Camerunia flava Aurivillius, 1904

Takano, Hitoshi, 2025, Taxonomic revision of Camerunia Aurivillius, 1893 and allied genera (Lepidoptera: Eupterotidae: Janinae), European Journal of Taxonomy 1022, pp. 134-175 : 144-150

Camerunia flava Aurivillius, 1904

Figs 1, 9–16, 39–40, 49, 55

Camerunia flava Aurivillius, 1904: 697 , pl. 33 figs 5–6. Type locality: “[ Malawi] Zomba; [ Tanzania] Tanganyika; [ Zambia] Stevenson road on the plateau between Nyassa and Tanganyika”.

Camerunia lactiflora Wichgraf, 1914: 393 . Type locality: [ Tanzania] “Tanganjikasee”.

Hibrildes flava – Hampson 1910: 453.

Camerunia flava – Strand 1911: 271. — Gaede 1927: 306, pl. 46 fig. c. — Pinhey 1962: 878. — Kiriakoff 1954: 11. — Forbes 1955: 94, 129. — Vári et al. 2002: 150. — Kitching et al. 2018: suppl. material 1. — Krüger 2020: 138.

Camerunia flava var. lactiflora – Gaede 1927: 306. — Vári et al. 2002: 150 (syn.).

Diagnosis

The uniform colouration of the wings of both sexes easily distinguishes this species from its congeners. The only species that can potentially be confused with it is C. bimaculata ( Dewitz, 1879) comb. rev. but in the latter, the wings are of different shades (the forewing beige and the hindwing a rich yellow), a bold discal marking is more often than not present, and the postmedial and submarginal fasciae are indicated with dots along the veins and well-defined. The male genital capsule of C. flava is most like that of the phenotypically different C. albida , although in the latter, each of the lateral projections of the tegumen is broader and possesses two spines (absent in C. flava ), one near its base and another, twice as long, along the dorsal margin. Additionally, in C. albida the spine-like formations of the gnathos are widely spaced and are the longest in the genus, and the phallic tube tapers towards the carina.

Type material

Lectotype of Camerunia flava (by present designation)

ZAMBIA • ♂ ( Fig. 9); “Type [white disc with red border] // Stevenson Rd , / on the plateau / between Tanganyika / & Nyassa . / Coll.&Pres.by / Rev. A. Dewar. / 97–285. // Camerunia / flava . / type ♂. Auriv. [handwritten in G. Hampson’s hand] // BMNH(E)1626188 [QR Code]”; NHMUK .

Paralectotypes of Camerunia flava

TANZANIA • ♀; “ Tanganyika / 91.56. [handwritten]”; NHMUK .

ZAMBIA • ♂; “ Stevenson Rd, / on the plateau / between Tanganyika / & Nyassa . / Coll.&Pres.by / Rev. A. Dewar. / 97–285.”; NHMUK • ♀; “Type [white disc with red border] // Zomba. / 99–337. / 8.XII.97 [partially handwritten] // Camerunia / flava . / type ♀ Auriv. [handwritten in G. Hampson’s hand] // BMNH(E)1626457 [QR Code]”; NHMUK .

Holotype of Camerunia lactiflora

TANZANIA • ♂ ( Fig. 10); “Type [handwritten in Wichgraf’s hand; red card with black margin] // V. Nyanza [handwritten in Wichgraf’s hand] // Camerunia / lactiflora Wf. [handwritten in Wichgraf’s hand] // J.J. Joicey coll. / B.M. 1928-81 [handwritten in Tams’ hand] // Camerunia / lactiflora / Wichgraf / 1914 / TYPE [handwritten in Tams’ hand] // BMNH(E)1627072 [QR Code]”; NHMUK.

Other material examined ( 249 ♂♂, 31 ♀♀)

ANGOLA – Moxico • 1 ♂; Moxico District ; 1219 m a.s.l.; Oct. 1928; T.A. Barns leg.; NHMUK .

BURUNDI – Gitega • 1 ♂; Gitega ; 2 Mar. 1968; M. Fontaine leg.; RMCA .

CAMEROON – Adamawa • 1 ♂; Wack ; 07°40′16.5″ N, 13°33′18.4″ E; 900 m a.s.l.; 2–21 Oct. 2018; S. Sáfián and G. Simonics leg.; ANHRT • 1 ♂; Yala Yarna ; 1150 m a.s.l.; 5 Jul. 1975; P. Darge leg.; ANHRT .

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO – Haut-Katanga • 1 ♂; Elisabethville [= Lubumbashi]; 28 Nov. 1930; C. Seydel leg.; RMCA • 1 ♀; Etoile du Congo ; Jan. 1913; Ternest leg.; RMCA • 1 ♂; La Kafubu ; Apr. 1926; C. Seydel leg.; RMCA • 1 ♂; Likasi, Panda ; 1372–1524 m a.s.l.; A.E.D. Ashe leg.; NHMUK • 2 ♂♂; Likosi [= Likasi]; OUMNH • 1 ♂; Luano ; 25 Feb. 1957; C. Seydel leg.; RMCA • 1 ♂; Mwera ; 10 Mar. 1957; T. de Caters leg.; RMCA • 1 ♂; same locality as for preceding; 23 Feb. 1982; RMCA • 1 ♂; Parc National de l’Upemba, Kaziba ; 5–20 Feb. 1948; Mission G.F. de Witte leg.; RMCA . – Haut-Lomami • 1 ♂; Bukama ; 23 Nov. 1925; C. Seydel leg.; RMCA . – Haut-Uele • 1 ♂; Dungu; NHMUK • 1 ♂; Parc National de la Garamba, Cellule I ; 22 Apr. 1950; Mission H. De Saeger leg.; RMCA • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; 10 May 1950; RMCA . – Lualaba • 1 ♂; Kafakumba ; Dec. 1931; NHMUK • 1 ♂; Kalule Nord ; Jan. 1948; C. Seydel leg.; RMCA • 1 ♂; Mutaka ; Feb. 1955; T. de Caters leg.; RMCA . – Tanganyika • 1 ♀; Kiambi ; 1911; D. Valdonio leg.; RMCA • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; Km 300 of Kindu [= Lubunda]; E. Russo leg.; RMCA • 1 ♂; Lusaka ; 1901; NHMUK • 4 ♂♂; Region de M’Pala ; M. Guillemé leg.; NHMUK .

MALAWI – Central • 1 ♂; Dzalanyama Forest ; 1320 m a.s.l.; 24 Nov. 2002; P. Schmit leg.; ANHRT . – Northern • 1 ♂; Chintechi [= Chinteche]; Jan.–May 1924; T.H. Lloyd leg.; NHMUK • 1 ♂; Kasangazi, near Bandawe ; 914 m a.s.l.; G. Prentice leg.; NHMUK • 1 ♂; Nkhorongo, Mzuzu ; 1300 m a.s.l.; 1 Dec. 2002; P. Schmit leg.; RCPB . – Southern • 1 ♀; Chikala, near Lake Sheiwa ; Feb. 1920; H. Barlow leg.; NHMUK • 1 ♂; Likomgala River , Zomba; Jan. 1922; H. Barlow leg.; NHMUK • 1 ♀; Maiwale ; 1000 m a.s.l.; 9 Dec. 1929; W.A. Lamborn leg.; OUMNH • 2 ♂♂; Zomba; 914 m a.s.l.; Oct.–Dec. 1895; P. Rendall leg.; NHMUK • 2 ♂♂; same data as for preceding; Jan. 1895; NHMUK • 1 ♀; same locality as for preceding; Dec. 1922; H. Barlow leg.; NHMUK • 1 ♀; Zomba Plateau ; Nov. 1920; H. Barlow leg.; NHMUK • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; Dec. 1920; NHMUK • 2 ♂♂; same data as for preceding; Jan. 1921; NHMUK .

SOUTH SUDAN – Central Equatoria • 2 ♂♂; Kajokaji [= Kajo-Keji]; 10 Jul. 1913; NHMUK . – Western Equatoria • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; Tambura ; NHMUK .

TANZANIA – Dodoma • 1 ♂; Kikori, Kondoa ; 25 Feb. 1930; NHMUK . – Geita • 1 ♂; Geita Forest ; 2°54.697′ S, 32°06.168′ E; 1234 m a.s.l.; 12 Dec. 2010; P. Darge leg.; ANHRT • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; 24 Oct 2011; ANHRT • 2 ♂♂; Katolo Village, Geita Forest ; 2°53.552′ S, 32°09.442′ E; 1304 m a.s.l.; 15 Oct. 2011; P. Darge leg.; ANHRT . – Iringa • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Lungemba Village ; 8°11.460′ S, 35°22.131′ E; 1755 m a.s.l.; 24 Dec. 2011; P. Darge leg.; ANHRT • 1 ♂; Mufindi ; 1955; P. Burdon leg.; NHMUK . – Kagera • 1 ♂; Biharamulo ; 25 Oct. 2008; P. Darge leg.; ANHRT • 3 ♂♂; Kiyamyulwa; 2°08.708′ S, 31°36.602′ E; 1159 m a.s.l.; 27 Oct. 2008; P. Darge leg.; ANHRT • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; 26 Mar. 2010; ANHRT • 2 ♂♂; same data as for preceding; 28 Mar. 2010; ANHRT • 1 ♂; Maninga ; 2°09.189′ S, 31°40.144′ E; 1320 m a.s.l.; 4 Nov. 2008; P. Darge leg.; ANHRT . – Katavi • 5 ♂♂; Kinegela Village ; 6°02.511′ S, 30°55.726′ E; 1384 m a.s.l.; 27 Dec. 2015; P. Darge leg.; ANHRT • 1 ♂; near Majalila Village ; 6°7.636′ S, 30°56.524′ E; 6 Dec. 2012; P. Darge leg.; ANHRT • 1 ♂; route Kabungu / Sibweza ; 6°30.556′ S, 30°47.195′ E; 1080 m a.s.l.; 21 Feb. 2012; P. Darge leg.; ANHRT • 3 ♂♂; Vikonge ; 6°07.733′ S, 30°56.464′ E; 1287 m a.s.l.; 29 Feb. 2012; P. Darge leg.; ANHRT • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; 26 Feb. 2012; ANHRT • 1 ♂; Vikonge “B” ; 6°07.566′ S, 30°56.528′ E; 1280 m a.s.l.; 1 Dec. 2012; P. Darge leg.; ANHRT . – Kigoma • 1 ♂; Kasulu ; 18 Nov. 1923; C.H.B. Grant leg.; NHMUK • 2 ♂♂; Masito escarpments from Mshamo village ; 15 Dec. 2017; P. Darge leg.; ANHRT . – Mbeya • 4 ♂♂, 1 ♀; Mbeya ; 28 Nov. 1950; H.B.D. Kettlewell leg.; NHMUK . – Njombe • 3 ♂♂; Iyayi savanna; 8°51.609′ S, 34°31.278′ E; 1400 m a.s.l.; 4 Apr. 2006; P. Darge leg.; ANHRT • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; 9 Feb. 2008; ANHRT • 1 ♂; Kidungala savana; 9°08.523′ S, 34°37.531′ E; 1754 m a.s.l.; 3 Jan. 2011; P. Darge leg.; ANHRT • 1 ♂; Njombe ; 1829–1981 m a.s.l.; 21 Jan. 1952; W. Peters leg.; NHMUK . – Rukwa • 2 ♂♂; Luafi Game Reserve ; 7°26.985′ S, 30°54.246′ E; 1266 m a.s.l.; 5 Nov. 2007; P. Darge leg.; ANHRT • 5 ♂♂; Kalambo Forest Reserve ; 8°21.596′ S, 31°15.221′ E; 1632 m a.s.l.; 22 Nov. 2009; P. Darge leg.; ANHRT • 3 ♂♂; Mbizi Mountains Forest Reserve ; 7°53.014′ S, 31°41.990′ E; 2200 m a.s.l.; 10 Dec. 2015; P. Darge leg.; ANHRT . – Ruvuma • 1 ♂; Gumbiro ; 10°02.249′ S, 35°38.931′E; 1013 m a.s.l.; 24 Dec. 2009; P. Darge leg.; ANHRT • 2 ♂♂; near Kitai ; 10°42.340′ S, 35°12.339′ E; 1020 m a.s.l.; 24 Mar. 2006; P. Darge leg.; ANHRT • 3 ♂♂; Magingo ; 10°02.258′ S, 35°38.945′ E; 1030 m a.s.l.; 26 Mar. 2006; P. Darge leg.; ANHRT • 1 ♂; Songea ; A. Reuss leg.; MfN • 1 ♂; Tabora ; M. Wintgens leg.; MfN • 1 ♀; same locality as for preceding; 16 Mar. 1892; Baron L. Fischer; NHMW • 1 ♀; Ugano bei Songea ; 10 Jan. 1934; F. Zimmer leg; NHMW . – Tabora • 1 ♂; Lulanguru ; 1148 m a.s.l.; 19 Nov. 1917; G.D.H. Carpenter leg.; OUMNH • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; 18 Nov. 1917; OUMNH . – Tanga • 1 ♂; Shume forest, West Usambara Mts ; 4°40.976′ S, 38°14.464′ E; 1876 m a.s.l.; 28 Nov. 2008; P. Darge leg.; ANHRT • 1 ♂; Tamota Forest ; 5°35.531′ S, 37°33.129′ E; 731 m a.s.l.; 27 Nov. 2015; P. Darge leg.; ANHRT .

ZAMBIA – Central • 1 ♀; Broken Hill [=Kabwe]; 1311 m a.s.l.; 1 Dec. 1931; C.R.S. Pitman leg.; NHMUK • 2 ♂♂; Changwena Falls ; 13°22′48″ S, 29°33′18″ E; 1456 m a.s.l.; 27–30 Jan. 2019; V. Dérozier, L. Mulvaney and H. Takano leg.; ANHRT • 1 ♂; Forest Inn, Mkushi ; 13°43′19″ S, 29°09′26″ E; 1240 m a.s.l.; 28–29 Feb. 2017; D. Oram, W. Miles and L. Mulvaney leg.; ANHRT • 1 ♂; same locality as for preceding; 18 Feb. 2019; V. Dérozier, L. Mulvaney and H. Takano leg.; ANHRT • 2 ♂♂; Kabwe, Kasanka National Park ; 12°32′28″ S, 30°12′42″ E; 1187 m a.s.l.; 30 Nov.–1 Dec. 2012; R. Smith and H. Takano leg.; ANHRT • 1 ♂; Kasanka River Pontoon , Kasanka National Park; 12°34′23″ S, 30°14′05″ E; 1191 m a.s.l.; 2–4 Dec. 2012; R. Smith and H. Takano leg.; ANHRT • 3 ♂♂; Lake Wasa , Kasanka National Park; 12°33′19″ S, 30°17′43″E; 1193 m a.s.l.; 5 Dec. 2012; R. Smith and H. Takano leg.; ANHRT • 1 ♂; Mayukuyuku, Kafue National Park ; 14°54′55″ S, 26°03′47″ E; 1080 m a.s.l.; 21–26 Nov. 2013; R. Smith, H. Takano and D. Oram leg.; ANHRT. – Copperbelt • 1 ♂; Forestry office, Chati ; 12°51′ S, 27°41′ E; 1200 m a.s.l.; 3 Nov. 1969; S.M. Tanner leg.; ANHRT • 1 ♂; Greystone, Kitwe ; 12°55′50″ S, 28°14′29″ E; 1179 m a.s.l.; 1–4 Nov. 2012; R. Smith and H. Takano leg.; ANHRT • 1 ♂; Jan Fisher Farm, Chingola ; 12°36′10″ S, 27°55′48″ E; 1365 m a.s.l.; 14–17 Nov. 2019; M. Bashford, W. Miles and L. Mulvaney leg.; ANHRT • 2 ♂♂; N’kana ; L. Ellison leg.; NHMUK • 1 ♂; Ponduckie, Chati ; 12°51′ S, 27°41′ E; 1200 m a.s.l.; 5 Nov. 1969; S.M. Tanner leg.; ANHRT . – Eastern • 1 ♂; Chengirani ; 14°17′51.0″ S, 31°20′06.3″ E; 1000 m a.s.l.; 25 Nov. 2023; M. Bashford, A. Collins, G. László, L. Morgan and A. Volynkin leg.; ANHRT. – Luapula • 1 ♂; Ntumbachushi Falls ; 9°51′12″ S, 28°56′40″ E; 1166 m a.s.l.; 3–4 Nov. 2014; R. Smith, H. Takano and D. Oram leg.; ANHRT • 1 ♂; same locality as for preceding; 1–3 Feb. 2019; V. Dérozier, L. Mulvaney and H. Takano leg.; ANHRT. – Lusaka • 1 ♀; Lusaka ; Feb. 2007; C. Di Gennaro leg.; ANHRT • 2 ♂♂; Rufunsa Ranch, Lower Zambezi National Park ; 15°22′ S, 29°18′ E; 1137 m a.s.l.; 14–16 Dec. 2012; R. Minetti leg.; ANHRT. – Muchinga • 6 ♂♂, 1♀; Benyanga village ; 10°40′41″ S, 33°27′45″ E; 1250 m a.s.l.; 7–12 Feb. 2023; G. László, L. Morgan and A. Volynkin leg.; ANHRT • 1 ♂; Danger Hill ; 11°35.50′ S, 31°34.24′ E; 1703 m a.s.l.; 16 Nov. 2011; R. Minetti leg.; ANHRT • 1 ♂; same locality as for preceding; 11°37′38″ S, 31°33′56″ E; 1684 m a.s.l.; 13–15 Dec. 2023; G. László, L. Morgan and A. Volynkin leg.; ANHRT • 11 ♂♂, 1 ♀; Jombo village ; 10°27′01″ S, 33°14′30″ E; 1400 m a.s.l.; 30 Nov.–5 Dec. 2023; M. Bashford, A. Collins, G. László, L. Morgan and A. Volynkin leg.; ANHRT • 2 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; Kapishya Hot Springs ; 11°10′13″ S, 31°36′00″ E; 1437 m a.s.l.; Jan. 2015; M. Harvey leg.; ANHRT • 4 ♂♂; same data as for preceding; Jan.–Mar. 2017; ANHRT • 7 ♂♂; same data as for preceding; Jan.–Mar. 2016; ANHRT • 5 ♂♂; same collecting data as for preceding; Dec. 2014; ANHRT • 4 ♂♂; same data as for preceding; 14–16 Mar. 2017; ANHRT • 5 ♂♂, 1 ♀; same locality as for preceding; 22 Nov.–8 Dec. 2015; R. Smith, H. Takano and D. Oram leg.; ANHRT • 3 ♂♂; same data as for preceding; 17–21 Nov. 2016; ANHRT • 1 ♂; same locality as for preceding; 1–5 Mar. 2017; D. Oram, W. Miles and L. Mulvaney leg.; ANHRT • 3 ♂♂, 1 ♀; Kalungu ; 9°40′52″ S, 32°42′50″ E; 1280 m a.s.l.; 22–24 Nov. 2016; R. Smith, H. Takano and D. Oram leg.; ANHRT • 1 ♂; same locality as for preceding; 5–8 Mar. 2017; D. Oram, W. Miles and L. Mulvaney leg.; ANHRT • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; 11 Mar. 2017; ANHRT • 1 ♂; Lukulu River, Lavushi Manda National Park ; 12°15′05″ S, 30°53′43″ E; 1285 m a.s.l.; 27–29 Nov. 2012; R. Smith and H. Takano leg.; ANHRT • 1 ♂; Makutu Mts, gully at foot of main ridge ; 10°27′27″ S, 33°12′51″ E; 1570 m a.s.l.; 2–4 Dec. 2023; M. Bashford, A. Collins, G. László, L. Morgan and A. Volynkin leg.; ANHRT • 4 ♂♂; Mama Muwowo’s Lodge, Muyombe ; 10°32′40″ S, 33°26′05″ E; 1230 m a.s.l.; 6–7 Dec. 2023; G. László, L. Morgan and A. Volynkin leg.; ANHRT • 4 ♂♂; Mpika ; Nov. 1950; H.B.D. Kettlewell leg.; NHMUK • 2 ♂♂; Mutinondo Wilderness Area ; 12°27′06″ S, 31°17′30″ E; 1460 m a.s.l.; 26–29 Nov. 2016; R. Smith, H. Takano and D. Oram leg.; ANHRT . – Northern • 1 ♂; Abercorn [= Mbala]; Feb. 1934; D. Vesey-FitzGerald leg.; NHMUK • 14 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀; Chilambwe Falls ; 9°50′13″ S, 30°43′35″ E; 1420 m a.s.l.; 8–9 Nov. 2014; R. Smith, H. Takano and D. Oram leg.; ANHRT • 25 ♂♂; same locality as for preceding; 8–12 Feb. 2019; V. Dérozier, L. Mulvaney, R. Smith and H. Takano leg.; ANHRT • 1 ♂; Chisimbe Falls ; 10°06′31″ S, 30°55′02″ E; 1320 m a.s.l.; 27–29 Apr. 2013; R. Smith, H. Takano and D. Oram leg.; ANHRT • 1 ♂; Lumangwe Falls ; 9°32′33″ S, 29°23′17″ E; 1187 m a.s.l.; 4–7 Feb. 2019; V. Dérozier, L. Mulvaney, R. Smith and H. Takano leg.; ANHRT • 1 ♂; Ndole Bay ; 08°28′42″ S, 30°26′59″ E; 777 m a.s.l.; 23–25 Nov. 2012; R. Smith and H. Takano leg.; ANHRT . – Northwestern • 1 ♂; Kalene Hill ; 11°11′11″ S, 24°12′05″ E; 1440 m a.s.l.; 6 Nov. 2018; M. Aristophanous, V. Dérozier, G. László and D. Oram leg.; ANHRT • 1 ♂; Hillwood, Ikelenge ; 11°16′02″ S, 24°18′59″ E; 1400 m a.s.l.; 25–27 Nov. 2014; R. Smith and H. Takano leg.; ANHRT • 1 ♂; Jiwundu Swamp ; 11°51′54″ S, 25°33′20″ E; 1340 m a.s.l.; 25–30 Oct. 2017; M. Carter, A. Lloyd, W. Miles, D. Oram and R. Smith leg.; ANHRT • 2 ♂♂; Nyangombe Falls ; 11°48′25″ S, 24°32′12″ E; 1300 m a.s.l.; 15–17 Nov. 2018; M. Aristophanous, V. Dérozier, G. László and D. Oram leg.; ANHRT • 4 ♂♂, 1 ♀; same locality as for preceding; 17–23 Nov. 2019; M. Bashford, W. Miles, L. Mulvaney and R. Smith leg.; ANHRT • 1 ♂; Solwezi ; 28 Nov. 1917; H.C. Dollman leg.; NHMUK • 3 ♂♂; Zambezi Rapids ; 11°07′30″S, 24°11′06″E; 1205 m a.s.l.; 4–9 Nov. 2018; M. Aristophanous, V. Dérozier, G. László and D. Oram leg.; ANHRT .

UGANDA – Northern • 1 ♂; Abim, Lebwor Hills ; Aug. 2016; J.P. Lequeux leg.; RCPB • 1 ♂; Ajulu , Gulu District; 1035 m a.s.l.; 10 Apr. 2010; P. Schmit leg.; RCPB .

Literature records

MALAWI • Livingstonia ( Pinhey 1962).

Redescription

Male ( Figs 9–14, 49)

FOREWING LENGTH. 34–42 mm.

UPPERSIDE. Ground colour of head, thorax and wings yellow; abdomen black. Antenna bipectinate, dark brown with beige scaling along entire length of shaft. Abdomen scattered with pale straw-coloured ciliate scales and tufts of yellow, longer ciliate scales medially forming crest running along abdomen. Each abdominal segment with reddish-orange scales along posterior margin giving abdomen banded appearance. Eighth sternite gently concave posteriorly, heavily sclerotised along midline; its surface covered throughout in fine punctures. Forewing triangular, rounded at apex; outer margin almost straight but rounded at tornus. Postmedial fascia pale brown, gently arcuate and weakly defined (almost invisible in some). Postmedial fascia from underside weakly showing through, often placed distally of one on upperside. Submarginal fascia from underside weakly showing through in some specimens. Fringe dark yellow. Hindwing outer margin evenly rounded. Postmedial fascia arcuate broadly following margin. Submarginal fascia from underside weakly showing through. Fringe dark yellow.

UNDERSIDE. Ground colour of head, thorax and abdomen golden yellow. Tibia and tarsi of fore- and midlegs greyish-brown, tarsi of hindlegs slightly paler. Ground colour of wings as on upperside. Fasciae on both wings better defined than on upperside, submarginal fasciae slightly crenulate.

MALE GENITALIA ( Figs 39–40). Uncus reduced, fused with tegumen. Tegumen broad with pair of long, flattened, apically rounded, truncate lateral projections; inner surface basally with apically arcuate pad, heavily spinulose along outer margin; entire surface heavily setose. Gnathos emarginate distally, heavily spinulose on either side of emargination. Valve elongate, triangular and cleft (about halfway along valve). Costa bifurcate at apex; costal margin slightly concave. Sacculus well-defined, tapering apically into gently curved distal process. Juxta trapezoid, distally U- or V-shaped. Vinculum V-shaped. Saccus cylindrical, rounded at apex. Phallus slightly longer than valve, gently curved medially; coecum rounded. Vesica with scobination.

Female ( Figs 15–16)

FOREWING LENGTH. 30–37 mm.

Similar to male but rami of antenna shorter and ground colour of head, thorax and wings ranging from canary-yellow through to brown.

Variation

Female specimens from Zomba and southern Malawi generally display a warm yellow ground-colour of the wings ( Fig. 15) compared to the rest of the population, which is brown ( Fig. 16). However, this appears to be a localised form; with there being no differences in the male phenotype or genitalia.

Larval foodplant

Unknown.

Molecular characterisation

This species has been assigned three BINs: BOLD:AFG4533 ( Cameroon), BOLD:AAU2961 ( Tanzania), BOLD:ABX5434 (D.R. Congo) and BOLD:AFG4806 ( Zambia). Intraspecific PWDs were 0.2–5.8% (n = 9) diverging from its nearest neighbour, C. smithi sp. nov. by 8.8–9.4% (n=2).

Distribution ( Fig. 55)

This species is widely distributed throughout woodland habitats and forest-savanna transitional zones in central and eastern Africa, with an isolated population in Cameroon. It is absent from the rainforests of the Congo Basin and is found no further west than the Cameroon highlands, and no further south than the Zambezi River. This species is known from Cameroon, D.R. Congo, South Sudan, Uganda, Rwanda, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia and Angola. It is likely present in Burundi, Kenya and Mozambique, and may be found in the Central African Republic.

Remarks

The two male and two female syntypes of C. flava are all held in NHMUK. To preserve the stability of nomenclature by fixing the published name to a single specimen, the best-preserved male specimen from the Stevenson Road, collected by Reverend Alexander Dewar, is designated as the lectotype ( Fig. 9). The Stevenson Road was a thoroughfare that linked the northern end of Lake Malawi with the southern end of Lake Tanganyika, running broadly parallel to the Tanzania-Zambia border. Dewar served with the Free Church of Scotland at Livingstonia, Malawi, and founded the mission station at Mwenzo, where he was stationed between 1894–1896 ( Jack 1901); it is most probable that the two male specimens were captured there. George Hampson noted that the two female specimens in the syntype series from Zomba, Malawi, and ‘Tanganyika’ differed slightly in appearance ( Aurivillius 1904: 698). The Malawian specimen was collected by Brigadier-General Sir William Manning, deputy commissioner of British Central Africa at the time, and the Tanzanian specimen was collected by Alexander Carson, a London Missionary Society agent, likely originating from the southern half of Lake Tanganyika based on his published observations ( Carson 1892) and other specimens he collected ( Butler 1895).

In the original description of C. lactiflora, Wichgraf (1914) provided the type locality as Lake Tanganyika, but the label attached to the specimen suggests the specimen was taken at Lake Victoria ( Fig. 10). It is presumed, however, that the former is the true type locality, as Wichgraf (1914) stated “Vom Bahnbau in der Nähe des Tanganjikasees [From the railway construction near Lake Tanganyika]” for another species described in the same paper. The Tanganyika Railway ( Tanganjikabahn) linking Dar es Salaam with Kigoma was completed in early 1914, with the line to Kalenge, 30 km from the lake, opening to the public by October 1913 ( Baltzer 1916). Although a railway line towards Lake Victoria (Ruandabahn) had been planned, it was only approved in 1914 ( Baltzer 1916), and thus the locality data on the holotype specimen is likely a typographical error by Wichgraf. Gaede’s (1927) reference to Ethiopia for var. lactiflora is difficult to interpret and although possible that he had seen material from this region, it is unlikely.