Orobanche L.
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publication ID |
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.305475 |
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persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C287E6-FEBD-5424-ED85-6A29F9AA1404 |
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treatment provided by |
Plazi |
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scientific name |
Orobanche L. |
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2. Orobanche L. View in CoL 1
Perennial, biennial or annual. Stems stout or slender, simple or branched. Leaves numerous. Flowers in usually dense spikes or racemes. Bracteoles, if present, adnate to calyx. Calyx with cylindrical to campanulate tube and 4(-5) teeth, or divided, usually deeply, into 2 lateral segments, which may be entire or bifid. Corolla strongly 2-lipped; lower lip 3-lobed, at least as long as the upper. Stamens included. Placentae 4, variably lobed. For most species there is no reliable information as to annual or perennial habit.
The intrinsic taxonomic difficulties of this genus are greatly increased by the fact that important differential characters can be observed only with difficulty, or not at all, on dried specimens. This applies especially to the colour of the corolla and, to a lesser extent, of other parts. All Floras lay great stress on the shape of the corolla, especially the nature of the curvature of its ‘dorsal line’. The shape of the corolla, however, can vary widely between flowers on the same spike, and it is often distorted by pressing; we have not used it, therefore, except in a few species where it is constant and distinctive. Many species are becoming rarer, especially in N. Europe. A few, however, especially those which parasitize crop-plants, are extending their range. There is much unconfirmed and probably erroneous information in the literature on the range of hosts of many species; if the parasite is growing in closed vegetation it may require very care ful dissection of root-systems for the identity of the host to be revealed. We have tried to mention only those host-plants for which there is a good weight of concordant evidence. It has often been suggested that the variation in some species is dependent, at least in part, on the species of host, but there appears to be no reliable experimental evidence on this point. To facilitate identification a table is appended of the species of Orobanche most frequently associated with certain hosts. The list must not, however, be regarded as exhaustive, as some species show a very wide range of hosts, and for others our information on this subject is incomplete. 1 A. O. Chater and D. A. Webb. Individual host genera:
Berberis 39; Cistus 30, 42; Digitalis 21(b); Euphorbia 23; Hedera 29; Helleborus 16; Rubus ?39; Thalictrum 34
Host families:
Achillea 9
Anthémis 5
Artemisia 7,8,10,11,12,18,26; see also 9 Carduus 15
Centaurea 34
Cirsium 15
Petasites , Tussilago, Adenostyles 38
Pieris 26
Other genera 9, 11, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 26, 34 Dipsacaceae 15, 17
Labiatae :
Ballota 21(a)
Rosmarinus 30; see also 3
Salvia 40
Teucrium 32
Thymus 14
Other genera 14
Lotus 45
Medicago 33
Psoralea 3
Trifolium 27, 33
Other genera 13, 20, 25, 41, 42, 43, 44 Rubiaceae 28, 31
Umbelliferae:
Daucus 21(a), 26
Eryngium 21(a)
Laserpitium 37
Opoponax 36
Orlaya 26
Other genera 6, 19, 35
Cultivated plants 1, 2,11, 13
1 Each flower subtended by 2 bracteoles (± adnate to calyx), as well as by a bract
2 Anthers glabrous, or sparsely hairy at the base 3 Stem usually branched; corolla 10-20(-22) mm
4 Lobes of lower lip of corolla acute to acuminate 5. oxyloba
4 Lobes of lower lip of corolla rounded to subacute 1. ramosa
3 Stem usually simple; corolla (18-)20-25(-30) mm
5 Inflorescence arachnoid-villous 7. caesia
5 Inflorescence minutely puberulent 9. purpurea
2 Anthers ± densely hairy 6 Corolla (2O-)22-35 mm
7 Stem usually branched; bracts shorter than calyx
2. aegvptiaca
7 Stem usually simple; bracts equalling or exceeding calyx
8. arenaria
6 Corolla 16-22 mm
8 Calyx-teeth not more than 1(times as long as tube
3. lavandulacea
8 Calyx-teeth 2-3 times as long as tube
9 Leaves c. 20 mm; bracteoles filiform; lobes of lower lip of corolla rounded 4. trichocalyx
9 Leaves 5-10 mm; bracteoles linear-lanceolate; lobes of lower lip of corolla acute to acuminate 6. schultzii
1 Bracteoles absent 10 Stigma purple, orange or dark red at anthesis 11 Lower lip of corolla glandular-ciliate 12 Stamens inserted not more than 3 mm above base of corolla
13 Many of the hairs on the corolla dark at least at base or apex; on Labiatae 14. alba
13 Hairs on corolla colourless or pale yellow
14 Corolla 20-32 mm, pink or yellow, tinged with purple;
on Rubiaceae 31. caryophyllacea
14 Corolla 15-22 mm, yellow tinged with red; on Berberis
39. lucorum
12 Stamens inserted at least 3 mm above base of corolla
15 Upper lip of corolla deeply 2-lobed; bracts 20-30 mm;
on Helleborus 16. haenseleri 15 Upper lip of corolla entire or emarginate
16 Calyx 10—17 mm, the segments usually entire; bracts
17-25 mm; on Rubiaceae 31. caryophyllacea 16 Calyx not more than 12 mm, the segments bifid; bracts
12-20 mm; on Teuerium 32. teucri! 11 Lowerlipof corollanot ciliate
17 Corollashiningdarkredinside, mostlydarkredorpurple outside
18 Filaments inserted 3-7 mm above base of corolla; corolla glandular-pubescent outside 44. foetida 18 Filaments inserted 1 -5-2 mm above base of corolla;
corolla glabrous or subglabrous outside 45. sanguinea 17 Corolla not shining dark red inside, usually white or pale yellow outside at least towards the base
19 Calyx-segments connate for c. I their length, with broadly triangular teeth 28. clausonis 19 Calyx-segments free or slightly connate at base, with linear-lanceolate to filiform teeth
20 Corolla villous (S.E. Europe and Sicilia) 19. pubescens 20 Corolla glabrous to pubescent
21 Corolla 22-30 mm; on Helleborus 16. haenseleri 21 Corolla 10-23 mm
22 Corolla broadly cylindrical-campanulate; filaments glabrous or subglabrous at base, usually glandularpuberulent near apex 15. reticulata 22 Corolla tubular or narrowly campanulate; filaments hairy below (sometimes sparsely), subglabrous above (21-27). minor group 10 Stigma yellow or white (rarely pink) at anthesis
23 Corolla shining dark red inside, usually dark purplish-red or bright yellow outside
24 Lowerlipofcorollawith middlelobetwiceasbigasthe others 43. variegata 24 Lower lip of corolla with subequal lobes
25 Filaments inserted not more than 2 mm above base of corolla; lower lip of corolla ciliate; flowers fragrant
42. gracilis 25 Filaments inserted 3-7 mm above base of corolla; lower lip of corolla not ciliate; flowers fetid 44. foetida 23 Corollanotshiningdarkredinside,usuallypaleyellow, white or bluish outside, at least towards the base
26 Corolla-tube narrowed to the mouth; on Hedera
29. hederae 26 Corolla-tube cylindrical or campanulate, or constricted some distance below the mouth
27 Hairs on corolla dark purplish-brown
28 Stems usually 35-50 cm; lower lip of corolla with middle lobe the largest; usually on Dipsacaceae 17. pancicii 28 Stems not more than 15 cm; lower lip of corolla with equal lobes; on Artemisia alba 18. serbica 27 Hairs on corolla colourless or pale yellow
29 Corolla predominantly white, cream, bluish or violet
30 Lower lip of corolla glandular-ciliate
31 Filaments inserted 5-7 mm above base of corolla;
corolla mainly brownish-violet; on Laserpitium siler 37. laserpitii-sileris 31 Filaments inserted 3-4 mm above base of corolla;
corolla cream or pale yellow, tinged with pink; on
Opoponax chironium 36. chironii 30 Lower lip of corolla not ciliate
32 Bracts, calyx and corolla arachnoid-villous
10. coerulescens 32 Bracts, calyx and corolla subglabrous to glandularpubescent
33 Corolla becoming conspicuously inflated, scarious and shining at base 11. cernua 33 Corolla not conspicuously inflated, scarious and shining at base
34 Corolla constricted below middle, the upper part infundibuliform; filaments inserted 6-18 mm
above base of corolla 12. amoena 34 Corolla tubular to campanulate, not constricted below middle; filaments inserted 2-6 mm above base of corolla
35 Corolla 20-30 mm with large, strongly divergent lips; bracts villous 13. crenata 35 Corolla 10-23 mm with small lips, the upper usually porrect; bracts glandular-pubescent
(21-27). minor group 29 Corolla predominantly yellow or reddish
36 Lower lip of corolla glandular-ciliate
37 Stems not or scarcely swollen at base; on Compositae , Berberis or Salvia
38 Upper lip of corolla porrect; stamens inserted 2-3
mm above base of corolla 39. lucorum 38 Upper lip of corolla erect or recurved at maturity; stamens inserted 4-6 mm above base of corolla
39 Upper lip of corolla 2-lobed; style glabrous, becoming exserted and convolute 38. flava 39 Upper lip of corolla entire or emarginate; style densely glandular-pubescent, not exserted or convolute 40. salviae 37 Stems distinctly swollen at base; on Leguminosae or Umbelliferae
40 Filaments inserted not more than 2 mm above base of corolla
41 Corolla tubular, scarcely campanulate; on Umbelliferae 35. alsatica 41 Corolla campanulate; on Leguminosae
41. rapum-genistae 40 Filaments inserted more than 2 mm above base of corolla
42 Upper lip of corolla deeply 2-lobed; corolla broadly campanulate 37. laserpitii-sileris 42 Upper lip of corolla emarginate or shallowly
2-lobed; corolla narrowly campanulate
43 Corolla cream or pale yellow, tinged with pink
36. chironii 43 Corolla bright yellow, tinged with purple or brown
44 Calyx 10-17 mm; on Leguminosae 33. lutea 44 Calyx 6-11 mm; on Umbelliferae 35. alsatica 36 Lower lip of corolla not ciliate
45 Stamens inserted 7-15 mm above base of corolla; anthers villous; bracts ± glabrous 30. latisquama 45 Stamens inserted not more than 6 mm above base of corolla; anthers glabrous; bracts glandularpubescent
46 Calyx-segments connate for c. | their length, with broadly triangular teeth 28. clausonis 46 Calyx-segments free or slightly connate at base, with linear-lanceolate to filiform teeth
47 Corolla at least 20 mm
48 Stamens inserted not more than 2 mm above base of corolla 41. rapum-genistae 48 Stamens inserted at least 3 mm above base of corolla
49 Leaves 20-30 mm; calyx 10-17 mm; on Leguminosae 33. lutea 49 Leaves 10-20 mm; calyx 6-11 mm; on Compositae 34. elatior 47 Corolla usually not more than 20 mm
50 Filaments with wide, ± deflate base; spike not more than 3 times as long as wide 20. densiflora 50 Filaments gradually and only slightly widened towards base; spike (2-)4-8 times as long as wide
51 Calyx-segments connate at base 34. elatior 51 Calyx-segments free
52 Stems conspicuously whitish-villous
(21-27). minor group 52 Stems ± glandular-pubescent
53 Bracts 10-12 mm; on Euphorbia esula
(21-27). minor group 53 Bracts 13-20 mm; on Compositae or Salvia 54 Style becoming exserted and strongly convolute; upper lip of corolla 2-lobed 38. flava 54 Style neither exserted nor convolute; upper lip of corolla entire or emarginate 40. salviae
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