Solanum nigrum L.

McQuate, Grant T. & Liquido, Nicanor J., 2013, Annotated World Bibliography of Host Fruits of Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), Insecta Mundi 2013 (289), pp. 1-61 : 34-35

Solanum nigrum L.

GRIN Nomen number: 310124

Family: Solanaceae

Common Name: black nightshade (English), blackberry nightshade (English), common nightshade (English), ‘enab el-deeb (Arabic), erva-moura (Portuguese), hierba mora (Spanish), morelle noire (French), pimenta-de-galinha (Portuguese-Brazil), poisonberry (English), popolo (Hawaiian), rva-moura (Portuguese-Brazil), schwarzer Nachtschatten (German).

Native: AFRICA - Northern Africa: Algeria; Morocco; Tunisia; ASIA-TEMPERATE - Western Asia: Afghanistan; Iran; Lebanon; Syria; Turkey; Caucasus: Armenia; Azerbaijan; Georgia; Russian Federation - Ciscaucasia, Dagestan; Siberia : Russian Federation - Altay, Western Siberia ; Middle Asia: Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; China: China; ASIA-TROPICAL - Indian Subcontinent: northern India; Nepal; Pakistan; EUROPE - Northern Europe: Denmark; Finland; Ireland; Norway; Sweden; United Kingdom; Middle Europe: Austria; Belgium; Czechoslovakia; Germany; Hungary; Netherlands; Poland; Switzerland; East Europe: Belarus; Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Moldova; Ukraine [incl. Krym]; Southeastern Europe: Albania; Bulgaria; Former Yugoslavia; Greece; Italy; Romania; Southwestern Europe: France; Portugal; Spain.

Naturalized: AFRICA - Northeast Tropical Africa: Eritrea, Ethiopia; South Tropcal Africa: Angola; Malawi; Mozambique; Zambia; Zimbabwe; Southern Africa: Botswana; Namibia; South Africa - Eastern Cape, Free State, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Mpumalanga, North West, Northern Cape, Western Cape; Swaziland; ASIA-TEMPERATE - Arabian Peninsula: Yemen; ASIA-TROPICAL - Malesia: Papua New Guinea; AUSTRALASIA - Australia: Australia; New Zealand: New Zealand; NORTHERN AMERICA - Canada; Mexico; United States; PACIFIC - North-Central Pacific: United States - Hawaii; Northwestern Pacific: Guam; Southwestern Pacific: New Caledonia; SOUTHERN AMERICA - Mesoamerica: Central America; Southern South America: Chile.

Field Infestation: Allwood et al. 1999: From fruit collections in Peninsular Malaysia (1986 to 1988) and in East Malaysia ( Sabah and Sarawak) and Thailand (1990 to 1994) B. latifrons was recovered from 8 samples. No infestation rate data given.

Clarke et al. 2001: From 1986 to 1994, a total of 0.50 kg of infested fruits was collected in one region of Thailand ( Chiang Mai). Collected fruits had an infestation rate of 384.9 B. latifrons per kg of infested fruits. Flies identified by either R.A.I. Drew or D.L. Hancock.

Liquido et al. 1994: From July 1990 to October 1992, a total of 10,476 total fruits ( 2.64 kg) was collected on Hawaii Island. Bactrocera latifrons was recovered from 14 of 69 collections (20.3%) with an overall infestation rate of 373.2 B. latifrons per kg of fruit.

Mwatawala et al. 2009: Mostly after October 2006, a total of 5,920 fruits ( 2.90 kg) was collected in the Morogoro region of Tanzania. Bactrocera latifrons was recovered from 9 out of 34 collections (26%) with an overall average infestation rate of 43.99 emerged adults per kg fruit.

Mziray et al. 2010b: From March 2007 to March 2008, a total of 4,785 fruits ( 2.02 kg) was collected from the Morogoro region of Tanzania. Bactrocera latifrons was recovered in 21 of 44 collections (47.73%) with an overall infestation rate of 98.21 B. latifrons per kg of fruit (136.7 flies per kg infested fruits).

Ramadan and Messing 2003: From January to February 1996, one collection of 70 fruits was made in Rattaphum, Thailand, from which 4 B. latifrons adults were recovered.

Vargas and Nishida 1985a: From April to August 1984, a total of 935 fruits was collected from 2 locations on Oahu, Hawaii, from which 92 B. latifrons puparia were recovered, with an overall infestation rate of 641 B. latifrons per kg fruit.

Listing Only: Hawaii Department of Agriculture 2009; CAB International 1996; Vargas and Nishida 1985a; Vargas and Nishida 1991; Vargas et al. 1990; White and Elson-Harris 1992; Yong 1993.

Solanum nodiflorum Jacq. , see Solanum americanum Mill.

Solanum nutans Sessé and Moc. , see Solanum dulcamaroides Poir.

Solanum pierreanum Pailleux and Bois , see Solanum aethiopicum L.