Paecilaema, C. L. Koch, 1839

Kury, Adriano B. & Medrano, Miguel, 2018, A whiter shade of pale: anchoring the name Paecilaema C. L. Koch, 1839 onto a neotype (Opiliones, Cosmetidae), Zootaxa 4521 (2), pp. 191-219 : 205-208

Paecilaema u-flavum ( Perty, 1833)

( Figs 1 , 4 , 9–13 )

Cosmetus U-flavum Perty 1833: 203; Lucas 1840: 48. Cosmetus u-flavum: Gervais 1844: 115 [“Cosmète u-fauve”]. Paecilima U-flavum: C.L. Koch 1839a: 104, pl. 246, fig. 584. Paecilaema U-flavum: C.L. Koch 1839b: 21; Roewer 1923: 373, fig. 453; Roewer 1928a: 597; Mello-Leitão 1932: 85, fig. 54. Poecilaema U-flavum: Simon 1879a: 193. Poecilima u-flavum: Canestrini 1888: 106, pl. 9, fig. 2. Poecilaema U-flavum: Roewer 1912: 99; Mello-Leitão 1923: 114. Paecilaema limbatum Kollar in C.L. Koch 1839b: 21 ; Kollar in C.L. Koch 1840: 107, pl. 247, fig. 585; Roewer 1923: 372, fig.

451 (tagged as incertae sedis); Roewer 1928: 605; Mello-Leitão 1932: 84, fig. 53. Syn. nov. Poecilaema limbatum: Simon 1879: 191 . Poecilaema limbatum: Roewer 1912: 89 ; Mello-Leitão 1923: 113; Strand 1926: 45. Eucynorta brasiliensis Mello-Leitão 1923: 111 , fig. 3; Roewer 1928: 583, fig. 24; Mello-Leitão 1932: 64, fig. 29. Syn. nov. Poecilaemula brasiliensis: B. Soares 1944a: 264 (syn. = Poecilaemula punctilineata Mello-Leitão, 1935 ; = Poecilaema

ornatissimum Mello-Leitão, 1942); B. Soares 1944b: 312 (rectif. type-loc.); B. Soares 1945a: 227 (specim. catal.); B.

Soares 1946: 488 (specim. catal.). Paecilaemula brasiliensis: B. Soares 1944c: 145 (in part, material from ES, non Mello-Leitão, 1923 —misidentification). Metavononoides brasiliensis: Kury 2003: 71 . Paecilaemula bella Mello-Leitão 1932: 443 , fig. suppl. 4. Syn. nov. Poecilaemula bella: B. Soares 1944a: 266 ; B. Soares 1945b: 344. Metavononoides bellus: Kury 2003: 71 . Poecilaema soerenseni Henriksen 1932: 332 ; Mello-Leitão 1935b: 115 [junior subjective synonymy of Paecilaemula bella

Mello-Leitão, 1932 by Kury (2003a)]. Syn. nov. Poecilaemula soesenseni: Mello-Leitão 1933: 110 .

Type data. Cosmetus u-flavum: type(s) (ZSM, lost), from BRAZIL, without further locality data. ♂ neotype (MNRJ 3433), Brazil, RJ, Duque de Caxias, Parque Natural Municipal da Taquara, 10.iv.2017, A.B. Kury, L. Ázara, M. Medrano leg.— Paecilaema limbatum : 1 ♂ 1 ♀ syntypes (NHMW), from BRAZIL, without further locality data (not examined).— Eucynorta brasiliensis : ♀ holotype (MZSP 457, examined), BRAZIL, Rio de Janeiro, Piraí: Pinheiral.— Paecilaemula bella : 3 syntypes, only 1 ♀ remaining (MNRJ 1376, examined), BRAZIL, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro.— P. bella : Rio de Janeiro: Jacarepaguá.— Paecilaema soerenseni : 4 ♂ 6 ♀ syntypes (ZMUC and BMNH, examined), from BRAZIL, Rio de Janeiro, [Itaocara, Fazenda] Serra Vermelha [misspelled by Sørensen, as “Serra Veruzella”] (21°44'S 42°01'W).

Qualifying conditions for the neotype designation. The ICZN Code Art. 75.3 establishes a list of seven particulars to be observed, plus the need for a statement of an exceptional need, all of which follow: The need for the designation of a neotype in this case is acute, because otherwise the most important genus in the family Cosmetidae is used in a loosely defined way, allowing a plethora of unrelated species to be referred to it and thus depleting any taxonomic information contained in the name Paecilaema . The particulars: (1) the neotype is designated here with the express purpose of clarifying the taxonomic status of Cosmetus u-flavus and consequently of the genus Paecilaema ; (2) the characters that we regard as differentiating from other taxa the nominal speciesgroup taxon are explicit in the key above and in the diagnosis below; (3) data and description sufficient to ensure recognition of the specimen designated are provided here in the description section; (4) we know that the namebearing type specimen is lost as informed by the curator of ZSM; (5) the neotype is consistent with what is known of the former name-bearing type from the original description especially because of the stress put in the yellow Latin U mask; (6) the neotype came as nearly as practicable from the original type locality as explained above, judging from the itinerary of the original collecting expedition; (7) the neotype is the property of the Museu Nacional/UFRJ, a recognized scientific and educational institution, which is the most important natural history museum in Latin America as well as the second most important collection of harvestmen in the world, second only to the Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt.

Records. BRAZIL, Rio de Janeiro, Teresópolis: Colônia Alpina (Sørensen, 1932, as P. soerenseni ) . Rio de Janeiro: Alto da Boa Vista ; Nova Friburgo ( Kury 2003, as M. bellus ) .

Doubtful / unconfirmed records. BRAZIL, Amazonas, Tefé ( Simon 1879a, as P. limbatum ). PANAMA, Cerro Flores ( Petrunkevitch 1925: 60; Roewer 1928, as P. limbatum ). BRAZIL, Espírito Santo, Colatina: São José River ( B. Soares 1944c, as Paecilaemula brasiliensis ). Cosmetus u-flavum: [ ARGENTINA?] “Southern Chaco ” ( Canestrini 1888). Cosmetus u-flavum: Mello-Leitão (1932) cites “Mato Grosso” without explicit evidence.

Diagnosis. Scutal area III with a pair of paramedian spines (as opposed to unarmed in P. muticum ); spines of scutal area III high, bluntly conical and much thicker at basal part ( Figs 9C, E, F , as in P. lyra , P. melanacanthum , P. preciosum , P. renneri ). Anal operculum of males with one pair of paramedian parallel tubercles sharing the same base, amidst smaller tubercles ( Figs 9C, D , 10C , as opposed to unarmed in P. albosigillatum and P. ornatissimum ; with a triangle of three acuminate tubercles in P. preciosum and P. muticum ). Branches of lyre independent, not connected by sunken trabeculae ( Figs 9B , 10A , as in P. albosigillatum , P. muticum , P. ornatissimum , P. peculiare ). Diaphanous body of lyre entire: posterior half of body as well marked as anterior half ( Fig. 4 , as opposed to P. albisectum and P. albosigillatum in which the posterior part of lyre is hollow), not invading the carapace (as in P. ornatissimum ). Lyre barely reaching lateral borders of prosomal scutum; individual solid punctulations not coalescent ( Fig. 4 , coalescent in P. preciosum and P. muticum ); FM rounded, as an open heater shield (as in P. peculiare , and P. melanacanthum has a similar shape but FM is closed); FT triangular. A pair of yellow blots in the carapace near the eyes ( Fig. 9B , absent in P. albisectum , P. preciosum and P. muticum ). Laterals of Cx IV without any blot ( Fig. 9C, P . ornatissimum exhibits a single large blot on each side).

Description. Male neotype (MNRJ 3433).

Measurements. See Table 1.

Color (in ethanol). Background of body ventral and dorsal and Cx I–IV: 55 (Strong Brown) with abundant darker mottling. Rims of free tergites and anal operculum fading into articular membrane: 68 (Strong Orange Yellow). Paired spines of scutal area III: 65 (Brownish Black). Tr to Ta of legs: 97 (Vivid Greenish Yellow) mottled in black. Solid punctulations of lyra: 104 (Pale Greenish Yellow); rest of lyra the same, but less dense, attenuated. Cx without any light blot.

Lyra. True lyra present, with set of 6 fenestrae and containing (1) diaphanous body, and (2) solid punctulations. Diaphanous body U-shaped with two subtly different shades of pale yellow—posterior half a bit more transparent; branches of the U densely perforated with larger apertures on the outside (lateral fenestrae), not connected to each other, and stretching frontwards to the laterals of carapace up to the level of ocularium where it is very narrow. FT triangular. FM more rounded, shaped as an anteriorly open heater shield. Lyre barely reaching lateral borders of prosomal scutum; individual solid punctulations round, not coalesced.

Dorsum. Gracile harvestman with slender legs ( Figs 1 , 7A ). Dorsal scutum in dorsal view type β with attenuate constrictions ( Fig. 10A ). Protoglyph and deutoglyph shallow but well-marked ( Fig. 10A ). Dorsal scutum in lateral view rising steadily from posterior and anterior borders to area III where it is the highest ( Figs 9C , 10B ). Scutal groove separating carapace from abdominal scutum broad and very shallow. No other grooves present on scutum, thus scutal areas only inferred by granulation pattern ( Fig. 10A ). All scutum unarmed, except for area III, armed with paramedian pair of large granulous blunt spines, with thick base, parallel to each other and gently tilted backwards ( Figs 9 , 10 ). Ocularium narrow and low, with gentle median depression; unarmed, with one granule row at each side ( Figs 9 , 10 ). Granules distributed on carapace on and behind ocularium, and on all abdominal scutum. Free tergites each with a transverse row of granules ( Fig. 10 ). Anal operculum with two rows of small tubercles, with a pair of strong partly fused conical projections on a posterior row ( Fig. 10C ).

Venter ( Figs 11E, F ). Coxae I–III triangular, transverse to main body axis. Coxae II to IV connected by tubercular bridges. Ventral elements of coxa I: El1 = ca. 10 small tubercles forming a row; El2 = 5 large tubercles clustered, collinear with El1; El3 = 1 very large conical process, matching El4; El4 = 1 very large bifid process; El5 = 2 protuberances. Coxa IV pentagonal, greatly developed, oriented obliquely, but almost parallel to body axis. Stigmatic area T-shaped with stigmata large, unconcealed. Free sternites smooth and unarmed.

Chelicerae ( Figs 12A, B ). Weak, with well-marked bulla. Posterior border of bulla lined with strong protuberances. Fixed finger with a row of 5 triangular teeth, movable finger with a row of 8 closely placed smaller teeth.

Pedipalps ( Figs 12C, D, E ). Typical cosmetid Pp, with elongate Tr, foliaceus Fe; this is convex dorsally, with a dorsal row of 8 setiferous tubercles and a ventral row of 12 much more closely positioned setiferous tubercles. Ti only slightly convex to mesal side, with two ventro-marginal rows of small setae and two ventro-apical dentiform apophyses. Ta conical, with scattered dorsal setae and three well-marked ventral rows of subequal setae.

Legs. Cx IV surpassing dorsal scutum in dorsal view by all its extension; in situ reaching posterior border of FM (anterior limit of coda). All Fe straight. Fe, Ti and Mt I–IV slender and unarmed. Posterior tarsal claws unpectinate. Tarsal process (“pseudonychium” sensu Roewer) well-developed. Tarsal counts in Table 1.

Male genitalia ( Figs 12F, G, H ). Apical truncus forming a flat podium from where the glans arises. Glans sac short, but dorsally protruded as a flat process, clearly folded into three regions. Stylus dorsally curved, with slit-like opening, ventrally forming a serrate caruncle (wattle) without notable curves or projections. VP of the penis subrectangular, with distal border straight and slightly concave on distal sides. From distal to proximal the lateral macrosetae are: C1–C2, D1–D2 and A1. MS C1-C2 large, contrasting with the others, and curved. MS, D1 and A1 very small, MS D2 minute. Microsetae of ventral side of VP absent.

Other material studied. BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro State: 1 ♂ ( MNRJ 06075 ), Angra dos Reis, Ilha Grande , on trunk/bushes, 15.xi.1985, R. Baptista leg. ; 1 ♂ ( MNRJ 02284 ), Barra de Guaratiba, Pedra da Tartaruga , hillside with almond trees, 20.viii.2010, A. B. Kury, A. Giupponi & G. Miranda leg. ; 4 ♂ 5 ♀ 7 juv. ( MNRJ 19193 ), Búzios, APA do Pau Brasil , 13-15.i.2011, B. Buzatto, A. Giupponi & A. Kury leg. ; 3 ♂ 2 ♀ ( MNRJ 02146 ), Guapimirim, Centro de Primatologia ( CEPRIM or CPRJ), pitfall, 16-23.ix.2004 ; 1 ♀ ( MNRJ 08474 ), Magé, Estrada Real, Raiz da Serra , 9.ii.2005, P. de Jesus leg. ; 2 ♀ ( MNRJ 19768 ), Mangaratiba, Ilha da Marambaia , 28.xi.2005, Claudio P. leg. ; 1 ♂ 1 ♀ ( MNRJ 06877 ), Nova Friburgo, Amparo, Auberge Suisse , foliage, 20.xi.1993, A.B. Kury leg. ; 2 ♂ 4 ♀ ( MNRJ 06326 ), Nova Friburgo, Rio Grande de Cima, Fazenda São João , 10.x.1988, A.B. Kury & R. Pinto-da- Rocha leg. ; 3 ♂ 1 ♀ ( MNRJ 02259 ), Nova Iguaçu, Tinguá, Faz. Adjacent to REBIO do Tinguá , 11.iii.2010, A. Chagas, A. Giupponi, A.B. Kury & C. Sampaio leg. ; 1 ♂ ( MNRJ 02050 ), Paulo de Frontin, Sítio do Ricardo Pepeto , xii.2005, E. Wienskoski leg. ; 3 ♂ 7 ♀ 3 juv ( MNRJ 07182 ), Santa Maria Madalena, PARES do Desengano, Morumbeca , 03-12.i.2011 B. Buzato, A. Giupponi, A.B. Kury & G. Miranda leg. ; 1 ♂ ( MNRJ 16377 ), Silva Jardim, Poço das Antas , Centro de Primatologia , pitfall, ix.2004, Ana Clara leg. ; 1 ♀ ( MNRJ 8476 ), Valença, Parque Natural Municipal do Açude da Concórdia , 31.viii.2012, G. Miranda leg. ; 1 ♂ ( MNRJ 04755 ), Arraial do Cabo, Ilha de Cabo Frio , 26.ii.2001, E. Wienskoski leg. ; 4 ♂ 2 ♀ ( MNRJ 16372 ), path to old lightouse, E. Wienskoski leg. ; 1 ♂ ( MNRJ 08779 ), Cachoeiras de Macacu:, Boca do Mato , iii.2009, Tangerina, N. leg. ; 1 ♂ ( MNRJ 09149 ), Guapiaçu , REGUA 24-27.vi.2012, A. Giupponi & J. Silva leg. ; 2 ♂ 5 ♀ 1 juv. ( MNRJ 11596 ), Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu , 20-21.xi.2001, A. B. Kury, A. Giupponi, & S. Brandão leg. ; 1 ♂ 2 ♀ ( MNRJ 01376 ), Jacarepaguá: Roger Arlé leg. ; 1 ♂ 1 ♀ ( MNRJ 42223 ), iv.1935, Herbert Berla leg. ; 1 ♀ ( MNRJ 42355 ), Carlos Couceiro leg. ; 1 ♀ ( MNRJ 58325 ), Roger Arlé leg. Minas Gerais State: 5 ♂ 5 ♀ ( MNRJ 07178 ), Juiz de Fora, APA do Krambeck , 02.ix.2010, A. Giupponi, A.B. Kury, C. Pires & C. Sampaio leg ..

Figures

FIGURE 1. Paecilaema u-flavum in vivo and in an early depiction: A. Adult female, in Taquara, RJ. B. Same specimen. C. Three specimens gathered under a roof tile, in Santa Maria Madalena, RJ. D. Adult female threading on a pholcid’s web, in Taquara, RJ. E. Male of P. limbatum, as illustrated in C.L. Koch (1839a). F. Female, in Teresópolis, RJ. Photos by Arthur Anker/Pedro Martins (A, B, D, F), Bruno Buzatto (C), reproduced from C.L. Koch, 1839a (E).

FIGURE 4. Lyra of Paecilaema u-flavum (schematic, to show the regions recognized here). Abbreviations: FM = fenestra magna; FT = fenestra triangularis. FLA and FLP = fenestrae laterales anterior and posterior.

FIGURE 7. White blots patterns on dorsal scutum of Cosmetidae (schematic, shown in highlighted colors): A. Summary of main patterns defined here. Green: chevron; yellow: backbone; pink: omega stripe. B. Open omega stripe. C. Looped omega stripe. D. Attenuated omega stripe. E. Complex omega stripe. F. Simple omega stripe.

FIGURE 9. Paecilaema u-flavum (Perty, 1833), male neotype (MNRJ 3433): A. Habitus, panoramic, dorsal view. B. Same, detail of body. C. Same, left lateral view. D. Same, ventral view. E. Same, frontal view. F. Same, posterior view. Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIGURE 10. Paecilaema u-flavum (Perty, 1833), male neotype (MNRJ 3433): A. Habitus, dorsal view. B. Same, left lateral view. C. Dorsal scutum, free tergites and anal operculum, posterior view. Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIGURE 11. Paecilaema u-flavum (Perty, 1833), male (MNRJ 6648): A. Body, dorsal view, with SP colorized. B. Legs I-III, Tr to base of Fe. C. Detail of Cx I, showing element IV, dorsal view. D. Detail of Cx II, dorsal view. E. Right Cx I, colorized to show the interlocking elements, ventral view. F. Ditto, fronto-ventro-lateral view. Abbreviations: El. = interlocking elements 1 to 5, SP = solid punctulations. Scale bars = 1 mm (A), 500 µm (B), 100 µm (C, D, E).

FIGURE 12. Paecilaema u-flavum (Perty, 1833), male (MNRJ 3468): A. Right Ch hand, frontal view. B. Right basichelicerite, dorsal view. C. Left Pp Ta, ventral view. D. Left Pp Ti, ventral view. E. Left Pp Fe, mesal view. F. Penis, distal part, dorsal view. G. Same, lateral view. H. Same, ventral view. Abbreviations: A, C, D, groups of penial macrosetae. Scale bars = 200 µm (A, D, E), 100 µm (B, C), 50 µm (F, G, H).

FIGURE 13. Rio de Janeiro and adjacent states, showing the revised distribution of Paecilaema u-flavum. Shaded background patches are WWF terrestrial ecoregions; relevant ones are marked in the figure: NT0160 = Serra do Mar coastal forests; NT0150 = Alto Paraná Atlantic forests; NT0104 = Bahia interior forests).