Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838

Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Valero, Pablo & Nishida, Kenji, 2022, Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXV: Revision of Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838, with the descriptions of two new species from Costa Rica. (Phasmatodea: Oriophasmata: Cladomorphinae: Pterinoxylini), Zootaxa 5208 (1), pp. 1-72 : 5-9

publication ID	https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5208.1.1
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DOI	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7330621
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scientific name	Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838
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Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838 View in CoL

Type –species: Pterinoxylus difformipes Serville, 1838: 227 View in CoL (= Haplopus eucnemis Burmeister, 1838: 577 View in CoL ), by original monotypy.

Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838: 226 View in CoL .

Westwood, 1859: 89, pl. 36: 1.

Kirby, 1889: 502.

Kirby, 1904: 362.

Rehn, 1904: 61.

Redtenbacher, 1908: 427.

Shelford, 1909: 365.

Rehn, 1957: 185, pl. 21.

Zompro, 1997: 180, fig. 2a–b.

Bragg, 2001: 642.

Langlois, Lelong, Rastel, Polidori, & Dorel, 2000: 50, figs. 20a–g & photos 19–22.

Lelong, Langlois, Rastel, & Dorel, 2003: 75, figs. 26a–g & photos 35–38.

Zompro, 2004: 320.

Lelong & Langlois, 2005: 268, figs. 25–30 & 43–46.

Otte & Brock, 2005: 294.

Conle, Hennemann & Gutiérrez, 2011: 64.

Hennemann, Conle & Perez-Gelabert, 2016: 8, 28, figs 37–44, 46.

Haplopus, Burmeister, 1838: 577 View in CoL (in part).

Haan, 1842: 127 (in part). [Erroneous synonymy of Pterinoxylus View in CoL ].

Redtenbacher, 1908: 429 (in part).

Description: ♀♀ / ♂♂. Medium sized to large (body lengths: ♀♀ incl. subgenital plate 116.0–196.0 mm, ♂♂ 82.0– 118.0 mm), elongate and moderately slender, stick-like Cladomorphinae with very prominent sexual dimorphism. ♂♂ with scale-like tegmina and alae exceeding abdominal tergum IV. ♀♀ much larger and much stockier, brachypterous but alae projecting over posterior margin of median segment. Alae with a tympanal area (= stridulatory organ) in the basal portion of the costal region, that is positioned between the radial and medial veins ( Figs. 20A–B View FIGURE 20 ); radial vein notably thickened, domed and with rough dorsal texture. Body of ♂♂ cylindrical, of ♀♀ subcylindrical. Entire body surface ± prominently rugulose and wrinkled, thorax partly granulose, tuberculose or spinose. Head longer than wide, dorsoventrally flattened and ± parallel-sided. Vertex with ± prominent tubercles or spines and occasionally convex. No ocelli. A slender and transverse gula present. Antennae moderately robust and not reaching (♀♀) or slightly projecting over posterior margin of mesothorax; consisting of 27–33 segments. Scapus dorsoventrally flattened and ± roundly deflexed laterally, pedicellus subcylindrical. Following antennomeres with a longitudinal median keel or bulge ventrally. Pronotum rectangular and distinctly longer than wide. Probasisternum with two rough sensory areas near lateral excavations of procoxae ( Figs. 1B–C View FIGURE1 ); profurcasternum with a raised, oval central sensory area ( Figs. 1B, 1D View FIGURE1 ). Mesothorax elongate, at least 3x longer than pronotum (comparatively longer in relation in ♂♂), parallelsided. Metanotum quadrate to slightly transverse. Meso- and metasternum as well as pleurae simple; granulose, rugulose and/or tuberculose. Tegmina ovate and scale-like with a rounded central hump; slightly projecting over posterior margin of metanotum. Anal region of alae dark grey to black with ± distinct transparent spots, markings or radially arranged stripes; in ♀♀ of a conspicuous convex contour when opened. Abdomen longer than head and thorax combined. Median segment about 2x longer than metanotum. Segments II–VI parallel-sided and either more than 2x longer than wide (♂♂) or just indistinctly longer than wide (♀♀). Tergum VII parallel-sided to ± laterally deflexed and sometimes with a lateral lobe (♀♀ in particular). VIII–X slightly narrower (♀♀) or a little broader than previous segments (♂♂). Praeopercular organ of ♀♀ indistinct and usually formed by a median tubercle close to posterior margin of sternum VII. Anal segment quadrate to slightly transverse, the posterior margin rounded with a small median indentation (♂♂) or broadly emarginated (♀♀). Epiproct small and with a longitudinal median carina, mostly concealed by anal segment in ♂♂. Vomer of ♂♂ well developed, sclerotized and broadly triangular with a single, fairly short, upcurved terminal hook ( Figs. 21A–F View FIGURE 21 ). Cerci very small, compressed laterally, ± carinate dorsally and ventrally and slightly incurved. Gonapophyses VIII of ♀♀ not considerably elongated or extending beyond anal segment but notably longer than gonaphophyses IX ( Fig. 1A View FIGURE1 ). No gonoplacs. Gonangulum present. Subgenital plate of ♀♀ elongate, irregularly naviculate or spatulate and distinctly projecting over apex of anal segment; longitudinally keeled basally but broadened and flattened towards a rounded to angular apex. Poculum (= subgenital plate) of ♂♂ gently convex, cup-like and with a median carina; posterior margin notched medially. Legs short and robust (♀♀ in particular) with more or less prominently expanded or lobed carinae. Tibiae notably shorter than corresponding femora. Protibiae with broad foliaceous lobes and lamellate expansions (♀♀ in particular). Meso- and metafemora and corresponding tibiae with a ± distinct sub-apical dorsal lobe or tooth. Profemora shorter than mesothorax, metafemora at best reaching half way along abdominal tergum IV. Profemora compressed and curved basally and distinctly triangular in cross-section with the anterodorsal carina conspicuously raised and ± lamellate; medioventral carina indistinct and slightly displaced towards anteroventral carina. Meso- and metafemora and all tibiae trapezoidal in cross-section, the two anterior carinae strongly approaching each other. Medioventral carina of meso- and metafemora indistinct and unarmed or at best with a few minute spinules. Meso- and metatibiae shorter than corresponding femora. Tibiae without an area apicalis. Medioventral carina of meso- and metatibiae conspicuously displaced towards the anteroventral carina in the median portion. Tarsi short and stout, probasitarsus with a distinct rounded dorsal lobe, that is formed by the melted dorsal carinae. Meso- and metabasitarsi simple, furcate dorsally with the two dorsal carinae strongly approaching each other but well separated, and no longer than following two tarsomeres combined.

Eggs ( Figs. 22A–H View FIGURE 22 ): Large to very large (overall length> 6.0 mm), alveolar, at least 3x longer than wide and cylindrical to oval in cross-section. Entire capsule surface minutely punctured and strongly sculptured, with prominent raised ridges and wrinkles. Polar-area with a more or less prominent, hollow peripheral extension. Operculum circular and with a peripheral extension on outer margin similar to that of the polar-area. Micropylar plate elongate, oval and pointed anteriorly; covering about one-quarter of capsule length. Micropylar cup distinct. Internal micropylar plate open with a wide, triangular posteromedian gap. No median line.

Comments: The genus Pterinoxylus was originally established by Serville (1838: 227) for his Pterinoxylus difformipes , described from a ♀ from “Amérique méridionale” (= South America). As this was the only species included in the genus when it was described, P. difformipes Serville is the type-species of Pterinoxylus by original monotypy. Shortly before in the same year, Burmeister (1838: 577) described Haplopus eucnemis based on a ♀ from the State of Pará, Brazil. Westwood (1859: 89) was correct in recognizing that these two taxa were conspecific and synonymised P. eucnemis with P. difformipes . This author also provided a beautiful figure of Burmeisters's holotype as well as a redescription in his famous 1859 catalogue ( Westwood, 1859, plate 36: 1). However, as Burmeister's publication predates that of Serville, P. difformipes must be regarded a synonym of P. eucnemis . Haan (1842: 127) erroneously treated Pterinoxylus as a synonym of Haplopus Burmeister, 1838 .

A third species, Pterinoxylus crassus , was described by Kirby (1889: 502) based on a ♀ from Dominica, one of the Lesser Antillean islands. Redtenbacher (1908: 428) described a fourth species, Pterinoxylus spinulosus , based on a ♂ and nymph from Panama and provided a description of the ♂ of Burmeister's P. eucnemis . A fifth but generically misplaced species, Haplopus perarmatus Redtenbacher, 1908 from Nicaragua was transferred to Pterinoxylus by Zompro (2005: 275).

Rehn (1957) briefly discussed the genus and supplied a description and illustration of the so far unknown ♀♀ of P. spinulosus Redtenbacher. The egg of P. spinulosus was described by Zompro (1997: 180) from material collected in Costa Rica and erroneously identified as P. difformipes Serville, 1838 . Langlois et al. (2000), Lelong et al. (2003) and Lelong & Langlois (2005) provided descriptions and illustrations of both sexes and the eggs of P. crassus Kirby, 1889 along with notes on the habitats and biology in Dominica and Martinique. Robinson (1970) presented information on camouflage and active defensive behaviour of P. spinulosus .

Distribution ( Figs. 31–33 View FIGURE 31 View FIGURE 32 View FIGURE 33 ): Central America, northern South America and Lesser Antilles ( Dominica, Martinique & Saint Lucia).

Species included:

1. Pterinoxylus cocoense n. sp.

Distribution: Costa Rica ( Isla del Coco).

2. Pterinoxylus crassus Kirby, 1889: 502 .

Distribution: Lesser Antilles ( Dominica, Martinique & Saint Lucia).

3. Pterinoxylus eucnemis Burmeister, 1838: 577 .

= Pterinoxylus difformipes Serville, 1838: 227 View in CoL .

Distribution: NE– Brazil, French Guiana & Suriname.

4. Pterinoxylus perarmatus Redtenbacher, 1908: 431 .

Distribution: Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica & Panama.

5. Pterinoxylus speciosus n. sp.

Distribution: Costa Rica.

6. Pterinoxylus spinulosus Redtenbacher, 1908: 428 , pl. 20: 3.

Distribution: Belize, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia & NW– Ecuador.

Keys to the species of Pterinoxylus :

♀♀

1. Basal portion of subgenital plate convex and bulgy............................................................2

– Basal portion of subgenital plate flattened.................................................................. 4

2. Mesothorax slender and ± uniform in width; without spines.................................................... 3

– Mesothorax notably swollen medially and heavily spinose ( Fig. 16E View FIGURE 16 ); Costa Rica...................... speciosus n. sp.

3. Vertex with a pair of prominent, blunt, carinate horns ( Figs. 12I–J View FIGURE 12 ); subgenital plate extending beyondcapex of abdomen by more than combined length of two terminal terga ( Figs. 12C–D View FIGURE 12 ); Central America.......................... perarmatus View in CoL

– Vertex multi–spinose ( Fig. 6G View FIGURE 6 ); subgenital plate extending beyond apex of abdomen by less than combined length of two terminal terga ( Figs. 6A–B View FIGURE 6 ); Lesser Antilles............................................................. .. crassus View in CoL

4. Large insects (body length incl. subgenital plate> 13 cm); alae projecting considerably over posterior margin of median segment; carinae of protibiae strongly deflexed and lamellate......................................................5

– Smaller insects (body length incl. subgenital plate <14 cm); alae hardly reaching to posterior margin of median segment ( Figs. 2A–C View FIGURE 2 ); carinae of protibiae just weakly expanded ( Fig. 2A View FIGURE 2 ); Cocos Island............................. cocoense n. sp.

5. Subgenital plate with lateral margins strongly deflexed and arcuate over entire length of plate ( Fig. 9A View FIGURE 9 ); posteroventral carina of protibiae very strongly deflexed and unevenly undulate ( Fig. 9G View FIGURE 9 ); mesotibiae with a distinct sub–basal dorsal lobe; NE–South America....................................................................................... eucnemis View in CoL

– Subgenital plate with lateral margins narrowing and declining towards apex of plate ( Fig. 9A View FIGURE 9 ); posteroventral carina of protibiae more even in outline and widening towards apex of tibia ( Fig. 19K View FIGURE 19 ); sub–basal dorsalclobe of mesotibiae small to obsolete ( Fig. 19L View FIGURE 19 ); Central America & Colombia........................................................... spinulosus View in CoL

♂♂

1. Large insects (body length> 9 cm); vertex armed; legs dentate, lobulate and/or lamellate............................. 2

– Small insects (body length <9 cm); vertex unarmed; all legs slender, simple and destitute of teeth, lobes or lamellae ( Figs. 3A–C View FIGURE 3 ); Costa Rica (Cocos Island)............................................................. cocoense n. sp.

2. Vertex tuberculose, spinulose or multi–spinose...............................................................3

– Vertex armed with a pair of large, laterally compressed and tuberculose lobes ( Fig. 12H View FIGURE 12 ); Central America...... perarmatus View in CoL

3. Mesothorax> 4x longer than pronotum, rugulose, tuberculose or spinose; no green stripe along costal margin of alae; femora brown and unicolourous.................................................................................4

– Mesothorax <3.5x longer than pronotum, heavily armed with large, blunt spines ( Fig. 15G View FIGURE 15 ); costal region of alae with a green longitudinal stripe in basal half; basal ¾ of femora green; Costa Rica................................ speciosus n. sp.

4. Abdominal tergum VII parallel–sided; protibiae with carinae just gently lamellate.................................. 5

– Abdominal tergum VII with lateral margins deflexed and rounded in posterior half ( Figs. 9E–F View FIGURE 9 ); protibiae with carinae strongly deflexed, lamellate and notably expanded apically; NE–South America..................................... eucnemis View in CoL

5. Mesonotum distinctly spinulose to spinose ( Figs. 10I–J View FIGURE 10 ); meso– and metatibiae with a broad, dentate dorsal apical lobe ( Fig. 19M View FIGURE 19 ); Central America & Colombia................................................................ spinulosus View in CoL

– Mesonotum ± tuberculose ( Fig. 6H View FIGURE 6 ); no apical lobe on meso– and metatibiae; Lesser Antilles.................... crassus View in CoL

Eggs*

1. Capsule tube–like and ± round in cross–section............................................................. 2

– Capsule compressed laterally with dorsal surface strongly raised and tectiform longitudinally ( Figs. 22E–F View FIGURE 22 )..... perarmatus View in CoL

2. Capsule surface punctured and with ± distinctly raised ridges.................................................. 3

– Capsule surface densely rugulose/tuberculose; polar extension shorter than micropylar plate ( Fig. 3G View FIGURE 3 )....... cocoense n. sp.

3. Ridges of capsule shallow; polar and opercular extensions close................................................ 4

4. Ridges of capsule very prominently raised; polar and opercular extensions open and net–like ( Figs. 22A–B View FIGURE 22 )......... crassus View in CoL

4. Capsule with a posterior constriction before polar extension............................................. eucnemis View in CoL

– Capsule without a distinct posterior constriction.................................................... ... spinulosus View in CoL

* Eggs of P. speciosus n. sp. are not known

References

Burmeister, H. (1838) Handbuch der Entomologie, II. Berlin, pp. 553 - 589.

Conle, O. V., Hennemann, F. H. & Gutierrez, Y. (2011) The Stick Insects of Colombia. A catalogue and bibliography with the descriptions of four new genera and 74 new species. Herstellung und Verlag: Books on Demand GmbH, Norderstedt, 406 pp.

Haan, W. De (1842) Bijdragen tot de Kennis der Orthoptera. In: Temmick, C. J. (Ed.), Verhandelingen over de natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche Bezittingen. Verhandelingen Zoologie, Vol. 2, 95 - 138.

Hennemann, F. H., Conle, O. V. & Perez-Gelabert, D. (2016) Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XVI: Revision of Haplopodini Gunther, 1953 (rev. Stat.), with notes on the subfamily Cladomorphinae Bradley & Galil, 1977 and the descriptions of a new tribe, four new genera and nine new species (Phasmatodea: Anareolatae : Phasmatidae: Cladomorphinae). Zootaxa, 4128 (1), 1 - 211. http: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4128.1.1

Kirby, W. F. (1889) Descriptions of Phasmidae from Dominica, Santa Lucia and Brazil (Theresopolis), in the collection ofthe British Museum. Annuals and Magazine of Natural History, London, 6 (3), 501 - 504. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938909460378

Kirby, W. F. (1904 a) A Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera, Vol. 1. British Museum, London.

Langlois, F., Lelong, P., Rastel, D. Polidori, E. & Dorel, E. (2000) Phasmatodea de Martinique. ASPER publishing, Sainte Foy d'Aigrefeuille, 74 pp.

Lelong, P., Langlois, F., Rastel, D. & Dorel, E. (2003) Phasmatodea of Dominica. ASPER publishing, Sainte Foyd'Aigrefeuille, 103 pp.

Lelong, P. & Langlois, F. (2005) Contribution a la connaissance des Phasmatodea de la Martinique. Bulletin dela Societe entomologique de France, 110 (3), 259 - 272. https: // doi. org / 10.3406 / bsef. 2005.16231

Otte, D. & Brock, P. D. (2005) Phasmid Species File. Catalog of Stick and Leaf Insects of the World. The Insect Diversity Association and the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. CafePress. com. 414 pp.

Redtenbacher, J. (1908) Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. III. Phasmidae Anareolatae (Phibalosomini, Acrophyllini, Necrosciini). Verlag Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 341 - 589, pls. 16 - 27.

Rehn, J. A. G. (1904) Studies in the orthopterous family Phasmidae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia, 56, 38 - 107.

Rehn, J. A. G. (1957) The description of the female sex of Pterinoxylus spinulosus, with notes on stridulation in the female sex of this genus (Orthoptera; Phasmatidae; hibalosomatinae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 83, 185 - 194, pl. 21.

Robinson, M. H. (1970) Animals that mimic parts of plants. Morris Arboretum Bulletin, 21, 51 - 58.

Serville, J. G. (1838) Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Orthopteres. Librarie Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, 18, 776 pp.

Shelford, R. (1909) Family Phasmidae. In: Biologia Centrali - Americana; or, Contributions to the knowledge of the Fauna and Flora of Mexico and Central America. Insecta, Orthoptera. Vol. 2, 343 - 377, plates 5 - 8.

Westwood, J. O. (1859) Catalogue of Orthopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part 1: Phasmidae. British Museum, London. 196 pp., pls. 1 - 40.

Zompro, O. (1997) Uber einige Phasmiden aus der Entomologischen Sammlung des Zoologischen Museums Hamburg. Entomologische Mitteilungen aus dem zoologischen Museum Hamburg, 12 (156), 177 - 181.

Zompro, O. (2005) Catalogue of type-material of the insect order Phasmatodea, housed in the Museum fur Naturkunde der Humboldt - Universitat zu Berlin, Germany and in the Institut fur Zoologie der Martin-Luther-Universitat in Halle (Saale), Germany. Mitteilungen aus dem Museum fur Naturkunde in Berlin. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 52 (2005), 251 - 290. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 200410018

Figures

FIGURE 2: Pterinoxylus cocoense n. sp. ♀♀. A. HT, dorsolateral view [MNCR-A]; B. PT, dorsolateral view [MNCR-A, collection no. 575708]; C. PT, lateral view [MNCR-A, collection no. 575708]; D. PT, ventral view [MNCR-A, collection no. 575708]; E. Head, pro and mesonotum of PT in dorsal view [MNCR-A, collection no. 575708]; F. Apex of abdomen of HT in lateral view [MNCR-A]; G. Apex of abdomen of PT in lateral view [MNCR-A, collection no. 575708]; H. Apex of abdomen of HT in dorsal view [MNCR-A]; I. Apex of abdomen of HT in ventral view [MNCR-A].

FIGURE 3: Pterinoxylus cocoense n. sp. ♂ PT [MNCR-A, collection no. #107146] and egg. A. PT, dorsolateral view; B. PT, dorsal view; C. PT, ventral view; D. Apex of abdomen of PT in lateral view; E. Apex of abdomen of PT in dorsal view; F. Apex of abdomen of PT in ventral view; G. Egg in dorsolateral view, PT (operculum lacking).

FIGURE 6: Pterinoxylus crassus (Kirby, 1889). A. Apex of abdomen of ♀ from Martinique in lateral view [coll. FH, No. 0588– 22]; B. Apex of abdomen of ♀ from Martinique in dorsal view [coll. FH, No. 0588–22]; C. Apex of abdomen of ♀ Martinique in ventral view [coll. FH, No. 0588–22]; D. Apex of abdomen of ♂ from Martinique in lateral view [coll. FH, No. 0588–21]; E. Apex of abdomen of ♀ from Martinique in dorsal view [coll. FH, No. 0588–21]; F. Apex of abdomen of ♂ Martinique in ventral view [coll. FH, No. 0588–21]; G. Head, front legs and prothorax of ♀ from Saint Lucia in lateral view [coll. FH, No. 0588–26]; H. Head, front legs and prothorax of ♀ from Martinique in lateral view [coll. FH, No. 0588–26].

FIGURE 9: Pterinoxylus eucnemis (Burmeister, 1838). A. Apex of abdomen of ♀ from French Guiana in lateral view (Photo by Philippe Lelong) [coll. PL]; B. Apex of abdomen of same ♀ as in figure A in dorsal view with an egg held in the ovipositor (Photo by Philippe Lelong) [coll. PL]; C. Apex of abdomen of ♀ from French Guiana in ventral view [MNHN]; D. Apex of abdomen of ♂ from French Guiana in lateral view [coll. OC]; E. Apex of abdomen of ♀ from French Guiana in dorsal view [coll. OC]; F. Apex of abdomen of ♂ from French Guiana in ventral view [coll. OC]; G. Right protibia of ♀ from French Guiana in extero–lateral view, arrows indicate dorsal and apical direction [MNHN]; H. Ventral view of head, pro– and mesothorax of ♂ from French Guiana, showing sensory areas [coll. OC].

FIGURE 10: Pterinoxylus perarmatus (Redtenbacher, 1908). A. ♀ from Volcán Baru, Panama, dorsal view [coll. OC]; B. ♀ from Volcán Baru, Panama, lateral view [coll. OC]; C. ♀ from Reserva Forestal Tronosá, Panama, showing strongly developed cephalic and thoracic armature [MIUP]; D. HT, ♂ from Matagalpa, Nicaragua, dorsal view [MNHU].

FIGURE 12: Pterinoxylus perarmatus (Redtenbacher, 1908). A. Apex of abdomen of captive reared ♀ from Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica in lateral view [coll. FH, No. 0841–1]; B. Apex of abdomen of same specimen in ventral view [coll. FH, No. 0841–1]; C. Apex of abdomen of same specimen in dorsal view [coll. FH, No. 0841–1]; D. Apex of abdomen of ♀ from Reserva Forestal Tronosá, Panama in dorsal view [MIUP]; E. Apex of abdomen of captive reared ♂ from Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica in lateral view [coll. FH, No. 0841–6]; F. Apex of abdomen of same specimen in dorsal view [coll. FH, No. 0841–6]; G. Apex of abdomen of same specimen in ventral view [coll. FH, No. 0841–6]; H. Head, pro–, mesonotum and front legs of captive reared ♂ from Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica in lateral view [coll. FH, No. 0841–11]; I. Head, pro–, mesonotum and front legs aptive reared ♀ from Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica in lateral view [coll. FH, No. 0841–1]; J. Head, pro–, mesonotum of ♀ from Reserva Forestal Tronosá, Panama in lateral view [MIUP].

FIGURE 15: Pterinoxylus speciosus n. sp. ♂♂. A. PT, lateral view [MNCR-A, collection no. 011371]; B. Same specimen in dorsolateral view; C. Same specimen in ventral view; D. Apex of abdomen of PT in lateral view [MNCR–A, collection no. 011371]; E. Apex of abdomen of PT in dorsal view [MNCR-A, collection no. 52571]; F. Apex of abdomen of PT in vental view [MNCR-A, collection no. 52571].

FIGURE 16: Pterinoxylus speciosus n. sp. ♀♀. A. Apex of abdomen of PT in lateral view [MNCR-A, collection no. 695860]; B. Apex of abdomen of HT in lateral view [MNCR-A, collection no. 042809]; C. Apex of abdomen of HT in dorsal view [MNCR-A, collection no. 042809]; D. Apex of abdomen of HT in ventral view [MNCR-A, collection no. 042809]; E. Head, pro-, mesothorax and fore legs of PT in dorsal view [MNCR-A, collection no. 695860].

FIGURE 19: Pterinoxylus spinulosus Redtenbacher, 1908. A. Apex of abdomen of ♀ from Parque Nacional Corcovado, Costa Rica, in lateral view [MNCR-A, collection no. 598337]; B. Apex of abdomen of same specimen in dorsal view [MNCR-A, collection no. 598337]; C. Apex of abdomen of ♀ from Reventazon, Costa Rica on dorsal view [ZMUH]; D. Apex of abdomen of same specimen in ventral view [ZMUH]; E. Apex of abdomen of ♀ from Polochic River, Guatemala, in ventral view (Photo by Paul D. Brock) [USNM]; F. Apex of abdomen of ♂ from M.N. Guayabo, Costa Rica, in lateral view [MNCR-A, collection no. #74105]; G. Apex of abdomen of same specimen in dorsal view [MNCR–A, collection no. #74105]; H. Apex of abdomen of same specimen in ventral view [MNCR-A, collection no. #74105]; I. Head, pro- and mesonotum of ♂ from Barro Colorado Island, Panama, in dorsolateral view [MNHN]; J. Head, pro- and mesonotum of ♂ from M.N. Guayabo, Costa Rica, in dorsal view [MNCR-A, collection no. #74105]; K. Left protibia of ♀ from Greenhills, Belize in dorsal view, arrows indicate exterior and apical direction [coll. OC]; L. Right mid leg of ♀ from Greenhills, Belize in anterolateral view [coll. OC]; M. Right mid leg of ♂ from Greenhills, Belize in anterolateral view [coll. OC].

FIGURE 20: Pterinoxylus spp. venation of alae. A. P. speciosus n. sp. ♀ HT, dorsal view (mirrored horizontally) [MNCR-A, collection no. 042809]; B. P. spinulosus Redtenbacher, 1908 ♀, ventral view with tympanal area coloured yellow [coll. OC]; C. P. speciosus n. sp. ♂ PT, dorsal view (mirrored horizontally) [MNCR-A, collection no. 52571]. Explanation of abbreviations: 1AA-7AA = first–seventh anterior anal; 1PA-7PA = first–seventh posterior anal, C = costa, Cu = cubitus, Cu1 cubitus 1, Cu2 = cubitus 2, E = empusal, M = media, MA = media anterior, Mp1 = media posterior 1, Mp2 = media posterior 2, R = radial, R1 = radius 1, Rs = radial sector, Sc = subcostal, TA = tympanal area.

FIGURE 21: Pterinoxylus spp. terminal two abdominal segments of ♂♂ in ventral aspect, showing vomer and poculum. A. P. cocoense n. sp.: PT [MNCR–A, collection no. #107146]; B. P. crassus (Kirby, 1889): Specimen from Martinique [coll. FH, No. 0588–21]; C. P. eucnemis (Burmeister, 1838): Specimen from French Guiana [coll. OC]; D. P. perarmatus (Redtenbacher, 1908): Specimen from Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica [coll. FH, No. 0841–6]; E. P. speciosus n. sp.: PT [MNCR–A, collection no. 52571]; F. P. spinulosus Redtenbacher, 1908: Specimen from Greenhills, Belize [coll. OC]. Scale = 1 mm.

FIGURE 22: Pterinoxylus spp. eggs. A. P. crassus Kirby, 1889, dorsal view; B. P. crassus Kirby, 1889, lateral view; C. P. eucnemis (Burmeister, 1838), dorsal view; D. P. eucnemis (Burmeister, 1838), lateral view; E. P. perarmatus (Redtenbacher, 1908), dorsal view; F. P. perarmatus (Redtenbacher, 1908), lateral view; G. P. spinulosus Redtenbacher, 1908 (Belize), dorsal view; H. P. spinulosus Redtenbacher, 1908 (Belize), lateral view. Explanation of abbreviations: Cer = cercus, Pa = paraproct, SG = subgenital plate (poculum), T9 = abdominal tergum 9, T10 = abdominal tergum 10 (anal segment), DF = thorn pads (“Dornenfeld”), Vo = vomer.

FIGURE 31: Map showing the known records for Pterinoxylus cocoense n. sp., P. crassus Kirby, 1889 and P. perarmatus (Redtenbacher, 1908). The imprecise locality „Guatemala“ for a specimen of P. perarmatus in the collection of MHNG is omitted.

FIGURE 32: Map showing the known records for Pterinoxylus eucnemis (Burmeister, 1838) and P. speciosus n. sp.. The imprecise type-locality „Inner Brazil“ of P. eucnemis is omitted. The arrow points to the far-off record of a specimen from Río Mamoré, NE–Bolivia in the collection of NHMUK.

FIGURE 33: Map showing the known records for Pterinoxylus spinulosus Redtenbacher, 1908.

FIGURE1:A.Terminalia of ♀ Pterinoxylus perarmatus(Redtenbacher,1908) inMIUP;B.Sensory areas ofPterinoxylus crassus (Kirby, 1889) ♂, ventral view of prothorax showing the three sensory areas typical for Pterinoxylus (encircled with white dotted ovals); C. Right sensory area at lateral margin of probasisternum (enlarged); D. Large central sensory area of profurcasternum (enlarged). Explanation of abbreviations: Cer = cercus, Cerv = cervix, Cx = procoxa, Ep = epiproct, Gap8 = gonapophysis 8, Gap9 = gonapophysis 9, Gon = gonangulum, Pa = paraproct, PrO = praeopercular organ, ProBa = probasisternum, ProSt = profurcasternum, S7 = abdominal sternum 7, Sg = subgenital plate, T7, T8, … = abdominal tergum 7, abdominal tergum 8 ..., T10 = abdominal tergum 10 (anal segment).