Philaethria dido dido (Linnaeus, 1763)

Constantino, Luis Miguel & Salazar, Julian A., 2010, A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela, Zootaxa 2720, pp. 1-27 : 6-7

Philaethria dido dido (Linnaeus, 1763)

( Fig.2, 4 )

Amoenitaes Academic dissertationes variae 6: 408

= Papilio dido Linnaeus, 1763 . Centuria Insectorum Rariorum. Upsala Johansson, B. 1763: p. 32 = Metamorpha dido Linnaeus, 1763 . Godman & Salvin, 1881: 166

Type locality. Guianas, Amazon basin. Type: ( BMNH): Holotype male: illustrated in Johansson, B, 1763.

Diagnosis. Forewing length 48–50 mm. Philaethria dido is recognized by the red inner postdiscal band on the ventral surface of the hindwing. The ventral forewing anal cell bar is black. The ventral submarginal band is completely filled with red without white. The discal green area on the ventral surface has a silver reflection very extended all over the discal area. Both sexes similar.

Haploid chromosome number: n=88 (voucher specimen fig.4). Additional material examined in Venezuela, and Brazil from different localities in the amazon basin by ( Suomalainen & Brown, 1984; Brown et al., 1992.)

Male genitalia ( Fig. 33 ): As illustrated. Saccus stout and very short (long in P. diatonica ), vinculum stout, slightly curved and swollen basally, tegumen rounded distally with setae at the base of the uncus and the medial area; uncus long, curved dorsally, tapering gradually to pointed tip; gnathos the same size of the uncus, curved distally and tapering to pointed tip; valvae with a long basal hook curved forward, reaching the tip of the uncus, with a swollen arm with a round head armed with microspines; aedeagus long and straight, tapering gadually to pointed tip.

Distribution and habitat. P. dido occurs from sea level to 300 m in association with lowland rain forest habitats throughout the east Andean region from Colombia to eastern Ecuador, east of the Andes from Venezuela to Bolivia, northern Paraguay and Argentina, Brazil, the Amazon basin and Trinidad. Unlike other species of Philaethria , P. dido visits wet sand on the beaches along rivers in lowland rain forests, forming small aggregations ( Fig. 42 a,b ,c). P. d i d o flies at middle altitudes along rivers and forest edges. The adults visit flowers of Lantana camara and a variety of other plants that occur along forest edges. It is most abundant during the dry season.

Host plant. Passiflora auriculata , P. guazumaefolia in Venezuela ( Brown & Fernandez, 1985), P. coccinea , P. edulis , P. mucronata , P. speciosa , P. vitifolia in Brazil (Benson et a l., 1976, Brown & Mielke, 1972; Brown, 1981) P. vitifolia in Colombia (Constantino, 1998); P. laurifolia in Trinidad ( Beebe et al., 1960)

Immature stages. Beebe et al., (1960) give detailed descriptions of the life history of P. d i d o from Trinidad. Constantino (1998) describe the immature stages of P. d i d o chocoensis from Colombia. Egg- yellow, 1.6 mm high and 1.2 mm in diameter, with 22 vertical and 12 horizontal ridges, laid singly on tendrils and stipules ( Fig. 42 I). Mature larva ( Fig. 42 e,f)) - body white with black marking on dorsum and sides; base of each scoli with orange fused together forming small orange bands reduced in size (in P. diatonica the bands are much wider). Scoli large and orange with black tips; head capsule shiny beige and head scoli black. Pupa ( Fig. 42 j)- mottled brown and gray covered with warts; abdomen with a white lateral band from the cremaster to the first segment; abdomen and thorax have keels; generally resembles a bird dropping.

Material examined. COLOMBIA: AMAZONAS: Leticia, Rio Amazonas, 100 m, L.M. Constantino leg. (CFC), km 4 via a Tarapacá, 100 m, L.M. Constantino leg. (CFC), Puerto Nariño, Rio Loreto Yacu, 120 m, L.M. Constantino leg. (CFC), San Martin de Amacayacu, 120 m L.M. Constantino leg. (CFC), Rio Tacana, km 8, J. A. Salazar leg. ( MHNUC) META: rio Losada, Serrania de la Macarena, 200 m, E. Schmidt-Mumm leg (ESM), Villavicencio, Rio Sosomuco, 300 m, L.M. Constantino leg (CFC) PUTUMAYO: Orito, 200 m, L.M. Constantino leg (CFC), Puerto Umbria, 200 m, L.M. Constantino leg. (CFC), Villagarzón, 200 m, L.M. Constantino leg. (CFC). FRENCH GUIANA: Cacao, Roura, 150 m, C. Brevignon leg. (LCB) ( Brevignon, C. 2002); BRAZIL: ACRE: Brasileia, K. S. Brown leg. ( KSB), AMAZONAS: Tefé (K.S. Brown leg.) ( KSB), Airport of Sao Gabriel da Cachoeira (K.S. Brown leg.)( KSB), Carauari, K. S. Brown leg. ( KSB), Lago Paraiso 20 Km E of Humaitá, K.S. Brown leg. ( KSB), Rodovia Transamazonica 105 Km E of Humaitá, K. S. Brown leg. ( KSB), 124 Km of the road to Mina Sao Francisco, K.S. Brown leg. ( KSB), Rodovia Transamazonica 596 Km from Itaituba to Humaitá. RONDONIA: 81 km of the road from Vilhena to Pimienta Bueno, K. S. Brown leg. ( KSB), Cachoeira do Samuel, K.S. Brown leg. ( KSB), Jarú, K. S. Brown leg. ( KSB), km 32 of the road to Colorado, K. S. Brown leg. ( KSB), Colorado, K. S. Brown leg. ( KSB), PARA: Serrra do Cachimbo near Quinze de Novembro, K.S. Brown leg. ( KSB),Cachoeira do Curuá, K. S. Brown leg. ( KSB), Belém, K. S. Brown leg. ( KSB) ( Suomalainen & Brown, 1984); BOLIVIA: BENI (MHNUSM), LA PAZ: PN ANMI Madidi, Rio Madidi, 900m, M.A.Apaza leg. ( MNKM) ( Apaza, M.A. 2005); VENEZUELA: AMAZONAS: Yavita, 100m, A. Neild leg ( AFEN); Yavita, 40 km N.E. of Maroa, A. Neild leg. ( AFEN). Gavilan, 100 m, 35 km S.E. of Puerto Ayacucho A. Neild leg. ( AFEN), Gavilan, 150 m, F. de La Villa leg. ( FDLV), Rio Negro, San Carlos de Rio Negro, J. A. Clavijo leg. ( MIZA), Rio Negro, Santa Lucia, A. Chacon leg. ( MIZA); BOLIVAR: Salto Pará, 150 m, Rio Caura, A. Neild leg. ( AFEN), Bajo Rio Caura, via Maripa- Puerto Cabello, 80 m, J.C. De Sousa leg. (JCS), Bajo Rio Caura, 80 m, F. Romero leg. (CFR), Bajo Rio Caura, 50 m, 11-1985, F. Romero leg. (CFR). PERU: AMAZONAS: (MHNUSM); LORETO: Iquitos, Rio Amazonas, 100 m, L. M. Constantino leg (CFC), Yurimaguas, Rio Huallaga, 220 m (FC); CUZCO: (MHNUSM); HUÁNUCO:(MHNUSM); LORETO: (MHNUSM); MADRE DE DIOS: Puerto Maldonado (MHNUSM); PASCO: (MHNUSM); SAN MARTIN: (MHNUSM); UCAYALI: (MHNUSM); ECUADOR: NAPO: Apuya, km 14, Tena-Puyo rd., 600 m, K. Willmott leg. ( KWJH). ORELLANA: nr. Coca, 300 m, Keith Willmott leg. ( KWJH), Sacha Lodge, Rio Napo, 200 m, Keith Willmott leg. ( KWJH), Estación Cientifica Yasuní, Río Tiputini, via Auca, 300 m, Keith Willmott leg. ( KWJH).

Figures

FIGURES 2 - 11. 2. P. dido dido 3 Rio Amazonas, Colombia, 3. P. dido chocoensis 3 Rio Anchicayá, W. Colombia, 4. P. dido dido 3 Bajo Rio Caura, Bolivar, Venezuela, 5. P. dido panamensis, ssp. nov., 3 Holotype. Pácora, Chiriquí, Panama, 6. P. diatonica 3 ACG Guanacaste, Costa Rica, 7. P. diatonica Ƥ Metates, Oaxaca, Mexico, 8. P. constantinoi 3 Chocó, W. Colombia, 9. P. constantinoi Ƥ Chocó, W. Colombia, 10. P. wernickei 3 S ao Paulo, Brazil, 11. P. pygmalion pygmalion 3 Araracuara, Amazonas, Colombia.

FIGURES 32 – 41. Male genitalia, with aedeagus removed in lateral view. 32. P. diatonica. 33. P. dido 34. P. constantinoi. 35. P. wernickei. 36. P. pygmalion. 37. P. neildi. 38. P. andrei. 39. P. o s t a r a. 40. P. browni. 41. P. romeroi. Scale line 1 mm.

FIGURE 42. A, B. P. dido dido, Rio Madre de Dios, Perú. C. P. dido dido, Mato Grosso Brazil. D. mating of P. diatonica. E – F. Larva of P. dido chocoensis, Colombia. G – H. Larva of P. pygmalion, Villavicencio, Colombia. I. egg of P. dido chocoensis. J. Pupa of P. dido dido, Villavicencio, Colombia. K. Pupa of P. andrei, Fr. Guiana. L. Larva of P. diatonica, ACG Guanacaste, Costa Rica. M. Passiflora vitifolia, host plant of P. dido chocoensis, Rio Anchicayá, Colombia. Photos: Adrian Hoskins, H. Koloska, Gill Carter, B. Jimenez, Gregory Nielsen, Daniel Janzen, Christian Brevignon, Fredy Montero, Luis M. Constantino.