Hallodapus Fieber, 1858
publication ID |
https://doi.org/ 10.2478/aemnp-2019-0007 |
publication LSID |
lsid:zoobank.org:pub:027CE86F-9E75-44C3-A35E-E0C20BA4B693 |
DOI |
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4505104 |
persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CDBD54-EC54-FFF7-FEB8-FAC0FBDAFA03 |
treatment provided by |
Felipe |
scientific name |
Hallodapus Fieber, 1858 |
status |
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Hallodapus Fieber, 1858 View in CoL View at ENA
Diagnosis. Body rather small, elongate, slender but female predominantly brachypterous ( Figs 19–24 View Figs 19–24 ); dorsum weakly shining, impunctate, with sparsely distributed, pale, simple, upright setae; general coloration basically brown, with pale or white maculae on corium and/or clavus, lacking greenish tinge; more or less prognathous head; eye small, contiguous to flattened pronotum collar; stridulatory device involving dorsobasal surface of metafemur and embolial edge present both in macropterous and brachypterous forms; scent efferent system small; parempodia setiform ( Figs 91 View Figs 86–100 , 129 View Figs 116–130 ); pygophore usually smooth, rarely with a pygophoral spine (in H. spinosus sp. nov. and H. susurratus sp. nov.); left paramere developed ( Figs 85 View Figs 71–85 , 130 View Figs 116–130 ); endosoma slender, elongate or sometimes very long, with well-marked secondary gonopore ( Figs 94 View Figs 86–100 , 107 View Figs 101–115 , 178–180 View Figs 174–180 ); ovipositors short, with developed apices; posterior wall simple; sclerotized ring small but clearly rimmed ( Figs 201–209 View Figs 201–217 ).
Distribution. Known widely from the Old World (Palearctic Region to southern Africa, northeast to Japan, Korea and Russian Far East, and Oriental Region southeast across Wallacea to New Guinea and northern Australia); most speciose in the Ethiopian and Oriental Regions (SCHUH 2013).
Discussion. This is the most speciose genus in the tribe Hallodapini , including about 50 valid species from the Old World. Majority of them are thermophilic, known predominantly from tropical and subtropical climate zones. All Hallodapus species we have examined ( Table 1 View Table 1 ) are equipped with the distinct stridulatory device (e.g., Figs 41–53 View Figs 40–55 , 77–78, 81–84 View Figs 71–85 ). Our recent attempt successfully detected stridulation in two Japanese species, H. centrimaculatus (approx. 2,100 Hz) and H. ravenar (800 Hz), in laboratory observation ( Fig. 32 View Fig ).As exhibiting significant interspecific variation, extent and shape of MFP can be regarded as the effective key character for species identification (as in Figs 40–53 View Figs 40–55 ). The stridulatory mechanism is equally possessed by both male and female adults (cf. Figs 40–46, 48–49 View Figs 40–55 ) but absent in immature forms ( Fig. 50 View Figs 40–55 ).
In addition to stridulation, we observed and videoed remarkable intraspecific conflict occasionally occurring between males of each Hallodapus centrimaculatus and H. ravenar in laboratory condition. Thus far as we recognized, no previous work has ever reported such fighting behavior for the Miridae . We have not yet clarified when and why they fight, and further continuing investigation is required to elucidate the meaning of their conflict. Some of our sample movies are available from the the websites mentioned in Online supplimentary data (p. 98).
All Hallodapus congeners are presumed to be epigeic, inhabiting ground densely covered with weeds and/or shrubs (cf. Figs 1−2 View Figs 1–8 ). YASUNAGA (2001) considered that (at least Japanese) species of Hallodapus are predaceous. During our laboratory observation, four Japanese species, H. centrimaculatus , H. kyushuensis , H. linnavuori , and H. ravenar , did not attack or prey on live tiny arthropods but prefer to feed on the cadavers of various insects and spiders (sometimes much larger than these hallodapines) as well as birds’ droppings. This evidence could imply that Hallodapus species are scavengers instead of predators. The eggs and oviposition were for the first time confirmed for H. centrimaculatus and H. ravenar ( Figs 7–8 View Figs 1–8 , 108–109 View Figs 101–115 ); the female adults of both species were found to oviposit near the roots of weeds ( Fig. 6 View Figs 1–8 ).
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