Capnodis, Eschscholtz, 1829

Ghahari, Hassan, Volkovitsh, Mark G. & Bellamy, Charles L., 2015, An annotated catalogue of the Buprestidae of Iran (Coleoptera: Buprestoidea), Zootaxa 3984 (1), pp. 1-141 : 65-71

Genus CAPNODIS Eschscholtz, 1829

synonym: Caloptera Gistel 1834 .

Capnodis anthracina (Fischer von Waldheim) 1830: 184 ( Buprestis ); Théry 1925: 80; Richter 1952: 167; Davatchi 1958: 67; Davatchi et al. 1959: 244; Farahbakhsh 1960: 72; Radjabi 1968: 74, 1976: 129; Bílý 1983a: 55; Abai & Adeli 1984: 66; Modarres Awal 1997: 133; Borumand 2002: 32; Kubáň 2006: 346; Bellamy 2008b: 952; Sakenin et al. 2008: 34; Ghobari et al. 2012: 236.

synonym: anthracina Faldermann 1835: 140 (homonym).

synonym: bactriana Semenov-Tian-Shankij 1891: 334; Modarres Awal 1997: 133.

synonym: cribricollis Abeille de Perrin 1896: 270 (variety of anthracina ).

Host plant(s) within Iran. (Adult) Pistacia mutica (Anacardiaceae) , wild and cultivated fruit trees ( Farahbakhsh 1960); Pistacia spp., branches ( Abai & Adeli 1984); almond ( Amygdalus sp., Rosaceae ) and on other cultivated and wild stone fruit trees, pistachio ( Pistacia sp.) ( Modarres Awal 1997).

Distribution within Iran. "Azerbedjan: Massif du Sahend" ( Théry 1925). Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari, Khuzestan, Kuhgiloyeh & Boyerahmad ( Modarres Awal 1997; Borumand 2002 as bactriana), East Azarbaijan ( Modarres Awal 1997; Sakenin et al. 2008), Fars ( Radjabi 1968, 1976; Modarres Awal 1997; Borumand 2002, as bactriana), Hormozgan, Kerman ( Bílý 1983a), Khorasan, West Azarbaijan ( Borumand 2002), Kordestan ( Modarres Awal 1997; Borumand 2002, as bactriana; Ghobari et al. 2012), Isfahan, Lorestan ( Radjabi 1968; Modarres Awal 1997; Borumand 2002 as bactriana), Sistan & Baluchestan ( Bílý 1983a; Borumand 2002), eastern provinces ( Farahbakhsh 1960; Abai & Adeli 1984; Modarres Awal 1997), Iran (no locality cited) ( Richter 1952; Kubáň 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. Iraq, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan (Kubáň 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Note. Most data for the host-plants and distribution in Iran possibly refer to other Capnodis species ( Pistacia — C. cariosa , fruit trees— C. henningii ).

Capnodis cariosa ( Pallas) 1776 : 708 ( Buprestis ); 1781: 66; Modarres Awal 1997: 133; Kubáň 2006: 346; Bellamy 2008b: 953; Arjomandi et al. 2014: 598.

synonym: bruttia ( Petagna) 1787: 22 ( Buprestis ).

Immatures: Alexeev 1994: 26.

Host plant(s) within Iran. Almond ( Amygdalus sp., Rosaceae ), pistachio ( Pistacia sp., Anacardiaceae ) ( Modarres Awal 1997).

Distribution within Iran. Fars, Kerman, Semnan, Zanjan and other northern provinces ( Modarres Awal 1997), Guilan ( Arjomandi et al. 2014), Iran (no locality cited) (Kubáň 2006; Bellamy 2008b). Distribution outside Iran. Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Egypt, Georgia, Greece, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Lebanon, Macedonia, Moldavia, Romania, Russia, Slovenia, Syria, Turkey, Ukraine, former Yugoslavia (Kubáň 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Note. This species is associated with Anacardiaceae , the record for Amygdalus in Modarres Awal (1997) is doubtful.

Capnodis cariosa hauseri Obenberger 1928b: 67 ; Richter 1952: 158; Davatchi 1958: 64; Davatchi et al. 1959: 244 (as cariosa ); Farahbakhsh 1960: 72; Radjabi 1968: 74; Adeli 1972: 10; Radjabi 1976: 129; Bílý 1983a: 55; Abai & Adeli 1984: 66; Modarres Awal 1997: 134 (variety of cariosa ); Borumand 2002: 33; Kubáň 2006: 346; Bellamy 2008b: 953.

Immatures: Davatchi 1958: 66.

Biology/Bionomy: Davatchi 1958: 66.

Host plant(s) within Iran. Pistacia vera (Anacardiaceae) ( Davatchi et al. 1959; Farahbakhsh 1960); Pistacia atlantica mutica (Adult!) ( Bílý 1983a), Pistacia spp., roots ( Abai & Adeli 1984); Pistachio ( Adeli 1972, Modarres Awal 1997).

Distribution within Iran. Bushehr ( Obenberger 1928b), Fars ( Radjabi 1968, 1976; Abai & Adeli 1984; Modarres Awal 1997; Borumand 2002), Hormozgan, Kuhgiloyeh & Boyerahmad ( Bílý 1983a), Kerman ( Davatchi 1958; Farahbakhsh 1960; Radjabi 1968; Adeli 1972; Abai & Adeli 1984; Bílý 1983a; Modarres Awal 1997; Borumand 2002), Kermanshah ( Radjabi 1968; Borumand 2002), Khorasan, Markazi, Semnan, Sistan & Baluchestan, Zanjan ( Modarres Awal 1997), Qazvin ( Davatchi 1958; Farahbakhsh 1960; Radjabi 1968; Borumand 2002), central provinces ( Abai & Adeli 1984), Iran (no locality cited) ( Richter 1952; Kubáň 2006; Bellamy 2008b). Distribution outside Iran. Iraq, Turkey (Kubáň 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Capnodis cariosa iranica Bogatchev 1947: 17 (subspecies of cariosa ); Salavatian 1950: 8; Farahbakhsh 1960: 73; Radjabi 1968: 74; Adeli 1972: 10; Radjabi 1976: 129; Abai & Adeli 1984: 74, 82, 106; Modarres Awal 1997: 134; Borumand 2002: 34; Kubáň 2006: 346; Bellamy 2008b: 953.

Host plant(s) within Iran. Pistachier ( Pistacia , Anacardiaceae ) ( Salavatian 1950), pistachio, probably Rhus coggygria , Rh. cotinus (Anacardiaceae) , almond ( Amygdalus sp), apricot, peach, plum ( Prunus spp., Rosaceae ), oriental plane ( Platanus orientalis , Platanaceae ), poplar ( Populus sp.), and willow ( Salix sp., Salicaceae ) ( Farahbakhsh 1960); Pistacia , Populus , Platanus and fruit trees ( Adeli 1972); Populus spp., Salix spp., Prunus spp., roots and collar ( Abai & Adeli 1984); almond, pistachio and probably on apricot, garden plum, peach, sloe tree, oriental plane, poplar, willow, smoke tree ( Cotinus sp., Anacardiaceae ) ( Modarres Awal 1997). Distribution within Iran: Fars ( Bogatchev 1947; Salavatian 1950; Farahbakhsh 1960; Radjabi 1968, 1976; Abai & Adeli 1984; Modarres Awal 1997; Borumand 2002), Kerman ( Salavatian 1950; Farahbakhsh 1960; Adeli 1972; Abai & Adeli 1984; Modarres Awal 1997), Lorestan, Zanjan and other southern, western and central provinces ( Abai & Adeli 1984; Modarres Awal 1997), Qazvin ( Bogatchev 1947; Salavatian 1950; Farahbakhsh 1960), Tehran ( Adeli 1972), Iran (no locality cited) (Kubáň 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. None recorded.

Note. The majority of host plants are doubtful except for Pistacia, Rhu s and Cotinus .

Capnodis excisa Ménétriés 1848: 28 ; Théry 1925: 80; Richter 1952: 160; Davatchi et al. 1959: 244; Farahbakhsh 1960: 73; Radjabi 1968: 74; Bílý 1983a: 54; Abai & Adeli 1984: 25; Modarres Awal 1997: 134; Borumand 2002: 34; Kubáň 2006: 346; Bellamy 2008b: 953; Sakenin et al. 2008: 33; Bílý et al. 2011: 203.

Biology/Bionomy: Kaplin 1981 (with bibliography).

Host plant(s) within Iran. Calligonum sp. ( Polygonaceae ) ( Davatchi et al. 1959; Farahbakhsh 1960; Abai & Adeli 1984; Modarres Awal 1997); Calligonum commosum (Adult!) ( Bílý 1983a), Cerasus avium (Rosaceae) (Sakenin et al. 2008).

Distribution within Iran. "Poucht-é-Kouh: Halazard à Chirvan" ( Théry 1925). Bushehr, Kerman ( Borumand 2002), Fars ( Radjabi 1968; Modarres Awal 1997), Hormozgan ( Radjabi 1968; Bílý 1983a; Modarres Awal 1997; Borumand 2002), Sistan & Baluchestan ( Farahbakhsh 1960; Radjabi 1968; Bílý 1983a; Abai & Adeli 1984; Modarres Awal 1997; Borumand 2002), Iran (no locality cited) ( Richter 1952; Kubáň 2006; Bellamy 2008b). Distribution outside Iran. Armenia, Azerbaijan, Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, UAE, Uzbekistan (Kubáň 2006; Bellamy 2008b; Bílý et al. 2011). Note. The record of Cerasus avium as a host plant in Sakenin et al. (2008) is doubtful; this species is associated with Calligonum spp.

Capnodis henningii ( Faldermann) 1835 : 141 ( Buprestis ); Théry 1925: 80 (as carbonaria); Salavatian 1950: 8 (subspecies of carbonaria); Richter 1952: 164; Davatchi 1958: 68 (as carbonaria); Davatchi et al. 1959: 244 (as carbonaria and henningi); Farahbakhsh 1960: 72 (subspecies of carbonaria); Radjabi 1968: 74, 1976: 129 (subspecies of carbonaria); Bílý 1983a: 55 (as carbonaria); Abai & Adeli 1984: 19 (subspecies of carbonaria), 66 (as carbonaria); Modarres Awal 1997: 133 (as carbonaria and subspecies of carbonaria, author Mannerheim), 134 (as henningi); Borumand 2002: 32 (as carbonaria); Kubáň 2006: 346; Bellamy 2008b: 954; Ghobari et al. 2012: 236.

synonym: cribricollis Abeille de Perrin 1904: 212 (variety of heningi; homonym of cribricollis Abeille de Perrin 1896). Modarres Awal 1997: 133.

Immatures: Richter 1952: 164.

Biology/Bionomy: Richter 1952.

Host plant(s) within Iran. (Adult) Pistachier ( Pistacia sp., Anacardiaceae ) ( Salavatian 1950), almond ( Amygdalus sp.), apricot, plum ( Prunus spp., Rosaceae ),?pistachio ( Farahbakhsh 1960), Amygdalus scoparia (Adult!) ( Bílý 1983a: 55, as carbonaria), almond, pistachio (as carbonaria) ( Davatchi et al. 1959; Modarres Awal 1997); Amygdalus spp., trunk (as c. henningi), Pistacia spp., roots (as carbonaria) ( Abai & Adeli 1984); almond, peach, garden plum, apricot and some other stone fruit trees (as carbonaria henningi) ( Modarres Awal 1997). Distribution within Iran. "Plateau persan: Kouh-Hadjoudj, Kalateh; Poucht-é-Kouch: Arko-Waz; Louristan: Kouh-Tchéhar-Rah" ( Théry 1925). Azarbaijan ( Modarres Awal 1997, as henningi), Fars ( Salavatian 1950; Farahbakhsh 1960; Radjabi 1976; Bílý 1983a, as carbonaria; Abai & Adeli 1984; Borumand 2002, as carbonaria), Hormozgan, Kerman, Khorasan, Kuhgiloyeh & Boyerahmad ( Bílý 1983a, as carbonaria), Kermanshah, Lorestan, Markazi, Semnan, Sistan & Baluchestan ( Borumand 2002, as carbonaria), Kordestan ( Ghobari et al. 2012, as carbonaria), Tehran ( Salavatian 1950; Farahbakhsh 1960; Borumand 2002, as carbonaria), Yazd ( Radjabi 1976; Borumand 2002, as carbonaria), generally distributed (as carbonaria) ( Radjabi 1968; Abai & Adeli 1984; Modarres Awal 1997), Iran (no locality cited) ( Richter 1952; Kubáň 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iraq, Syria, Turkmenistan, Turkey (Kubáň 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Note. The record for Pistacia as a host plant is doubtful.

Capnodis jacobsoni Richter 1952: 159 ; Volkovitsh & Alexeev 1992: 155; 1994: 427; Kubáň 2006: 346; Bellamy 2008b: 954.

Distribution within Iran. Iran (no locality cited) (Kubáň 2006; Bellamy 2008b). Distribution outside Iran. Turkmenistan (Kubáň 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Capnodis miliaris ( Klug) 1829 : No. 15 ( Buprestis ); Théry 1925: 80; Salavatian 1950: 8; Richter 1952: 154; Davatchi et al. 1959: 244; Farahbakhsh 1960: 73; Radjabi 1968: 74, 1976: 129; Adeli 1972: 10; Bílý 1983a: 54; Abai & Adeli 1984: 71 (as miliaris ), 74, 106 (as m. miliaris ); Behdad 1988:?; Modarres Awal 1997: 134; Borumand 2002: 35; Kubáň 2006: 346; Bellamy 2008b: 955; Afrouzian & Babmorad 2012: 135 (as cariosa , misidentification); Babmorad et al. 2012a: 182; Babmorad et al. 2012b: 202; Ghobari et al. 2012: 237; Radjabi & Gigli 2012: 1, 3; Afrouzian & Babmorad 2014: 554; Babmorad et al. 2014: 555.

synonym: daedalea ( Steven) 1830: 170 ( Buprestis ).

Immatures: Gardner 1929: 116; Richter 1952: 147.

Biology/Bionomy: Richter 1952 (with bibliography).

Host plant(s) within Iran. Populus euphratica (Salicaceae) ( Salavatian 1950; Davatchi et al. 1959; Afrouzian & Babmorad 2012, as cariosa ; Babmorad et al. 2012a, b, 2014; Afrouzian & Babmorad 2014); Populus spp., Salix ( Salavatian 1950) , poplars, particularly Sind poplar, willow ( Populus spp., Salix sp., Salicaceae ) ( Farahbakhsh 1960), Populus spp. and Salix spp. ( Adeli 1972); Oriental plane ( Platanus orientalis , Platanaceae ), poplar, black poplar, sind poplar ( Populus spp.), willow ( Modarres Awal 1997); Platanus orientalis , clusters and branches (as miliaris ), Populus spp. Salix spp., roots and collar (as m. miliaris ) ( Abai & Adeli 1984).

Distribution within Iran. " Armenia Persica " (type of daedalea) ( Steven 1830). "Plateau persan: Aivan-i-Kerkha, Kelateh; Louristan: Tchéar-Dooul" ( Théry 1925). Alborz ( Bílý 1983a), Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari, East Azarbaijan, Golestan, Ilam, Qazvin ( Borumand 2002), Fars ( Salavatian 1950; Farahbakhsh 1960; Adeli 1972; Radjabi 1976; Bílý 1983a; Borumand 2002), Hormozgan ( Salavatian 1950; Borumand 2002), Isfahan ( Salavatian 1950; Farahbakhsh 1960; Adeli 1972; Borumand 2002; Babmorad et al. 2012), Kerman ( Salavatian 1950; Farahbakhsh 1960; Adeli 1972; Bílý 1983a; Borumand 2002), Kermanshah, Tehran ( Salavatian 1950; Farahbakhsh 1960; Adeli 1972; Borumand 2002), Khorasan ( Salavatian 1950; Farahbakhsh 1960; Adeli 1972; Bílý 1983a; Borumand 2002; Babmorad et al. 2012; Afrouzian & Babmorad 2012, as cariosa ; 2014), Khuzestan ( Bílý 1983a; Radjabi & Gigli 2012; Babmorad et al. 2012a, b; 2014), Lorestan, Sistan & Baluchestan ( Salavatian 1950; Farahbakhsh 1960; Borumand 2002), Kordestan ( Ghobari et al. 2012), generally distributed except Caspian Sea area ( Radjabi 1968; Abai & Adeli 1984; Modarres Awal 1997), Iran (no locality cited) ( Richter 1952; Kubáň 2006; Bellamy 2008b). Distribution outside Iran. Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, China, Georgia, Greece, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan (Kubáň 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Capnodis miliaris metallica Ballion 1871: 349 (correct subsequent spelling validated by subsequent usage, ICZN 1999, Article 33.3.1); Théry 1925: 80 (variety of miliaris ); Salavatian 1950: 8; Richter 1952: 156; Davatchi et al. 1959: 244; Farahbakhsh 1960: 73; Radjabi 1968: 74; Adeli 1972: 10; Modarres Awal 1997: 134; Kubáň 2006: 346; Bellamy 2008b: 955; Havaskary et al. 2012: 1.

synonym: melattica Ballion 1871: 349 (incorrect original spelling).

synonym: afghanica Obenberger 1934d: 123 (subspecies of miliaris ); Kubáň 2006: 46 (synonym of metallica metallica Ballion), 346.

Host plant(s) within Iran. Populus ( Farahbakhsh 1960; Adeli 1972); Poplar, black poplar ( Populus spp.), willow ( Salix sp., Salicaceae ) ( Modarres Awal 1997).

Distribution within Iran. "Poucht-é-Kouh: Sar-Bezin" ( Théry 1925). East Azarbaijan ( Havaskary et al. 2012), Fars ( Salavatian 1950; Davatchi et al. 1959; Farahbakhsh 1960; Adeli 1972), Khorasan ( Farahbakhsh 1960; Adeli 1972), Lorestan ( Salavatian 1950; Davatchi et al. 1959; Farahbakhsh 1960), Tehran ( Salavatian 1950; Farahbakhsh 1960; Adeli 1972), generally distributed ( Radjabi 1968; Modarres Awal 1997), Iran (no locality cited) ( Richter 1952).

Distribution outside Iran. Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan (Kubáň 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Capnodis parumstriata Ballion 1871: 349 ; Davatchi 1958: 67; Farahbakhsh 1960: 73; Adeli 1972: 10; Abai & Adeli 1984: 66; Modarres Awal 1997: 134; Kubáň 2006: 346; Bellamy 2008b: 956.

synonym: costulata Fairmaire 1902: 39.

Host plant(s) within Iran. Pistacia vera (Anacardiaceae) , almond ( Farahbakhsh 1960), almond ( Amygdalus sp., Rosaceae ), pistachio ( Pistacia sp.) ( Adeli 1972, Modarres Awal 1997); Pistacia spp., roots ( Abai & Adeli 1984). Distribution within Iran. Fars, Khorasan ( Modarres Awal 1997), Sistan & Baluchestan ( Farahbakhsh 1960; Abai & Adeli 1984; Modarres Awal 1997), East of Iran ( Adeli 1972), Iran (no locality cited) ( Davatchi 1958; Kubáň 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. Afghanistan, India, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan (Kubáň 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Note. This species is associated with Pistacia , the records for Amygdalus are doubtful.

Capnodis porosa ( Klug) 1829 : No. 17 ( Buprestis ); Richter 1952: 161; Davatchi et al. 1959: 245; Farahbakhsh 1960: 73; Radjabi 1968: 74; Modarres Awal 1997: 134; Borumand 2002: 36; Kubáň 2006: 346; Bellamy 2008b: 956.

synonym: mannerheimi ( Faldermann) 1835: 142 ( Buprestis ).

synonym: hypocrita Géhin 1855: 55 .

Immatures: Alexeev 1994: 21.

Host plant(s) within Iran. (Adult) Almond ( Amygdalus sp., Rosaceae ) ( Farahbakhsh 1960; Modarres Awal 1997). Distribution within Iran. Kordestan ( Radjabi 1968; Modarres Awal 1997), West Azarbaijan ( Borumand 2002), Iran (no locality cited) ( Richter 1952; Kubáň 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Georgia, Greece, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Macedonia, Pakistan, Russia, Syria, Turkey, former Yugoslavia (Kubáň 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Capnodis porosa persica Théry 1936b: 221 (subspecies of porosa ); Richter 1952: 162; Kubáň 2006: 346; Bellamy 2008b: 956.

Distribution within Iran. Iran (no locality cited) ( Richter 1952; Kubáň 2006; Bellamy 2008b). Distribution outside Iran. None recorded.

Capnodis sexmaculata Ballion 1871: 349 ; Radjabi 1974: 38; Modarres Awal 1997: 134; Borumand 2002: 36; Kubáň 2006: 346; Bellamy 2008b: 957; Ghobari et al. 2012: 236.

synonym: kashmirensis Fairmaire 1891: cxxv.

Biology/Bionomy: Richter 1952 (with bibliography).

Distribution within Iran: Kordestan ( Ghobari et al. 2012), northern provinces ( Modarres Awal 1997; Borumand 2002), Iran (no locality cited) (Kubáň 2006).

Distribution outside Iran: Afghanistan, India (Kashmir), Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan (Kubáň 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Capnodis tenebricosa ( Olivier) 1790 : 62 ( Buprestis ); Théry 1925: 80; Salavatian 1950: 8; Richter 1952: 145; Davatchi et al. 1959: 245; Farahbakhsh 1960: 73; Radjabi 1968: 74, 1976: 129; Abai & Adeli 1984: 19; Modarres Awal 1997: 134; Borumand 2002: 36; Kubáň 2006: 346; Bellamy 2008b: 957; Barimani et al. 2009: 64, 2010: 131; Ghobari et al. 2012: 236.

synonym: dorsata ( Voet) 1806: 95 ( Cucujus ).

synonym: lugens Küster 1846: 52 .

synonym: aurosparsa Abeille de Perrin 1891: 258 (variety of tenebricosa ); Radjabi 1968: 74 (subspecies of tenebricosa ); Bílý 1983a: 54 (subspecies of tenebricosa ); Modarres Awal 1997:134; Borumand 2002: 37; Kubáň 2006: 46 (synonym of tenebricosa ), 346.

synonym: anomala Fairmaire 1895: cx.

synonym: simulatrix Obenberger 1916: 259 (subspecies of tenebricosa ).

synonym: alternata Obenberger 1945: 16 (subspecies of tenebricosa ).

synonym: occidentalis Obenberger 1945: 18 (subspecies of tenebricosa ).

Immatures: Schaefer 1937: 160.

Biology/Bionomy: Richter 1952 (with bibliography).

Host plant(s) within Iran. (Adult!) On the fruit trees ( Salavatian 1950), almond ( Amygdalus sp.), apple ( Malus sp.), apricot, garden plum, peach, plum ( Prunus app.), white howthorn ( Crataegus sp.), pear ( Pyrus sp., Rosaceae ) ( Farahbakhsh 1960; Modarres Awal 1997), Amygdalus spp., trunk and roots ( Abai & Adeli 1984), pistachio ( Pistacia sp., Anacardiaceae ) ( Modarres Awal 1997).

Distribution within Iran. "Chaldée persane, Poucht-é-Kouh, El Bourz, Louristan, multiple locations" ( Théry 1925). Alborz ( Bílý 1983a, as t. aurosparsa), Chaharmahal & Bakhtiary, Golestan, Kerman ( Borumand 2002, as t. tenebricosa ), East Azarbaijan ( Salavatian 1950; Radjabi 1968; Modarres Awal 1997), Fars ( Radjabi 1968, 1976; Modarres Awal 1997; Borumand 2002), Ilam ( Borumand 2002, as aurosparsa), Isfahan ( Salavatian 1950; Farahbakhsh 1960; Radjabi 1968; Abai & Adeli 1984; Modarres Awal 1997; Borumand 2002, as aurosparsa), Kermanshah ( Modarres Awal 1997; Borumand 2002, as aurosparsa), Khorasan ( Bílý 1983a, as t. aurosparsa; Borumand 2002, as t. tenebricosa ), Khuzestan ( Salavatian 1950; Farahbakhsh 1960; Modarres Awal 1997; Borumand 2002, as aurosparsa), Kordestan ( Ghobari et al. 2012, as t. tenebricosa ), Kuhgiloyeh & Boyerahmad ( Bílý 1983a, as t. aurosparsa; Borumand 2002, as t. tenebricosa ), Lorestan ( Salavatian 1950; Farahbakhsh 1960; Radjabi 1968; Modarres Awal 1997; Borumand 2002, as aurosparsa), Markazi, Zanjan ( Modarres Awal 1997), Mazandaran ( Salavatian 1950; Farahbakhsh 1960; Modarres Awal 1997; Borumand 2002, as persica ; Barimani et al. 2009, 2010), Qazvin ( Salavatian 1950; Farahbakhsh 1960; Radjabi 1968; Borumand 2002, as aurosparsa), Tehran ( Radjabi 1968; Modarres Awal 1997; Borumand 2002), Yazd ( Radjabi 1976), Iran (no locality cited) (Kubáň 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. Albania, Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Egypt (Sinai), France, Georgia, Greece, India (Kashmir), Iraq, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Macedonia, Malta, Moldavia, Morocco, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovenia, Spain, Syria, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, former Yugoslavia (Kubáň 2006; Bellamy 2008b). Note. The larvae feed in the roots of Rumex (Polygonaceae) , adults occur on different fruit-trees; records for Amygdalus ( Abai & Adeli 1984) and Pistacia ( Modarres Awal 1997) as larval hosts are dobtful.

Capnodis tenebricosa alia Bellamy 2004b: 259 (nomen novum for iranica Bellamy 2004 ); Bellamy 2008b: 959. synonym: persica Obenberger 1945: 16 (subspecies of tenebricosa , preoccupied by persica Théry 1936b ); Radjabi 1968: 74 (subspecies of tenebricosa ); Modarres Awal 1997: 134; Borumand 2002: 37; Kubáň 2006: 346 (synonym of bushirensis ).

synonym: iranica Bellamy 2004a: 155 (nomen novum for persica Obenberger 1945 , preoccupied by iranica Bogatchev 1947 ); Kubáň 2006: 346 (synonym of bushirensis ).

synonym: bushirensis Kubáň 2006: 40 , 346 (nomen novum for iranica Bellamy , superfluous name), 346; Bellamy 2008b: 959.

Distribution within Iran. Kermanshah, Khuzestan ( Radjabi 1968; Modarres Awal 1997, as tenebricosa persica Obenberger ), Mazandaran ( Radjabi 1968, as tenebricosa persica Obenberger ), Iran (no locality cited) (Kubáň 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. None recorded.

Capnodis tenebricosa bucharica Obenberger 1945: 18 ; Kubáň 2006: 346; Bellamy 2008b: 959. Distribution within Iran. Iran (no locality cited) (Kubáň 2006).

Distribution outside Iran. Afghanistan, India, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan (Kubáň 2006).

Capnodis tenebrionis ( Linnaeus) 1761 : 213 ( Buprestis ); Théry 1925: 80; Salavatian 1950: 8; Richter 1952: 146; Davatchi et al. 1959: 245; Farahbakhsh 1960: 73; Radjabi 1968: 74; Adeli 1972: 10; Radjabi 1976: 129; Bílý 1983a: 54; Abai & Adeli 1984: 31, 82; Modarres Awal 1997: 134; Borumand 2002: 37; Kubáň 2006: 347; Bellamy 2008b: 959; Barimani et al. 2009: 65; Havaskary et al. 2012: 1; Ghobari et al. 2012: 236.

synonym: variegata ( Goeze) 1777: 596 ( Buprestis ).

synonym: tenebrioides ( Pallas) 1781: 67 ( Buprestis ).

synonym: naevia ( Gmelin) 1790: 1939 ( Buprestis ).

synonym: moluccensis ( Voet) 1806: 96 ( Cucujus ).

synonym: aerea Laporte & Gory 1836: 9.

Immatures: Gory & Laporte 1840: 3; Pussard 1935b: 54, 1935c: 1; Schaefer 1937: 160; Bleton & Fieuzet 1942: 36; Richter 1952: 147; Reichart 1950b: 153, 1953b: 89; Richter 1952: 147; Bílý 1999: 21; Marannino & de Lillo 2007a: 145, 2007b: 197; Marannino et al. 2004: 101, 2007: 210.

Biology/Bionomy: Krása 1935: 103; Pussard 1934a: 1, 1934b: 3, 1935a: 23, 1935b: 54; Richter 1952: 147; Bílý 2003: 48.

Host plant(s) within Iran. l’Amandier ( Amygdalus ), l’Abricotier, Prunier ( Prunus spp., Rosaceae ) ( Salavatian 1950); apricot, plum, cherry, sour cherry, peach ( Prunus spp.), almond ( Amygdalus ), pear ( Pyrus sp.), howthorn ( Crataegus sp., Rosaceae ) ( Farahbakhsh 1960), Amygdalus and fruit trees ( Adeli 1972), Cerasus spp., Prunus spp., trunks, roots and branches ( Abai & Adeli 1984), almond, apple ( Malus sp.), appricot, cherry, sour-cherry, garden plum, peach, plum, sloe tree ( Prunus spp.), pear, white howthorn, poplar, black poplar ( Populus spp.), willow ( Salix sp., Salicaceae ) ( Modarres Awal 1997).

Distribution within Iran. "Plateau persan: de Hamadan à Casvin, Poucht-é-Kouch: Husseinabad, Louristan: Kirmancha" ( Théry 1925). East Azarbaijan ( Salavatian 1950; Davatchi et al. 1959; Farahbakhsh 1960; Radjabi 1968, as tenebrionis var.?; Abai & Adeli 1984; Borumand 2002; Havaskary et al. 2012), Fars ( Salavatian 1950; Davatchi et al. 1959; Farahbakhsh 1960; Radjabi 1976), Ilam, Kuhgiloyeh & Boyerahmad ( Borumand 2002), Isfahan ( Salavatian 1950; Davatchi et al. 1959; Farahbakhsh 1960; Radjabi 1968, as tenebrionis var.?; Abai & Adeli 1984; Borumand 2002), Kerman ( Salavatian 1950; Davatchi et al. 1959; Farahbakhsh 1960; Bílý 1983a; Borumand 2002), Khorasan ( Salavatian 1950; Davatchi et al. 1959; Farahbakhsh 1960; Bílý 1983a; Borumand 2002), Khuzestan ( Salavatian 1950; Borumand 2002), Kordestan ( Ghobari et al. 2012), Mazandaran ( Salavatian 1950; Davatchi et al. 1959; Farahbakhsh 1960; Bílý 1983a; Borumand 2002; Barimani et al. 2009), Qazvin ( Salavatian 1950; Davatchi et al. 1959; Farahbakhsh 1960; Borumand 2002), Semnan ( Salavatian 1950), Tehran ( Salavatian 1950; Davatchi et al. 1959; Farahbakhsh 1960; Borumand 2002), generally distributed ( Radjabi 1968; Adeli 1972; Modarres Awal 1997), Iran (no locality cited) (Kubáň 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Distribution outside Iran. Albania, Algeria, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic,? Egypt, France, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Lebanon, Kazakhstan, Macedonia, Malta, Moldavia, Montenegro, Morocco, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Spain,? Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine (Kubáň 2006; Bellamy 2008b).

Note. Records for poplar and willow ( Modarres Awal 1997) are doubtful.