), Quillota (7), Valparaíso (42), no data (1). REGION METROPOLITANA DE SANTIAGO (195): Cajon del Maipo (1), Caleu (3), Cuesta Barriga (5), Curacavi (1), El Noviciado (32), El Portezuelo (22), Fundo El Manzano (1), La Africana (2), La Obra (4), Laguna Carén (6), Lampa (4), Leyda (8), Maipu (1), Pudahuel (54), Quebrada de La Plata (1), Renca (10), San Bernardo (4), Santiago (20), Tiltil (10), no data (6). REGION VI (O’HIGGINS) (15): El Arbol (7), El Manzano (2), Pencahue (4), Las Nieves (1), Rancagua (1). REGION VII (MAULE) (19): Curicó (1), Rio Cipreses (18). NO DATA (97).

Temporal data January (8), September (4), October (157), November (230), December (12).

Figures

FIGURES 3a–b. Dorsal view of foreleg of Lichnia limbata showing sexual dimorphism in male (a) and female (b).

FIGURES 4a–c. Dorsal view of antenna showing length of club. a) Lichnia limbata male; b) L. limbata female; c) Arctodium mahdii male.

FIGURES 5a–b. Dorsal view of maxilla showing length of galea. a) Arctodium discolor; b) Lichnia limbata.

FIGURES 6a–b. Dorsal view of labrum and mandibles showing form of the mandibles (a) dentate, Arctodium vulpinum or (b) rounded, Lichnia limbata.

FIGURES 7a–b. Lateral view of beetles showing length of galea. a) Arctodium vulpinum; b) Lichnia limbata.

FIGURES 9a–c. Caudal (i) and lateral (ii) views of parameres. a) Lichnia gallardoi; b) L. limbata; c) Arctodium discolor.

FIGURE 10. Map of central Chile showing distribution of Lichnia gallardoi and L. limbata.

FIGURE 11. Map of central Chile showing distribution of Arctodium discolor and A. planum.

FIGURE 12. Map of central Chile showing distribution of Arctodium vulpinum and A. mahdii.