Heloniopsis

Tanaka, Noriyuki, 2019, Taxonomy, evolution and phylogeography of the genus Helonias (Melanthiaceae) revisited, Phytotaxa 390 (1), pp. 448-450 : 448-450

Subsect. 2. Heloniopsis . Type:― Helonias orientalis (Thunb.) N.Tanaka (≡ Scilla orientalis Thunb. , = Heloniopsis pauciflora A.Gray ).

≡ Hexonix Rafinesque (1837 , as ‘1836’: 13), nom. rejic. vs. Heloniopsis Gray (1859) (nom. cons.). ≡ Kozola Rafinesque (1837 , as ‘1836’: 25), nom. rejic. vs. Heloniopsis Gray (1859) (nom. cons.). Basionym of types:— Scilla japonica Thunb.

= Sugerokia Miquel (1866: 24) . Type:― Sugerokia japonica Miq.

= Heloniopsis Gray (1859: 416) , excl. charact. seminum, nom. cons. Type:— H. pauciflora A.Gray.

Japanese name:―Shôjôbakama asetsu.

Species included:―6; Helonias breviscapa , H. kawanoi , H. koreana , H. leucantha , H. orientalis , H. umbellata .

Description:―Leaves persisting for 1 to 2 years. Inflorescences racemose or (sub)umbellate. Flowering usually in spring, rarely summer to autumn ( H. kawanoi ). Tepals pink, purplish pink, purple or white, distinct or connate basally to adjoining tepals, adaxial surface slightly to markedly canaliculate toward base, proximal submarginal portions more or less raised or ridged, sometimes winged (lamellate). Nectary at base of tepal slightly or moderately concave or tubular. Filaments distinct or adnate basally to opposing tepals. Inner filaments not adnate to ovary.Anthers adaxially affixed to filament at or close to base of connective (i.e. basifixed or [sub]dorsi-basifixed), extrorse, appearing bilocular, usually with vestigial apical confluence between thecae. Stigma discoid or (sub)capitate, sometimes slightly trilobed.

Distribution:― Japan, Korea, Russia (S Sakhalin), Taiwan ( Figs. 29 , 31-3–4, 32-3–4 ).

Remarks:― Helonias subsect. Heloniopsis consists of two series, H. ser. Umbellatae and H. ser. Heloniopsis . Several of their characters are compared in Table 7. A key to the series is below.

Identification key to the series of H. subsect. Heloniopsis

1.

Figures

FIGURE 31. Geographic ranges of two sections Helonias and Heloniopsis. Ancestral plants of Helonias are presumed to have been in northern high latitudes approximate area of which is encircled with broken line.They are supposed to have been separated into two groups, and eventually one group reached eastern N. America and the other eastern Asia as consequence of their southward migrations (A). ① Sect. Helonias. ②–④ Sect. Heloniopsis. ② Subsect. Ypsilandra. ③ Subsect. Heloniopsis ser. Umbellatae. ④ Subsect. Heloniopsis ser. Heloniopsis. For historical aspect of range extension, see also Figs. 32, 33 and text (Part III).

FIGURE 3. Young slightly open flowers of Helonias thibetica (A–C; material T-1) and H. umbellata (D, E; U-1), showing protogyny. A. Flowers with precociously protruding pistil. B, D. Flowers similar in stage to A with frontal tepals removed to show indehiscent anthers. C, E. Closeup of densely papillulate mature stigma from flower in B and D, respectively.

FIGURE 4. Helonias bullata (material Bu-1; photos A–E on 28 April 2014, F on 13 June 2002). A. Habit and boggy habitat. B. Young opening flowers with indehiscent anthers. C, D. Young flowers visited by a Bombus species sucking nectar.E. Flowers visited by a halictid bee. F. Fully dehisced, ascending capsules. All photos taken by Jim Fowler.

FIGURE 32. Geographic ranges of Sect. Heloniopsis in Asia with presumable approximate course of range extension in past. A–D: Presumable approximate course of migration or extension of range of ancestral plants of Helonias. Ancestral plants are supposed to have arrived in or around present Tibetan Plateau from northern high latitudes (A; see also Fig. 31) and have further extended their range eastward (B, C) and northeastward (D).

FIGURE29.Distributionofsixspeciesbelongingtotwoseriesofsubsect.HeloniopsisinEAsia.B:Heloniasbreviscapa.Ka:H.kawanoi.Ko: H.koreana.L:H.leucantha.O:H.orientalis.U:H.umbellata.Ser.UmbellataecomprisesKa,LandU.Ser.HeloniopsisconsistsofB,KoandO.