Pentatomoidea, , Bonatto

Grazia, Jocelia, Schuh, Randall T. & Wheeler, Ward C., 2008, Phylogenetic relationships of family groups in Pentatomoidea based on morphology and DNA sequences (Insecta: Heteroptera), Cladistics 24, pp. 932-976 : 963

Pentatomoidea

Our study supports the monophyly of the Pentatomoidea on the basis of the following characters ( Figs 42 , 43 , 53 and 54 ): (i) scutellum reaching or

surpassing an imaginary transverse line crossing the connexivum at apical angles of 3rd abdominal segment (161); (ii) claval commissure obsolete, claval apices close together but not contiguous (172); (iii) abdominal trichobothria lateral on urosternites II–VII, usually 2 + 2 or at least 1 + 1 (342); and (iv) tergite VIII covering tergite IX in females (431). This character suite is in close agreement with the views of earlier authors (see Schuh and Štys, 1991). In Figure 44 , under implied weighting, the Pentatomoidea is not monophyletic, and neither is the group supported by the characters listed above.

Figures

Fig. 42. Strict consensus of 96 most parsimonious trees for full-taxon morphological data set, with unsupported nodes supressed. Length = 207; consistency index = 42; retention index = 86. (d) Non-homoplasious; (s) homoplasious.

Fig. 43. Strict consensus of three trees derived from successive weighting of the results shown in Fig. 42. (d) Non-homoplasious; (s) homoplasious.

Fig. 53. One of six trees from total evidence analysis with POY of 92-taxon data set using 1: 1 indel ⁄ transition–transversion cost ratio. (d) Non-homoplasious; (s) homoplasious.

Fig. 54. One of four trees from total evidence analysis with POY of 92-taxon data set using 1: 2 indel ⁄ transition–transversion cost ratio. (d) Non-homoplasious; (s) homoplasious.

Fig. 44. Strict consensus of 12 trees derived from implied weighting analysis of morphological data using PIWE. (d) Non-homoplasious; (s) homoplasious.