Gallerucida singularis Harold, 1880

Lee, Chi-Feng & Ẽk, Jan Bezd, 2013, Revision of Gallerucida singularis species group (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae), Zootaxa 3647 (2), pp. 358-370 : 359-368

Gallerucida singularis Harold, 1880

Galerucida (sic) singularis Harold, 1880: 146 ; Chûjô, 1935: 169 ( Taiwan).

Gallerucida singularis: Maulik, 1936: 551 ( India, Myanmar, Vietnam); Chûjô, 1962: 150 (redescription); Chûjô, 1963: 24 ( Taiwan); Kimoto, 1966: 34 ( Taiwan); Kimoto, 1969: 66 ( Taiwan); Wilcox, 1971: 206 (catalogue); Kimoto, 1986: 59 ( Taiwan); Kimoto, 1989a: 238; Kimoto, 1989b: 260 ( Taiwan); Kimoto, 1991: 17 ( Taiwan); Takizawa et al., 1995: 10 ( Taiwan); Takizawa, 1995: 46 ( Thailand); Li & Yang, 2002: 308 (Guizhou); Yang & Yao, 2002: 448 (Hainan); Zhang et al., 2005: 282 (Guizhou).

Galerucida (sic) tonkinensis Laboissère, 1934: 120 ; Gressitt & Kimoto, 1963:736; Wilcox, 1971: 207 (catalogue); Kimoto, 1989a: 238 (as synonym of G. singularis ). synonymy confirmed.

Galerucida (sic) haroldi Weise, 1912: 90 (part).

Type series. Gallerucida singularis : Holotype Ƥ (MNHUB), labelled: “Ribbe [y] / 60685 / singularis Harold Darjeeling / SYNTYPUS Galerucida singularis Harold, 1880 labelled by NMHUB 2012”.

Gallerucida tonkinensis : Lectotype 3 (MNHN), here designated, labeled: “MUSEUM PARIS TONKIN SEPT. RÉGION DE HA-LANG MOLLARD 1906 / TYPE (white label with red letters) / Galerucida tonkinensis m V. Laboissère – Dét. / SYNTYPE (red label with black letters)”. Paralectotype: 1 3(MNHN): “MUSEUM PARIS TONKIN SEPT. RÉGION DE HA-LANG MOLLARD 1906 / SYNTYPE (red label with black letters)”.

Gallerucida haroldi : Paralectotypes: 33, 6Ƥ (MNHUB): “ Tonkin Montes Mauson April, Mai 2 –3000’ H. Fruhstorfer / SYNTYPUS Galerucida haroldi Weise, 1889 labeled by MNHUB 2012”

Material examined (116 specimens). CHINA: 1Ƥ, Guangxi prov., Guilin, Lonngshe Huapin (Huapin- Hobian), 700–900 m, 26.IX.2003, leg. W. T. Yang (NMNS); 13, Guangxi prov., Tsha-jiu-san (=Jiuwandashan), VII.-VIII.1919, leg. S. V. Mell (MNHUB); 13, Guizhou prov., Qiandongnan Miao-dong Rongjiang Shiaudanjiang, 13-14.IX.2005, leg. W. T. Yang (NMNS); 63, Yunnan prov., Guangnan, Zhetu, 1–18.VII.2007, leg. J. Li (JHRG); INDIA:; 13, Assam, Sadiya, Doherty, Fry Coll. 1905.100 (BMNH); 1Ƥ, Lebong, 5000 ft., IX.1908, W. M. L., B.M. 1953-544 (BMNH); 1Ƥ, Mungphu, Atkinson Coll. 92-3 (BMNH); LAOS: 1Ƥ, Hua Phan prov., Ban Saluei; Phu Phan Mt., 20°15’N 104°02’E, 1500-2000m, 26.IV. –11.V.2001, leg. J. Bezdĕk (JBBC); MYANMAR: 23, Ruby Mines, Doherty, Fry Coll. 1905.100 (BMNH); 1Ƥ, Nam Tami, 4,000 ft., 13.I.1931, leg. F. Kingdon Ward, B.M. 1932-196 (BMNH); 13, Hkamti Long, 500–3,000 ft., IV.-V.1935, leg. R. J. H. Kaulback, B.M. 1937-547 (BMNH); TAIWAN: 23, 1Ƥ, Chiayi, Arisan (= Alishan), 10.X.1912, leg. I. Nitobe (TARI); 13, same locality, VII.1914, leg. M. Maki (TARI); 13, 1Ƥ, same locality, 2–23.X.1918, leg. J. Sonan (TARI); 23, 1Ƥ, same locality 2-23.X.1918, leg. J. Sonan, M. Yoshino (BMNH); 1Ƥ, Chiayi, Shihmientung, 12-26.III.2011, leg. M.-L. Jang (TARI); 1Ƥ, Chiayi, Taihorin (= Talin), X.1919, leg. S. G. Sauter (MNHUB); 1Ƥ, Hsinchu, Chenhsipao, 20VII.2002, leg. J.-F. Tsai (TARI); 13, Hsinchu, Litungshan, 6.VI.2010, leg. Y.-L. Lin (TARI); 23, Hualien, Hsinpaiyang, 17-22.IX.2007, leg. Y.-F. Hsu (TARI); 13, Hualien, Juisui, 28.XI.1962, leg. K. Baba (NMNS); 13, Hualien, Wulan, 17.XI.2011 – 4.I.2012, leg. W. T. Yang & K. W. Huang (NMNS); 13, Ilan, Shikikun (= Suchi), 24.X.1929, leg. M. Chûjô (TARI); 13, 1Ƥ, same locality, 22.V.1931, leg. R. Takahashi (TARI); 1Ƥ, Ilan, Taiheizan (= Taipingshan), 23.V.1931, leg. R. Takahashi (TARI); 1Ƥ, same locality, 19.VII.1940, collector unknown (TARI); 23, 1Ƥ, same locality, 10.V.1942, leg. A. Mutuura (TARI); 1Ƥ, Ilan, Tuchang, 12.III.2007, leg. H.-H. Li (TARI); 2Ƥ, Ilan, Eboshiyama (= Tulishan), 17–21.V.1933, leg. M. Chûjô (TARI); 1Ƥ, Kaoshiung, Hoozan (= Fengshan), V.1910, leg. S. G. Sauter (MNHUB); 2Ƥ, Kaoshiung, Tengchih, 2-5.VI.2008, leg. C.-F. Lee (TARI); 1Ƥ, Kaoshiung, Wukungshan, 23.I.2009, leg. S.-F. Yu (TARI); 1Ƥ, Nantou, Meifeng, 20.IV.2011, leg. C.-F. Lee (TARI); 1Ƥ, Nantou, Tungpu, 23–27.VII.1984, leg. K. C. Chou & C. H. Yang (TARI); 13, same locality, X.1985, leg. K. S. Lin (TARI); 23, same locality, XI.1985, leg. K. S. Lin (TARI); 13, Nantou, Wushe, 21–23.VI.1983, leg. K. S. Lin & S. C. Lin (TARI); 33, 2Ƥ, Pingtung, Jinshuiying, 12.IV.2012, leg. C.-F. Lee (JBBC); 13, Pingtung, Tahanshan, 22.I.2009, leg. S.-F. Yu (TARI); 1Ƥ, same locality, 2.III.2009, leg. C.-F. Lee (TARI); 43, same locality, 17.V.2009, leg. M.-L. Jeng, T.-J. Chen (TARI); 23, same locality, 25.V.2009, leg. M.-L. Jeng (TARI); 13, same locality, 6.VI.2012, leg. C.-F. Lee (MNHUB); 1Ƥ, Taichung, Anmashan, 23.III.2011, leg. C.-F. Lee (TARI); 13, same locality (= Tashuehshan), 26.IX.2009, leg. Y.-T. Wang (TARI); 13, Taipei, Chutzuhu, 26.V.1983, leg. K. C. Chou (TARI); 3Ƥ, Taipei, Rimogan (= Fushan), 12.V.1933, leg. M. Chûjô (TARI); 1Ƥ, Guanyishan, 2.V.1955, leg. S. C. Chiu (TARI); 1Ƥ, Linkou, 9.I.2007, leg. H.-H. Han (TARI); 13, Taipei, Pamierh, 17.IV.2008, leg. S.-F. Yu (TARI); 1Ƥ, Taipei, Tanshui, 17.X.1960, leg. Y. C. Chang (TARI); 13, 1Ƥ, same locality, 6.V.2008, leg. Y.-C. Chang (TARI); 33, same locality, 4.XI.2008, leg. Y.-C. Chng (TARI); 13, 1Ƥ, Taipei, Mt. Daiton (= Tatungshan), 3.VI.1934 (TARI); 1Ƥ, Taipei, Urai (= Wulai), 2.X.1933, leg. J. Ariga (TARI); 13, same locality, 4.XII.1999, leg. Y.-L. Lin (TARI); 1Ƥ, same locality, 27.III.2007, leg. S.-F. Yu (TARI); 1Ƥ, Taipei, Sozan (= Yangmingshan), 30.IV.1933, leg. Chûjô (TARI); 2Ƥ, same but with “ 25.X.1936 ” (TARI); 1Ƥ, same locality, 21.IV.1956, leg. K. S. Lin (TARI); 1Ƥ, same locality, 17.X.1958, leg. S. C. Chiu (TARI); 13, same locality, 3.IV.1998, leg. M. L. Chang (NMNS); 13, same locality, 11.IV.2008, leg. S.-F. Yu (TARI); 13, Taitung, Guanshan, 31.X.2009, leg. P.-F. Wang (TARI); 13, Taitung, Taimali, 20.III.2008, leg. P.-F. Wang (TARI); 1Ƥ, Taoyuan, Paling, 3–5.V.1983, leg. K. C. Chou & C. C. Pan (TARI); 13, Yunlin, Ku-Kung Ship-pi, 29.X.1992, leg. W. T. Yang (NMNS); VIETNAM: 83, 9Ƥ, Tonkin, Montes Mauson, IV. –V., 2–3000 (ft.) (13, 1Ƥ in BMNH, with additional label: “H. Fruhstorfer, Jacoby Coll. 1909-28 a”; 13 in JBBC; 63, 8Ƥ in MNHUB); 2Ƥ, Tonkin, Than-Moi, VI. –VII. (MNHUB).

Diagnosis. Gallerucida singularis can be distinguished from G. haroldi and G. g e b i e n i by the reddish brown pronotum (pronotum black in G. h a ro l d i), reddish brown thoracic ventrites (thoracic ventrites black in G. h a ro l d i and G. g e b i e n i), reddish brown abdominal ventrites (abdominal ventrites black with yellowish sides in G. g e b i e n i); one black spot behind elytral humerus (two black spots in G. g e b i e n i), three black spots near elytral apex (two black spots near elytral apex in G. haroldi and G. g e b i e n i); and a pair of lateral sclerites of the endophallic sclerites with baso-lateral apophysis (lateral sclerites absent in G. haroldi ; lateral sclerites without baso-lateral apophysis in G. gebieni ). Two species ( G. singularis and G. haroldi ) were found among the type series of G. h a ro l d i based on these diagnostic characters.

Male. Length 8.4–10.0 mm. Color ( Figs 1–2 ) dark reddish brown; elytron with humeral and apical areas yellowish, one small black spot behind yellowish humeral area, yellowish apical area with two circular black spots on anterior part, another black spot near apex; tibia, tarsus and apex of femur darkened.

Labrum transverse, with about 20 long setae in one transverse row in middle, anterior margin moderately concave. Interocular space 1.5 times as wide as transverse diameter of eye. Frontal tubercle subtriangular, finely microsculptured, weakly elevated, with about 20 long setae along posterior margin, and ten long setae along anterior margin of frons. Interantennal space 1.2 times as wide as transverse diameter of antennal socket. Vertex shiny, shagreened behind frontal tubercles. Antenna filiform, 0.9 times as long as body, antennomeres III-VII slightly widened laterally, dorso-ventrally flattened; ratio of length of antennomeres III to XI about 1.0: 2.0: 1.9: 1.8: 1.8: 1.8: 1.7: 1.7: 2.0; ratio of length to width of antennomeres III to XI about 1.8: 3.4: 3.4: 3.5: 3.3: 3.9: 4.2: 4.2: 4.9.

Pronotum transverse, 1.8 times as wide as long; widest at apical 2/5, slightly convergent posteriorly. Surface with scattered prominent punctures, with two distinct transverse depressions. Anterior margin strongly concave, posterior margin slightly rounded, lateral margins almost straight. All margins thinly bordered. Anterior angles acute, strongly produced anteriorly, posterior angles obtusely angulate. All angles with setigerous pore bearing one long seta. Scutellum triangular with rounded apex, glabrous.

Elytra slightly divergent posteriorly, surface glabrous, with prominent punctures arranged in ten longitudinal striae, interstices between striae with prominent punctures confused with striae. Humeral calli well developed. Epipleura wide basally, strongly narrowed before half, disappearing before apex. Ventral surface glabrous, except few short hairs on medial part of metathoracic and abdominal ventrites. Posterior margin of last ventrite feebly depressed near apex. First tarsomere as long as two following tarsomeres combined.

Median lobe of aedeagus ( Figs 9–10 ) slender, tubular, with widely rounded apex; in lateral view almost straight, slightly curved at apex; ventral surface flat. Endophallic sclerites composed of one median sclerite and a pair of lateral sclerites. Median sclerite longitudinal, apex narrowly rounded, in lateral view base deeply emarginate; a pair of lateral sclerites slender and strongly curved near apices, apex rounded, base widened, basolateral apophysis well developed.

Female. Length 8.5–10.5 mm. Antenna shorter than in male, 0.7 times as long as body, ratio of length of antennomeres III to XI about 1.0: 1.6: 1.6: 1.5: 1.4: 1.3: 1.3: 1.3: 1.5; ratio of length to width of antennomeres III to XI about 2.3: 4.3: 4.0: 4.0: 3.9: 3.6: 3.8: 3.8: 4.4. Posterior margin of last ventrite widely rounded. Gonocoxae (Fig. 15) slender, connected from middle to near base; curved outwards from middle to apex, apex narrowly rounded, with four long setae and six to seven short setae. Sternite VIII ( Fig. 18 ) weakly sclerotized, with long setae in transverse row along margin, spiculum extremely long. Spermathecal receptaculum ( Fig. 21 ) moderately swollen; pump narrow, strongly curved; spermathecal duct short, stout, shallowly projecting into receptaculum.

FIGURES 15 – 17. Gonocoxae of Gallerucida species. 15. G. singularis ; 16. G. h a ro l d i; 17. G. g e b i e n i.

Variation. The posterior black spot on the elytral apex is more or less reduced in a few specimens. Some males from Vietnam have shorter antennae as do the females.

Remarks. The type series of G. haroldi (28 specimens) at the MNHUB is a mixture of G. singularis (9 specimens) and G. haroldi (19 specimens).

Host plants and natural history. In Taiwan, adults ( Fig. 24 ) were found feeding on the leaves of Polygonum chinense L. ( Fig. 25 ) and Fallopia multiflora var. hypoleucum (Ohwi) Yonek. et H. Ohashi (Polygonaceae) . In the laboratory, these plants were provided as food for both adults and larvae. Females laid 43– 49 eggs ( Fig. 26 ) in a single egg mass. The eggs hatched in 25 days. The larvae fed on leaves and the larval period was 20 days. Mature larvae ( Fig. 27 ) crawled into the soil and built underground chambers for pupation. The pupal stage lasted for 12– 14 days. G. singularis is a typical nocturnal species. Neither adults nor larvae were found on host plants during the day but only at night.

The larval description (Medvedev & Zaytsev 1979) and host plant record of Polygonum sp. (Medvedev & Zaytsev 1979, Medvedev & Dang, 1982) from Tam Dao in North Vietnam may refer either to G. singularis or G. haroldi . Polygonum sp. as a host plant of G. singularis was also mentioned by Li & Yang (2002) from China: Guizhou.

Distribution. China (Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan), India, Laos, Myanmar, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. The records from the Chinese province of Sichuan (Gressitt & Kimoto 1963) probably refer to G. singularis , while the records from Guangdong (Gressitt & Kimoto 1963) and Hainan (Yang & Yao 2002) may refer either to G. singularis or G. g e b i e n i. It is widespread in Taiwan from lowlands to mountains (above 2000 m).

Gallerucida haroldi Weise, 1912 status restored

Galerucida (sic) haroldi Weise, 1912: 90 (original description); Wilcox, 1971: 203 (catalogue); Kimoto, 1989a: 238 (as synonym of G. singularis ).

Type series. Gallerucida haroldi : Lectotype 3 (MNHUB), here designated, labeled: “ Tonkin Montes Mauson April, Mai 2 –3000’ H. Fruhstorfer / Galerucida Haroldi m. / SYNTYPUS Galerucida haroldi Weise, 1889 labeled by MNHUB 2012”. Paralectotypes: 103, 8Ƥ (MNHUB), same data as lectotype but without determination label.

The type series of Gallerucida haroldi is a mixture of two species. Lectotype is here designated to fix the identity. See also “ Type series “ under G. singularis .

Material examined (16 specimens). VIETNAM: 73, 5Ƥ, Tonkin, Montes Mauson, IV. –V., 2–3000 (ft.) (13 in BMNH, with additional label: “H. Fruhstorfer, Jacoby Coll. 1909-28 a; 13 in JBBC; 33, 4Ƥ in NMPC; 23, 1Ƥ in MNHUB); 13, 3Ƥ, Tam-Dao, 21°27’38”N 105°38’28”E, 900–1200m, leg. E. Jendek (JBBC).

Diagnosis. Gallerucida haroldi is similar to G. g e b i e n i with two black spots near the elytral apex and black thoracic ventrites. Howeve, it can be differentiated from G. gebeni by the black pronotum (pronotum reddish brown in G. gebieni ), reddish brown abdominal ventrites (abdominal ventrites black but laterally yellowish in G. g e b i e n i), one black spot behind elytral humerus (two black spots behind elytral humerus in G. gebieni ), and the absence of lateral endophallic sclerites (lateral endophallic sclerites present in G. gebieni ).

Male. Length 9.7 mm. Color ( Figs 3–4 ): blackish brown; elytron yellowish brown with one small black spot behind humeral area and two small circular black spots near apex; abdominal ventrites reddish brown, last ventrite yellowish brown but darkened centrally.

Labrum transverse, with about ten long setae in one transverse row at middle, anterior margin moderately concave. Interocular space 2.2 times as wide as transverse diameter of eye. Frontal tubercle indistinct, disc smooth; with ten long setae along anterior margin, and about 30 long setae along posterior margin. Interantennal space 1.1 times as wide as transverse diameter of antennal socket. Vertex shiny, shagreened behind frontal tubercles. Antenna filiform, 0.7 times as long as body, antennomeres III–VII slightly widened laterally and dorso-ventrally flattened, ratio of length of antennomeres III to XI about 1.0: 2.3: 2.2: 2.1: 2.2: 1.8: 1.8: 1.8: 2.1; ratio of length to width of antennomeres III to XI about 1.5: 3.3: 3.2: 3.4: 3.5: 3.2: 3.3: 3.5: 4.1.

Pronotum transverse, 2.0 times as wide as long; widest at apical 1/3, slightly convergent posteriorly. Surface with scattered prominent punctures on sides, with two oblique, transverse, lateral depressions. Anterior margin strongly concave, posterior margin slightly rounded, lateral margins almost rounded. All margins thinly bordered. Anterior angles obtuse, strongly produced anteriorly, posterior angles obtusely angulate. All angles with setigerous pore bearing a long seta. Scutellum triangular with rounded apex, glabrous.

Elytra slightly divergent posteriorly, surface glabrous, with prominent punctures arranged in ten longitudinal striae. Humeral calli well developed. Epipleura wide, strongly narrowed before middle, disappearing before apex. Ventral surface glabrous, except for a few short hairs on middle of metathoracic and abdominal ventrites. Posterior margin of last ventrite slightly concave near apex. First tarsomere as long as two following tarsomeres combined.

Median lobe of aedeagus ( Figs 11–12 ) slender, tubular, with widely rounded apex; in lateral view almost straight, slightly curved at apex; ventral surface with a longitudinal groove from near apex to base. Endophallic sclerite long, about 0.7 times as long as median lobe, composed of single longitudinal sclerite, lateral sclerites absent. Longitudinal sclerite with base slightly bifurcate, apex narrowly rounded; almost straight in lateral view.

Female. Length 10.6–11.2 mm. Antenna 0.6 times as long as body, ratio of length of antennomeres III to XI about 1.0: 1.6: 1.5: 1.4: 1.5: 1.3: 1.2: 1.2: 1.4; ratio of length to width of antennomeres III to XI about 2.4: 3.8: 3.7: 3.6: 3.8: 3.8: 3.6: 3.8: 4.8. Posterior margin of last ventrite widely rounded. Gonocoxae (Fig. 16) wide, connected from middle to near base; straight from middle to apex, apex narrowly rounded, with six long setae and 11–13 short setae. Sternite VIII ( Fig. 19 ) weakly sclerotized, with long setae along margin, spiculum long, base widened. Spermathecal receptaculum ( Fig. 22 ) strongly swollen; pump extremely long, strongly curved; spermathecal duct short, stout, shallowly projecting into receptaculum.

Distribution. Vietnam.

Comments. The larval description (Medvedev & Zaytsev 1979) and host plant record of Polygonum sp.

(Medvedev & Zaytsev 1979, Medvedev & Dang 1982) from Tam Dao in North Vietnam may refer either to G.

Gallerucida gebieni Weise, 1922 status restored

Galerucida (sic) Gebieni Weise, 1922 : 92 (original description); Gressitt & Kimoto, 1963: 733 ( China: Fujian, as synonym of G. singularis ).

Leptarthra gebieni: Kimoto, 1967: 60 (new combination); Wilcox, 1971: 212 (catalogue). Gallerucida singularis: Kimoto, 1989a: 238 (catalogue); Wang & Yang, 1998: 140 (Fujian); Yang, 2002: 661 (Fujian); Aston, 2009: 7 ( China: Hong Kong); Chang, 2011: 105 ( Taiwan: Kinmen island).

Type series. Gallerucida gebieni : Holotype 3 (NHRS), labeled: “Prov. Fo-Kien ( China). G. Siemssen vend / gebieni m. / Typus (red label) / NHRS-JLKB 000020340”.

Material examined (11 specimens). CHINA: 13, 146 Lewis, Baly Coll. (BMNH); 1Ƥ, Hong Kong, Walker Coll. 93-58 (BMNH); 13, Hong Kong, Ho Chung valley, 1.V.2012, leg. P. Aston (PAHC); 13, Hong Kong, Lam Tsuen valley, 5.V.2012, leg. P. Aston (PAHC); 2Ƥ, Hong Kong, Lantau, Mui Wo, Wang Tong, 16.IV.2008, leg. P. Aston (PAHC); 13, same data except dating “ 19.V.2009 ” (PAHC); 2Ƥ, Hong Kong, Lantau, Mui Wo, 6.V.2012, leg. P. Aston (PAHC); TAIWAN: 1Ƥ, Machu, Nankan island, 26°09.611’N 119°56.926’E, 22.IV.2002, leg. C.F. Chen (TARI); 13, same locality, 2–6.VI.2002, leg. H. T. Shih (TARI).

Diagnosis. Gallerucida gebieni differs from other members of the species group by the reddish brown pronotum (pronotum black in G. h a ro l d i), black but laterally yellowish abdominal ventrites (abdominal ventrites reddish brown in G. singularis and G. h a ro l d i), two black spots behind elytral humerus (one black spot behind elytral humerus in G. singularis and G. h a ro l d i), two black spots near elytral apex (three black spots near elytral apex in G. singularis ), and the lateral endophallic sclerites without baso-lateral apophysis (lateral sclerites absent in G. haroldi ; lateral sclerites with baso-lateral apophysis in G. singularis ). Kimoto (1967) placed G. gebieni in Leptarthra . However, the mesosternum in G. g e b i e n i is largely covered by the anterior process of the metasternum, which is the most important diagnostic character by which Gallerucida is separated from Leptarthra . The genitalic characters of G. g e b i e n i too support its placement in Gallerucida .

Male. Length 8.7–9.0 mm. Color of prothorax except prosternum, and elytron pale yellow to yellowish brown; scutellum dark brown, darker individuals with humeral and apical area of elytron paler; two black spots behind yellow humerus, yellowish apical area with two circular black spots on anterior part; head black but vertex dark reddish brown; prosternum, meso- and metathoracic, and abdominal ventrites black, lateral margins of abdominal ventrites and entire last ventrite yellowish ( Figs 5 – 7 ).

Labrum transverse, with about 24 long setae in one transverse row at middle, anterior margin moderately concave. Interocular space 1.9 times as wide as transverse diameter of eye. Frontal tubercle absent, smooth, with about 30 long setae composed of two transverse rows along posterior margin, with about ten long setae along anterior margin. Interantennal space 1.1 times as wide as transverse of diameter of antennal socket. Vertex shiny, shagreened behind frontal tubercles. Antenna filiform, 0.6 times as long as body, antennomeres III-VII slightly widened laterally, dorso-ventrally flattened, ratio of length of antennomeres III to XI about 1.0: 2.1: 1.7: 1.6: 1.6: 1.3: 1.4: 1.3: 1.6; ratio of length to width of antennomeres III to XI about 2.0: 4.3: 3.6: 3.4: 2.9: 2.8: 2.9: 3.0: 4.1.

Pronotum transverse, 1.6 times as wide as long; widest at middle, convergent posteriorly. Surface with scattered prominent punctures, with two distinct transverse depressions. Anterior margin strongly concave, posterior margin slightly rounded, lateral margins rounded. All margins thinly bordered. Anterior angles prominent, obtuse, strongly produced anteriorly; posterior angles obtusely angulate. All angles with setigerous pore bearing a long seta. Scutellum triangular with rounded apex, glabrous.

Elytra slightly divergent posteriorly, glabrous, with prominent punctures arranged in ten longitudinal striae, interstices between striae with prominent punctures confused with striae. Humeral calli well developed. Epipleura wide, strongly narrowed before middle, disappearing before apex. Ventral surface glabrous, except a few short hairs in middle of metathoracic and abdominal ventrites. Posterior margin of last ventrite moderately depressed near apex. First tarsomere as long as two following tarsomeres combined.

Median lobe of aedeagus ( Figs 13–14 ) slender, tubular, with widely rounded apex; in lateral view almost straight; ventral surface flat. Endophallic sclerites composed of three sclerites; median sclerite longitudinal, apex narrowly rounded; apices of lateral sclerites narrowly rounded and strongly curved near apex, posteriorly widened, without baso-lateral apophysis.

Female. Length 7.7–9.9 mm. Antenna 0.7 times as long as body, ratio of length of antennomeres III to XI about 1.0: 1.9: 1.6: 1.5: 1.6: 1.3: 1.3: 1.2: 1.5; ratio of length to width of antennomeres III to XI about 2.0: 3.9: 3.3: 3.1: 3.4: 2.8: 3.1: 2.9: 3.9. Posterior margin of last ventrite widely rounded. Gonocoxae (Fig. 17) wide, connected from middle to near base; curved inwards from middle to apex, apex narrowly rounded, with two long setae and 10 to 11 short setae. Sternite VIII ( Fig. 20 ) weakly sclerotized, with long setae in two transverse rows along margin, spiculum extremely long. Spermathecal receptaculum ( Fig. 23 ) moderately swollen; pump narrow, strongly curved; spermathecal duct short, stout, shallowly projecting into receptaculum.

Variation. A few individuals have only one black spot behind elytral humerus ( Fig. 8 ).

Host plants. Polygonaceae : Polygonum chinense L. (Aston 2009), Polygonum sp. (Yang 2002).

Distribution. China (Fujian, Hong Kong), Taiwan (Kinmen and Nankan islands) ( Fig. 28 ). The records of G. singularis from Guangdong (Gressitt & Kimoto 1963) and Hainan (Yang & Yao 2002) may pertain either to G. singularis or G. g e b i e n i.

Figures

FIGURES 28. Distribution map of Gallerucida species of Taiwan, solid line: 1000 m, broken line: 2000 m; blue dot: G.

FIGURES 1 – 8. Color habitus of Gallerucida species. 1. G. singularis, dorsal view; 2. G. singularis, ventral view; 3. G. h a ro l d i, dorsal view; 4. G. h a ro l d i, ventral view; 5. G. gebieni, dorsal view; 6, G. g e b i e n i, ventral view; 7, G. gebieni, taken in the field from Hong Kong; 8. G. gebieni, taken in the field from Kinmen island.

FIGURES 9 – 14. Male genitalia of Gallerucida species. 9. G. singularis, ventral view; 10. G. singularis, lateral view; 11. G. haroldi, ventral view; 12. G. h a ro l d i, lateral view; 13. G. g e b i e n i, ventral view; 14, G. g e b i e n i, lateral view.

FIGURES 18 – 20. Sternite VIII of Gallerucida species, dorsal view. 18. G. singularis; 19. G. h a ro l d i; 20. G. g e b i e n i.

FIGURES 21 – 23. Spermatheca of Gallerucida species, lateral view. 21. G. singularis; 22. G. h a ro l d i; 23. G. gebieni.

FIGURES 24 – 27. Gallerucida singularis. 24. An adult feeding on leaves of Polygonum chinense; 25. Its host plant, Polygonum chinense; 26. Eggs; 27. Mature larva.