NYMPHALIDAE, Rafinesque, 1815

Cock, Matthew J. W., 2014, An updated and annotated checklist of the larger butterflies (Papilionoidea) of Trinidad, West Indies: Papilionidae, Pieridae and Nymphalidae, Insecta Mundi 2014 (353), pp. 1-14 : 7-30

NYMPHALIDAE

LIBYTHEINAE

Libytheana carinenta carinenta (Cramer, 1777)

Libythea carinenta (Cramer) : Kaye (1940, no. 125a), Barcant (1970, no. 141)

Note 9

DANAINAE

Danaini - Euploeina

Lycorea halia (Hübner, 1816) n. ssp. Lamas ( Trinidad)

Lycorea sp. : Guppy (1894)

Lycorea ceres (Cramer) : Guppy (1904), Kaye (1921, no. 3), Barcant (1970, no. 28) [synonym] Lycorea cleobaea (Godart) ssp.: Ackery and Vane-Wright (1984) [another subspecies]

Note 10

Danaini - Danaina

Danaus eresimus (Cramer, 1777) estevana Talbot, 1943

Danais eresimus (Cramer) : Kaye (1921, no. 2), Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Danaus eresimus xanthippus (C. Felder and R. Felder) : Barcant (1970, no. 27)

Danaus eresimus estevana Talbot : Ackery and Vane-Wright (1984)

Danaus gilippus (Cramer, 1775) xanthippus (C. Felder and R. Felder, 1860)

Danaus gilippus berenice (Cramer) : Barcant (1970, no. 26) [misidentification of subspecies] Danaus gilippus (Cramer) ssp.: Ackery and Vane-Wright (1984), Beccaloni et al. (2008) Danaus gilippus xanthippus (C. Felder and R. Felder) : Talbot (1943), Brower and Jones (1965)

Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus, 1758) nigrippus (Haensch, 1909)

Danais erippus (Cramer) : Caracciolo (1889) [misidentification]

Danais archippus (Fabricius) : Kaye (1921, no. 1) [synonym]

Danaus plexippus megalippe (Hübner) : Barcant (1970, no. 25), Ackery and Vane-Wright (1984), D’Abrera (1984), Smith et al. (2005), Beccaloni et al. (2008) [different subspecies]

Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus) : Brower and Jeansonne (2004) [subspecies not recognised]

Note 11

Ithomiini - Tithoreina

Tithorea harmonia (Cramer, 1777) megara (Godart, 1819)

Tithorea flavescens W.F. Kirby : Kirby (1889) TL [synonym], Guppy (1894)

Tithorea megara (Godart) : Guppy (1904), Fountaine (unpublished)

Hirsutis megara (Godart) : Kaye (1921, no. 4)

Tithorea harmonia megara (Godart) : Barcant (1970, no. 31), D’Abrera (1984), Drummond and Brown (1987), Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Aeria eurimedia (Cramer, 1777) agna Godman and Salvin, 1879

Sais eurymedia (Cramer) : Guppy (1894)

Aeria agna Godman and Salvin : Kaye (1921, no. 7)

Aeria eurimedia agna Godman and Salvin : Barcant (1970, no. 35), Young 1978, Drummond and Brown (1987), Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Ithomiini - Melinaeina

Melinaea lilis (Doubleday, 1847) sola Kaye, 1925

Melinaea tachypetis C. Felder and R. Felder : Kaye (1921, no. 5) [misidentification of subspecies] Melinaea mneme sola Kaye : Kaye (1925) TL, Kaye (1940 no. 5)

Melinaea lilis sola (Kaye) : Barcant (1970, no. 32), D’Abrera (1984)

Melinaea crameri Godman and Salvin, 1898 aurantia W.T.M. Forbes, 1942

Melinea melus madeira (Moulton): Barcant (1970, p. 275) [misidentification]

Note 12

Ithomiini - Mechanitina

Mechanitis lysimnia (Fabricius, 1793) solaria W.T.M. Forbes, 1948

Mechanitis lysimnia solaria (Forbes) : Fox (1967), Barcant (1970, no. 33a), D’Abrera (1984) Mechanitis menapis Hewitson, [1856] caribensis R.M. Fox, 1967

Mechanitis menapis caribensis Fox : Fox (1967), Barcant (1970, no. 33b), D’Abrera (1984) Mechanitis polymnia (Linnaeus, 1758) kayei R.M. Fox, 1967

Mechanitis egaensis Bates : Guppy (1894) [misidentification]

Mechanitis veritabilis Butler : Guppy (1904), Kaye (1921, no. 6) [misidentification of subspecies]

Mechanitis isthmia kayei Fox : Fox (1967) TL, Barcant (1970, no. 33), D’Abrera (1984), Cock (2004a)

Mechanitis polymnia kayei R.M. Fox : Drummond and Brown (1987), Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Note 13

Ithomiini - Napeogenina

Hypothyris euclea euclea (Godart, 1819)

Ceratinia euclea (Godart) : Kaye (1921, no. 8)

Hypothyris euclea euclea (Godart) : Barcant (1970, no. 34), D’Abrera (1984), Neild (2008)

Hypothyris euclea forbesi Fox : Barcant (1970, no. 33c) [an aberration resembling ssp. forbesi Fox ( Neild 2008) ]

Ithomiini - Ithomiina

Ithomia iphianassa iphianassa Doubleday, 1847

Ithomia lycaste iphianassa Doubleday : Kaye (1940, no. 10a), Barcant (1970, no. 42)

Note 14

Ithomia agnosia (Hewitson, 1855) pellucida Weymer, 1875

Ithomia pellucida Weymer : Weymer (1875) TL, D’Abrera (1984)

Ithomia drymo pellucida Weymer : Kaye (1921, no. 10)

Ithomia pellucida pellucida Weymer : Barcant (1970, no. 41)

Ithomiini - Dircennina

Ceratinia neso (Hübner, 1806) hamlini (A.G. Weeks, 1906)

Calloleria nise (Cramer) : Kaye (1921, no. 11) [misidentification of subspecies synonym]

Ceratinia nise nise (Cramer) : Barcant (1970, no. 38) [misidentification of subspecies synonym], Preston and Preston (1983)

Callithomia lenea (Cramer, 1779) siparia ( Kaye, 1922)

Dircenna melanida (Cram.) : Kaye (1921, no. 9) [misidentification of subspecies synonym]

Dircenna lenea siparia Kaye : Kaye (1922) TL, Kaye (1940 no. 9)

Callithomia lenea (Cramer) : Barcant (1970, no. 37)

Callithomia lenea siparia (Kaye) : D’Abrera (1984)

Pteronymia aletta aletta (Hewitson, [1855])

Pteronymia aletta (Hewitson) : Kaye (1921, no. 13), Barcant (1970, no. 39), D’Abrera (1984)

Note 15

Pteronymia alissa (Hewitson, 1869) amandes Kaye, 1921

Pteronymia asopo amandes Kaye : Kaye (1921, no. 12) TL

Pteronymia amandes Kaye : Barcant (1970, no. 40), Preston and Preston (1983)

Pteronymia asopo asopo (C. Felder and R. Felder) : D’Abrera (1984)

Pteronymia artena (Hewitson, 1855) beebei R.M. Fox and J.W. Fox, 1947

Pteronymia artena (Hewitson) : Barcant (1970, no. 40a), Stradling (1980)

Greta andromica (Hewitson, 1855) trifenestra R.M. Fox, 1941

Hymenitis andromica (Hewitson) : Kaye (1921, no. 15), Barcant (1970, no. 43)

Greta andromica trifenestra Fox : Fox (1941) TL

Greta andromica trifenestrata Fox : D’Abrera (1984) [misspelling]

Ithomiini - Godyridina

Hypoleria ocalea ocalea (Doubleday, 1847)

Heterosais ocalea (Doubleday) : Guppy (1904)

Hypoleria ocalea (Doubleday) : Kaye (1921, no. 14), Barcant (1970, no. 36), D’Abrera (1984), Drummond and Brown (1987)

Hypoleria ocalea ocalea (Doubleday) : Beccaloni et al. (2008)

SATYRINAE

Morphini

Antirrhea philoctetes philoctetes (Linnaeus, 1758)

Antirrhoea philoctetes (Linnaeus) : Kaye (1921, no. 105)

Antirrhea philoctetes (Linnaeus) : Barcant (1970, no. 2), DeVries et al. (1985), Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Antirrhaea philoctetes (Linnaeus) : Urich and Emmel (1990b)

Morpho helenor (Cramer, 1776) insularis Fruhstorfer, 1912

Morpho peleides insularis Fruhstorfer : Fruhstorfer (1912b) TL, Stollmeyer (1933), Barcant (1970, no. 130), Barcant (1981), Urich and Emmel (1991a), D’Abrera (1984), Cock (2004a)

Morpho achilles insularis Fruhstorfer : Kaye (1921, no. 93), Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Morpho corydon nesophila Le Moult and Real : Le Moult and Réal (1962 -1963) TL [synonym]

Morpho tobagoensis trinitas Le Moult and Real : Le Moult and Réal (1962 -1963) TL [synonym]

Morpho tobagoensis trinitas f. nitens Le Moult and Real: Le Moult and Réal (1962 -1963) TL [synonym]

Morpho tobagoensis trinitas f. laticincta Le Moult and Real: Le Moult and Réal (1962 -1963) TL [synonym]

Brassolini

Brassolis sophorae sophorae (Linnaeus, 1758)

Brassolis sophorae sophorae (Linnaeus) : Kaye (1921, no. 94)

Brassolis sophorae (Linnaeus) : Guppy (1911), Graf (1942), Barcant (1970, no. 131), Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Note 16

Caligo brasiliensis (C. Felder, 1862) minor Kaye, 1904

Caligo eurylochus [sic] minor Kaye: Kaye (1904) TL

Caligo eurilochus minor Kaye : Kaye (1921, no. 99), Barcant (1970, no. 135), Stradling (1976)

Caligo eurilochus phryasus Fruhstorfer : Fruhstorfer (1912a) TL [synonym]

Caligo eurilochus (Cramer) : Quesnel (2003) [misidentification]

Caligo brasiliensis minor Kaye : Quesnel and Stradling (2012)

Caligo illioneus illioneus (Cramer, 1775)

Caligo saltus Kaye : Kaye (1904) TL, Guppy (1904), Urich (1912) [synonym]

Caligo illioneus saltus Kaye : Kaye (1921, no. 101), Box (1953), Barcant (1970, no. 137), Stradling (1976), Preston and Preston (1983), Cock (2004a), Quesnel and Stradling (2012)

Caligo illioneus (Cramer) : Quesnel (2003), Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Caligo illioneus polyxenus Stichel : D’Abrera (1987a) [synonym]

Caligo illioneus illioneus (Cramer) : Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Caligo teucer (Linnaeus, 1758) insulanus Stichel, 1904

Caligo teucer insulanus Stichel : Stichel (1903 -1904) TL, Kaye (1921, no. 100), Barcant (1970, no. 136), Stradling (1976), D’Abrera (1987a), Beccaloni et al. (2008), Quesnel and Stradling (2012)

Caligo teuer (Linnaeus) : Quesnel (2003) [misspelling]

Catoblepia berecynthia berecynthia (Cramer, 1777)

Catoblepia berecynthia berecynthia (Cramer) : Kaye (1921, no. 103), Boos (1986a), D’Abrera (1987a)

Catoblepia berecynthia (Cramer) : Barcant (1970, no. 134)

Dynastor darius (Fabricius, 1775) anaxarete (Cramer, 1776)

Dynastor darius darius (Fabricius) : Kaye (1921, no. 95), Barcant (1970, no. 139), Urich and Emmel (1991c), Beccaloni et al. (2008) [misidentification of subspecies]

Note 17

Dynastor macrosiris macrosiris (Westwood, 1851)

Dynastor macrosiris macrosiris Westwood : Kaye (1921, no. 96)

Dynastor macrosiris (Westwood) : Barcant (1970, no. 140), Urich and Boos [1981], Urich and Emmel (1991b), Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Note 18

Eryphanis automedon automedon (Cramer, 1775)

Eryphanis polyxena polyxena (Meerburgh) : Kaye (1921, no. 102), Barcant (1970, no. 138), Stradling (1976), Preston and Preston (1983) [synonym]

Eryphanis automedon (Cramer) : Quesnel (2003), Quesnel and Stradling (2012)

Eryphanis automedon automedon (Cramer) : D’Abrera (1987a), Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Opsiphanes cassiae cassiae (Linnaeus, 1758)

Opsiphanes cassiae (Linnaeus) : Caracciolo (1889), Guppy (1904)

Opsiphanes cassiae cassiculus Stichel : Kaye (1921, no. 98), Barcant (1970, no. 133), Preston and Preston (1983) [synonym]

Opsiphanes cassiae cassiae (Linnaeus) : D’Abrera (1987a), Bristow (1991), Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Opsiphanes cassina C. Felder and R. Felder, 1862 merianae Stichel, 1902

Opsiphanes cassina merianae Stichel : Kaye (1921, no. 97), Barcant (1970, no. 132), D’Abrera (1987a), Bristow (1991), Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Selenophanes cassiope cassiope (Cramer, 1775)

Selenophanes cassiope cassiope (Cramer) : Boos (1979), Bristow (1982)

Note 19

Haeterini

Pierella hyalinus hyalinus (Gmelin, 1790)

Pierella hyalinus (Gmelin) : Kaye (1921, no. 104), Fountaine (unpublished), D’Abrera (1988) Pierella hyalinus fusimaculata F.M. Brown : Brown (1948) TL [synonym], Barcant (1970, no. 1),

Urich and Emmel (1990a) Pierella hyalinus hyalinus (Gmelin) : Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Satyrini

Caeruleuptychia brixius (Godart, [1824])

Euptychia brixiola Butler : Kaye (1921, no. 125), Barcant (1970, no. 24) [synonym]

Cissia brixiola (Butler) : Singer and Ehrlich (1993) [synonym]

Cepheuptychia cephus (Fabricius, 1775)

Euptychia cephus (Fabricius) : Kaye (1921, no. 121), Barcant (1970, no. 20), D’Abrera (1988) Cissia cephus (Fabricius) : Singer and Ehrlich (1993)

Chloreuptychia arnaca (Fabricius, 1776)

Euptychia arnaea (Fabricius) : Kaye (1921, no. 124), Barcant (1970, no. 23) [misspelling]

Cissia arnaea (Fabricius) : Singer and Ehrlich (1993) [misspelling]

Chloreuptychia arnaca (Fabricius) : Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Cissia myncea (Cramer, 1780) isolata ( Kaye, 1921)

Euptychia myncea (Cramer) isolata Kaye: Kaye (1921, no. 112) TL

Euptychia myncea (Cramer) : Barcant (1970, no. 10), D’Abrera (1988)

Euptychia palladia (Butler) Barcant (1970, no. 13) [misidentification, see Singer et al. (1983)] Cissia myncea (Cramer) : Singer et al. (1983), Singer and Ehrlich (1993), Beccaloni et al. (2008) Note 20

Cissia palladia (Butler, 1867)

Euptychia palladia Butler : Kaye (1921, no. 114)

Cissia palladia (Butler) : Singer et al. (1983), Singer and Ehrlich (1993), Beccaloni et al. (2008) Euptychia pallidia Butler : D’Abrera (1988) [misspelling]

Cissia penelope (Fabricius, 1775)

Euptychia penelope (Fabricius) Kaye (1921 , no. 115), Barcant (1970, no. 14)

Cissia penelope (Fabricius) : Singer et al. (1983), Singer and Ehrlich (1993), Beccaloni et al. (2008) Cissia terrestris (Butler, 1867)

Euptychia terrestris Butler : Kaye (1921, no. 113), Barcant (1970, no. 12)

Cissia terrestris (Butler) : Singer and Ehrlich (1993)

Note 21

Cissia themis (Butler, 1867)

Euptychia themis Butler : Kaye (1921, no. 116), Barcant (1970, no. 15)

Cissia themis (Butler) : Singer and Ehrlich (1993)

Erichthodes antonina (C. Felder and R. Felder, 1867)

Euptychia erichto Butler : Kaye (1921, no. 119), Barcant (1970, no. 18) [misspelling of synonym erichtho Butler]

Cissia erichto (Butler) : Singer and Ehrlich (1993) [misspelling of synonym erichtho Butler] Hermeuptychia hermes (Fabricius, 1775)

Euptychia hermes (Fabricius) : Kaye (1921, no. 118), Barcant (1970, no. 17)

Cissia hermes (Fabricius) : Singer and Ehrlich (1993)

Hermeuptychia hermes (Fabricius) : Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Magneuptychia lea (Cramer, 1777)

Euptychia junia (Cramer) : Kaye (1921, no. 122), Barcant (1970, no. 21) [synonym]

Cissia junia (Cramer) : Singer and Ehrlich (1993) [synonym]

Euptychia lea (Cramer) : D’Abrera (1988)

Magneuptychia lea (Cramer) : Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Magneuptychia libye (Linnaeus, 1767)

Euptychia libye (Linnaeus) : Kaye (1921, no. 123), Barcant (1970, no. 22)

Cissia libye (Linnaeus) : Singer and Ehrlich (1993)

Magneuptychia libye (Linnaeus) : Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Magneuptychia modesta (Butler, 1867)

Cissia alcinoe (C. Felder and R. Felder) : Singer and Ehrlich (1993)

Note 22

Magneuptychia newtoni (A. Hall, 1939)

Euptychia newtoni Hall : Kaye (1940, footnote)

Magneuptychia libye (Linnaeus) : Urich [1980b] [misidentification]

Magneuptychia ocypete (Fabricius, 1776)

Euptychia ocypete (Fabricius) : Kaye (1940, no. 112a), Barcant (1970, no. 11)

Cissia oxypete (Fabricius) : Singer and Ehrlich (1993) [misspelling]

Euptychia ? terrestris Butler : D’Abrera (1988)

Pareuptychia lydia (Cramer, 1777)

Euptychia calpurnia (C. Felder and R. Felder) : Kaye (1940, no. 111a), Barcant (1970, no. 9), Rooks [1980], Preston and Preston (1983) [synonym]

Cissia calpurnia (C. Felder and R. Felder) : Singer and Ehrlich (1993) [synonym]

Pareuptychia ocirrhoe (Fabricius, 1776) n. ssp. Lamas MS

Euptychia hesione (Sulzer) : Kaye (1921, no. 111), Barcant (1970, no. 8) [synonym]

Cissia hesione (Sulzer) : Singer and Ehrlich (1993) [synonym]

Pareuptychia ocirrhoe (Fabricius) : Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Note 23

Pareuptychia ocirrhoe ocirrhoe (Fabricius, 1776)

Note 24

Pareuptychia sp. ?nov.

Note 25

Pharneuptychia sp. ?nov.

Note 26

Posttaygetis penelea (Cramer, 1777)

Taygetis penelea (Cramer) : Kaye (1921, no. 110), Barcant (1970, no. 7), Preston and Preston (1983)

Taygetis echo (Cramer, 1775) n. ssp. L.D. Miller MS

Taygetis echo (Cramer) : Kaye (1921, no. 107), Barcant (1970, no. 4)

Taygetis cleopatra C. Felder and R. Felder : Kaye (1921, no. 108), Barcant (1970, no. 5) [misidentified female of echo ]

Note 27

Taygetis rufomarginata Staudinger, 1888 tapulunmi Brévignon, 2005

Taygetis virgilia (Cramer) : Preston and Preston (1983) [misidentification]

Note 28

Taygetis laches (Fabricius, 1793)

Taygetis andromeda (Cramer) : Kaye (1921, no. 109), Barcant (1970, no. 6) [preoccupied name] Note 29

Taygetis virgilia (Cramer, 1776)

Taygetis virgilia (Cramer) : Kaye (1921, no. 106), Barcant (1970, no. 3)

Note 28

Yphthimoides renata (Stoll, 1780)

Euptychia renata (Stoll) : Kaye (1921, no. 117), Barcant (1970, no. 16)

Cissia renata (Stoll) : Singer and Ehrlich (1993)

Yphthimoides renata (Stoll) : Beccaloni et al. (2008)

CHARAXINAE

Anaeini

Consul fabius (Cramer, 1776) ochraceus (Butler, 1874)

Protogonius hippona trinitatis Röber : Röber (1916) TL [synonym]

Protogonius ochraceus Butler : Guppy (1904), Kaye (1921, no. 85), Fountaine (unpublished)

Anaea fabius (Cramer) : Barcant (1970, no. 122), Comstock (1961)

Consul fabius ochraceus (Butler) : D’Abrera (1988)

Siderone galanthis galanthis (Cramer, 1775)

Siderone marthesia (Cramer) : Kaye (1921, no. 87), Fountaine (unpublished), Comstock (1961), Cock (2004a) [synonym]

Siderone marthesia f. cancellariae A. Hall: Hall (1935) TL [synonym]

Anaea marthesia (Cramer) : Barcant (1970, no. 123) [synonym]

Siderone galanthis galanthis (Cramer) : Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Note 30

Zaretis ellops (Ménétriés, 1855)

Zaretes isidora (Cramer): Kaye (1921, no. 88) [misidentification]

Anaea itys (Cramer) : Barcant (1970, no. 121), Neild (1996) [misidentification]

Zaretis itys itys (Cramer) : Cock (2004a) [misidentification]

Zaretis ellops (Ménétriés) : Neild (1996), Willmott and Hall (2004), Cock (2006a)

Fountainea ryphea ryphea (Cramer, 1775)

Anaea phidile Geyer : Kaye (1921, no. 84), Fountaine (unpublished) [misidentification of subspecies]

Anaea ryphea ryphea (Cramer) : Comstock (1961), Barcant (1970, no. 120)

Fountainea ryphea ryphea (Cramer) : D’Abrera (1988), Neild (1996), Cock (2004a)

Memphis acidalia acidalia (Hübner, [1819])

Memphis arachne (Cramer) : Neild (1996) [synonym]

Note 31

Memphis laertes (Cramer, 1775)

Anaea eribotes halli Kaye : Kaye (1914) TL, Kaye (1921, no. 82) [synonym]

Anaea eribotes (Fabricius) : Comstock (1961), Barcant (1970, no. 118), Raby (1984) [preoccupied name]

Memphis halli (Kaye) : Neild (1996) [synonym]

Memphis laertes (Cramer) : Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Memphis moruus moruus (Fabricius, 1775)

Anaea morvus (Fabricius) : Kaye (1921, no. 81), Raby (1984) [misspelling]

Anaea morvus morvus (Fabricius) : Comstock (1961), Barcant (1970, no. 117) [misspelling]

Memphis morvus boisduvali (Comstock) : Neild (1996) [different subspecies]

Memphis moruus (Fabricius) : Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Memphis pithyusa (R. Felder, 1869) morena (A. Hall, 1935)

Anaea pethyusa (R. Felder) : Kaye (1921, no. 83) [misspelling]

Anaea pithyusa (R. Felder) : Barcant (1970, no. 119)

Memphis pithyusa (R. Felder) : Neild (1996), De Gannes (2011)

Memphis pithyusa morena (A. Hall) : Cock and De Gannes (2012)

Preponini

Archaeoprepona amphimachus (Fabricius, 1775) amphiktion ( Fruhstorfer, 1916)

Prepona meander (Cramer) : Kaye (1921, no. 92), Barcant (1970, no. 128) [misidentification]

Archaeoprepona amphimachus Fabricius : Papworth [1981], Preston and Preston (1983), Raby (1984), Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Archaeoprepona amphimachus amphimachus (Fabricius) : D’Abrera (1987b)

Archaeoprepona amphimachus amphiktion Fruhstorfer : Neild (1996)

Note 32

Archaeoprepona demophon demophon (Linnaeus, 1758)

Prepona demophon (Linnaeus) : Kaye (1921, no. 89), Barcant (1970, no. 126)

Archaeoprepona demophon (Linnaeus) : Papworth [1981], Preston and Preston (1983), Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Archaeoprepona demophon muson Fruhstorfer : Neild (1996) [different subspecies]

Archaeoprepona demophoon (Hübner, [1814]) andicola (Fruhstorfer, 1904)

Prepona antimache (Hübner) : Kaye (1921, no. 90), Barcant (1970, no. 127) [misidentification of subspecies]

Archaeoprepona demophoon Hübner : Papworth [1981], Preston and Preston (1983), Raby (1984), Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Archaeoprepona demophoon ilmatur (Fruhstorfer) : D’Abrera (1987b) [misspelling of ilmatar, a synonym of different ssp.]

Archaeoprepona demophoon oligotaenia (Röber, 1928) : Neild (1996) [synonym]

Archaeoprepona meander (Cramer, 1775) megabates ( Fruhstorfer, 1916)

Archaeoprepona meander (Cramer) : Papworth [1981], Preston and Preston (1983), Raby (1984), Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Archaeoprepona meander meander (Cramer) : D’Abrera (1987b)

Archaeoprepona meander mendax (Bryk, 1938) : Neild (1996) [synonym]

Prepona laertes (Hübner, [1811]) complex sp. 1

Prepona laertes demodice (Godart) : Kaye (1921, no. 91), Barcant (1970, no. 129, common form with variable purple flush) [valid ssp. in Lamas 2004]

Prepona pseudojoiceyi trinitensis Le Moult : Le Moult (1932) TL [synonym of ssp. louisa Butler in Lamas 2004]

Prepona omphale Hübner : Papworth [1981], Preston and Preston (1983) [synonym of ssp. laertes in Lamas 2004]

Prepona pseudojoiceyi Le Moult : D’Abrera (1987b) [synonym of ssp. demodice in Lamas 2004]

Prepona laertes louisa Butler : Beccaloni et al. (2008) [misidentification of subspecies]

Note 33

Prepona laertes (Hübner, [1811]) complex sp. 2

Prepona laertes demodice (Godart) : Barcant (1970, no. 129, rare form with minimal purple flush) [valid ssp. in Lamas 2004]

Note 33

BIBLIDINAE

Cyrestini

Marpesia chiron (Fabricius, 1775) marius (Cramer, 1779)

Megaleura chiron (Fabricius) : Kaye (1921, no. 65)

Marpesia chiron (Fabricius) : Barcant (1970, no. 96), Preston and Preston (1983)

Marpesia petreus petreus (Cramer, 1776)

Megaleura peleus (Sulzer) : Kaye (1921, no. 63) [preoccupied name]

Marpesia petreus (Cramer) : Barcant (1970, no. 95), Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Marpesia zerynthia dentigera (Fruhstorfer, 1907)

Megaleura coresia (Godart) : Kaye (1921, no. 64) [synonym]

Marpesia coresia (Godart) : Barcant (1970, no. 97) [synonym]

Marpesia zerynthia Hübner : Neild (1996)

Note 34

Biblidini

Biblis hyperia hyperia (Cramer, 1779)

Didonis biblis (Fabricius) : Kaye (1921, no. 49) [preoccupied name]

Biblis hyperia (Cramer) : Barcant (1970, no. 80), Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Mestra hersilia hersilia (Fabricius, 1776)

Cystineura cowiana Butler : Butler (1902) TL [synonym]

Cystineura cana Erichson : Kaye (1921, no. 51), Fountaine (unpublished) [synonym]

Mestra hypermestra cana (Erichson) : Barcant (1970, no. 79), Neild (1996) [synonym]

Mestra cana (Erichson) : D’Abrera (1987a), Cock (2004a)

Mestra dorcas hersilia (Fabricius) : Lamas (2004), Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Mestra hersilia hersilia (Fabricius) : Warren et al. (2013)

Note 35

Catonephele acontius acontius (Linnaeus, 1771)

Catonephele acontius (Linnaeus) : Barcant (1970, no. 112), Raby (1984), Cock (1984), Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Catonephele antinoe (Godart, [1824])

Catonephele antinoe (Godart) : Barcant (1970, no. 113), Jenkins (1985)

Catonephele numilia numilia (Cramer, 1775)

Catonephele numilia numilia (Cramer) : Kaye (1921, no. 52), Jenkins (1985), D’Abrera (1987b), Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Catonephele numilia (Cramer) : Barcant (1970, no. 111), Urich (1980a), Cock (1984)

Note 36

Catonephele numilia (Cramer, 1775) esite (R. Felder, 1869)

Catonephele numilia (Cramer) penthia (Hewitson): Kaye (1921, no. 52) [synonym]

Catonephele numilia (Cramer) : Barcant (1970, no. 111), Urich (1980a), Cock (1984)

Catonephele numilia esite (R. Felder) : Jenkins (1985), D’Abrera (1987b)

Note 36

Eunica alpais alpais (Godart, [1824])

Eunica excelsa (Godman and Salvin) : Barcant (1970, no. 84) [misidentification of subspecies]

Eunica alpais alpais (Godart) : Neild (1996)

Note 37

Eunica amelia amelia (Cramer, 1777)

Eunica amelia amelia (Cramer) : Jenkins (1990), Neild (1996)

Note 38

Eunica anna (Cramer, 1780)

Note 39

Eunica malvina malvina H.W. Bates, 1864

Eunica malvina H.W. Bates : Kaye (1921, no. 55), Barcant (1970, no. 81), Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Eunica malvina malvina Bates : Jenkins (1990)

Eunica monima (Stoll, 1782)

Eunica monima modesta (H.W. Bates) : Kaye (1940, no. 55a), Barcant (1970, no. 85), Preston and Preston (1983) [ modesta is a synonym of monima ]

Eunica monima (Cramer) : Neild (1996), Jenkins (1990), Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Eunica mygdonia mygdonia (Godart, [1824])

Eunica mygdonia (Godart) : Kaye (1921, no. 53), Barcant (1970, no. 82), Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Eunica mygdonia mygdonia (Godart) : Jenkins (1990)

Eunica orphise (Cramer, 1775)

Eunica orphise (Cramer) : Kaye (1921, no. 54), Barcant (1970, p. 276: probably not a Trinidad species)

Note 40

Eunica sydonia sydonia (Godart, [1824])

Eunica sydonia caresa (Hall) : Barcant (1970, no. 83) [misidentification of subspecies]

Note 41

Eunica volumna (Godart, [1824]) celma (Hewitson, 1852)

Eunica venusia (Felder) : Kaye (1940, no. 55a), Barcant (1970, p. 276) [different subspecies]

Euneca [sic] celma (Hewitson): ffrench [1980]

Note 42

Hamadryas amphinome amphinome (Linnaeus, 1767)

Peridromia amphinome (Linnaeus) : Kaye (1921, no. 47)

Hamadryas amphinome (Linnaeus) : Barcant (1970, no. 88), Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Hamadryas amphinome amphinome (Linnaeus) : Jenkins (1983), Neild (1996)

Hamadryas februa (Hübner, [1823]) ferentina (Godart, [1824])

Ageronia februa icilia Fruhstorfer : Fruhstorfer (1916) TL [synonym]

Ageronia ferentina (Godart) : Kaye (1921, no. 44)

Hamadryas ferentina (Godart) : Barcant (1970, no. 86)

Hamadryas februa ferentina (Godart) : Neild (1996), Jenkins (1983), D’Abrera (1987a), Cock (2004a), Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Hamadryas feronia feronia (Linnaeus, 1758)

Ageronia feronia (Linnaeus) : Guppy (1894)

Ageronia feronia insularis Fruhstorfer : Fruhstorfer (1916) TL syn. nov.

Peridromia feronia (Linnaeus) : Kaye (1921, no. 45)

Hamadryas feronia (Linnaeus) : Barcant (1970, no. 87), D’Abrera (1987a), Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Hamadryas feronia farinulenta (Fruhstorfer) : Jenkins (1983) [different subspecies]

Hamadryas feronia ferentulina: Cock (2004a) [misspelling of farinulenta]

Note 43

Hamadryas iphthime iphthime (H.W. Bates, 1864)

Peridromia iphthime (Bates) : Kaye (1921, no. 46), Barcant (1970, p. 276)

Note 44

Hamadryas laodamia (Cramer, 1777) saurites ( Fruhstorfer, 1916)

Peridromia arethusa (Cramer) : Kaye (1921, no. 48) [synonym]

Hamadryas arethusa (Cramer) : Barcant (1970, no. 89), Preston and Preston (1983) [synonym]

Hamadryas laodamia saurites (Fruhstorfer) : Jenkins (1983), D’Abrera (1987a), Neild (1996)

Hamadryas laodamia laodamia (Cramer) : Beccaloni et al. (2008) [misidentification of subspecies]

Pyrrhogyra crameri crameri Aurivillius, 1882

Pyrrhogyra crameri crameri Aurivillius : Kaye (1940, no. 50a), Neild (1996)

Pyrrhogyra crameri (Aurivillius) : Barcant (1970, no. 99), Cock [1981a]

Pyrrhogyra neaerea (Linnaeus, 1758) kheili Fruhstorfer, 1908

Pyrrhogyra tipha (Linnaeus) : Kaye (1921, no. 50), Barcant (1970, no. 98) [synonym]

Pyrrhogyra neaerea kheili Fruhstorfer : Neild (1996), Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Temenis laothoe (Cramer, 1777) hondurensis Fruhstorfer, 1907

Temenis laothoe (Cramer) : Kaye (1921, no. 57), Barcant (1970, no. 114), Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Temenis laothoe pseudoariadne [sic] Fruhstorfer: Barcant (1970, no. 114 var.) [misspelling of pseudariadne, a synonym]

Temenis laothoe laothoe (Cramer) : D’Abrera (1987b)

Temenis laothoe hondurensis Fruhstorfer : Neild (1996)

Note 45

Dynamine aerata (Butler, 1877) Lamas n. ssp. Venezuela

Dynamine aerata (Butler) : Neild (1996)

Note 46

Dynamine agacles (Dalman, 1823) core Rober, 1915

Dynamine agacles (Dalman) : Kaye (1921, no. 66), Barcant (1970, no. 72)

Dynamine agacles core Rober : Neild (1996)

Dynamine arene Hübner, [1823]

Dynamine arene (Hübner) : Kaye (1921, no. 71), Barcant (1970, no. 77), D’Abrera (1987b), Neild (1996), Cock (2004a)

Dynamine artemisia (Fabricius, 1793) ackeryi Neild, 1996

Dynamine artemisia (Fabricius) : Kaye (1921, no. 69), Fountaine (unpublished), Barcant (1970, no. 76), Cock (2004a)

Dynamine artemisia ackeryi Neild : Neild (1996)

Note 47

Dynamine postverta (Cramer, 1779)

Dynamine mylitta (Cramer) : Kaye (1921, no. 70), Fountaine (unpublished), Barcant (1970, no. 78), Cock (2004a) [synonym]

Dynamine postverta (Cramer) : Neild (1996)

Dynamine setabis setabis (Doubleday, 1849)

Dynamine setabis (Doubleday) : Kaye (1921, no. 68), Neild (1996)

Dynamine setebis (Doubleday) : Barcant (1970, no. 75) [misspelling]

Note 48

Dynamine theseus (C. Felder and R. Felder, 1861)

Dynamine theseus (C. Felder and R. Felder) : Kaye (1921, no. 67), Barcant (1970, no. 73), Neild (1996), Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Callicore astarte (Cramer, 1779) antillena ( Kaye, 1914)

Catagramma astarte antillena Kaye : Kaye (1914) TL, Kaye (1921, no. 59), Barcant (1970, no. 92), D’Abrera (1987b)

Callicore texa (Hewitson, [1855]) kayei (A. Hall, 1917)

Catagramma kayei A. Hall : Hall (1917) TL

Catagramma maimuna kayei (Hall) : Kaye (1921, no. 60), Barcant (1970, no. 93), D’Abrera (1987b)

Callicore texa kayei (A. Hall) : Neild (1996), Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Diaethria c1ymena (Cramer, 1775) aurelia (Guenée, 1872)

Callicore aurelia (Guenée) : Kaye (1921, no. 58), Fountaine (unpublished), Barcant (1970, no. 91)

Diaethria c1ymena aurelia (Guenée) : Neild (1996), Cock (2004a), Beccaloni et al. (2008) Haematera pyrame (Hübner, [1819]) rubra Kaye, 1904

Haematera pyramus rubra Kaye : Kaye (1904) TL, Kaye (1921, no. 61), Barcant (1970, no. 90)

Callidula pyramus pyramus Hübner : D’Abrera (1987b)

Haematera pyrame rubra Kaye : Neild (1996), Beccaloni et al. (2008)

APATURINAE

Doxocopa laure (Drury, 1773) mima (Fruhstorfer, 1907)

Chlorippe laure (Drury) : Kaye (1921, no. 80)

Chlorippi [sic] laure lauricola Kaye: Kaye (1925) TL, Kaye (1940 no. 80), Barcant (1970, no. 100) [synonym]

Doxocopa laure mima (Fruhstorfer) : Beccaloni et al. (2008)

NYMPHALINAE

Coeini

Colobura annulata Willmott, Constantino and J. Hall, 2001

Colobura annulata Willmott, Constantino and J. Hall : Willmott et al. (2001), Cock (2005a) Colobura dirce dirce (Linnaeus, 1758)

Gynaecia dirce (Linnaeus) : Guppy (1894), Kaye (1921, no. 62)

Colobura dirce (Linnaeus) : Barcant (1970, no. 115)

Colobura dirce dirce (Linnaeus) : Beebe (1952), Willmott et al. (2001), Cock (2005a), Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Historis acheronta acheronta (Fabricius, 1775)

Coea acheronta (Fabricius) : Kaye (1940, no. 86a)

Historis acheronta (Fabricius) : Barcant (1970, no. 125), Urich (1988), Beccaloni et al. (2008) Historis odius (Fabricius, 1775) dious Lamas, 1995

Aganisthos odius (Fabricius) : Kaye (1921, no. 86) [synonym]

Historis odius orion (Fabricius) : Barcant (1970, no. 124), Cock (2004a) [synonym]

Historis odius dious Lamas : Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Smyrna blomfildia blomfildia (Fabricius, 1781)

Smyrna blomfildia (Fabricius) : Barcant (1970, no. 116)

Note 49

Nymphalini

Hypanartia lethe lethe (Fabricius, 1793)

Hypanartia lethe (Fabricius) : Kaye (1921, no. 39), Fountaine (unpublished), Barcant (1970, no. 65), Cock (2004a), Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus, 1758)

Cynthia cardui (Linnaeus) : Kaye (1921, no. 34)

Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus) : Barcant (1970, no. 94)

Kallimini

Anartia amathea (Linnaeus, 1758)

Anartia amalthea (Linnaeus) : Kaye (1921, no. 41) [misspelling]

Anartia amathea (Linnaeus) : Poulton (1939), Barcant (1970, no. 63), Neild (2008)

Anartia amathea amathea (Linnaeus) : Lamas (2004)

Note 50

Anartia jatrophae jatrophae (Linnaeus, 1763)

Anartia jatrophae (Linnaeus) : Kaye (1921, no. 40), Barcant (1970, no. 62), Beccaloni et al. (2008) Hypolimnas misippus (Linnaeus, 1764)

Hypolimnas misippus (Linnaeus) : Kaye (1921, no. 56), Barcant (1970, no. 61)

Junonia zonalis C. Felder and R. Felder, 1867

Junonia genoveva (Cramer) : Kaye (1921, no. 42) [part]

Precis lavinia zonatis (C. Felder and R. Felder) : Barcant (1970, no. 67) [misspelling; part]

Notes 51, 52

Junonia genoveva genoveva (Cramer, 1780)

Junonia genoveva (Cramer) : Kaye (1921, no. 42) [part]

Precis lavinia zonatis (C. Felder and R. Felder) : Barcant (1970, no. 67) [misspelling of zonalis ; part] Note 51

Junonia litoralis Brévignon, 2009

Note 53

Siproeta epaphus epaphus (Latreille, [1813])

Metamorpha epaphus (Latreille) : Barcant (1970, no. 60), Stradling (1980), Preston and Preston (1983)

Siproeta epaphus epaphus (Latreille) : Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Siproeta stelenes (Linnaeus, 1758) meridionalis (Fruhstorfer, 1909)

Victorina steneles (Linnaeus) : Kaye (1921, no. 43) [misspelling]

Victorina stelenes (Linnaeus) : Fountaine (unpublished), Poulton (1939), Cock (2004a) Metamorpha stelenes (Linnaeus) : Barcant (1970, no. 59)

Siproeta stelenes stelenes (Linnaeus) : Beccaloni et al. (2008) [misidentification of subspecies]

Melitaeini

Chlosyne lacinia (Geyer, 1837) saundersi (Doubleday, [1847])

Chlosyne saundersii (Doubleday) : Kaye (1921, no. 38), Barcant (1970, no. 66)

Chlosyne lacinia (Geyer) : Neck (1973)

Chlosyne lacinia saundersi (Doubleday) : Cock (1984), Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Castilia ofella (Hewitson, [1864])

Eresia ofella Hewitson : Kaye (1940), Barcant (1970, no. 68)

Castilia ofella (Hewitson) : Higgins (1981), Cock (1984), D’Abrera (1987a)

Note 54

Eresia clio clio (Linnaeus, 1758)

Eresia clio (Linnaeus) : Barcant (1970, no. 69)

Eresia clara Bates : Higgins (1981), Cock (1984) [synonym]

Eresia clio clio (Linnaeus) : Lamas (2004), Neild (2008)

Note 55

Janatella leucodesma (C. Felder and R. Felder, 1861)

Phyciodes leucodesma (C. Felder and R. Felder) : Kaye (1921, no. 37), Hall (1928-1930), Barcant (1970, no. 70)

Janatella leucodesma (C. Felder and R. Felder) : Higgins (1981),Cock (1984), D’Abrera (1987a), Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Note 54

Tegosa claudina (Eschscholtz, 1821)

Phycioides liriope claudina (Eschscholtz) : Kaye (1921, no. 36), Barcant (1970, no. 71)

Phycioides liriope thymetus (Fabricius): Hall (1928-1930) [preoccupied name]

Tegosa similis Higgins : Higgins (1981), Cock (1982b, 1984), D’Abrera (1987a) [replacement name for thymetus]

Tegosa claudina (Eschscholtz) : Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Note 56

LIMENITIDINAE

Adelpha barnesia Schaus, 1902 trinita Kaye, 1914

Adelpha phylaca trinita Kaye : Kaye (1914) TL, Kaye (1921, no. 75), Barcant (1970, no. 103) Adelpha trinita Kaye : D’Abrera (1987b)

Adelpha leucas trinita Kaye : Neild (1996)

Adelpha barnesia trinita Kaye : Willmott (2003), Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Adelpha cytherea (Linnaeus, 1758) insularis Fruhstorfer, 1913

Adelpha cytherea insularis Fruhstorfer : Fruhstorfer (1913 -1920) TL, Kaye (1921, no. 76), Barcant (1970, no. 104), Neild (1996), Willmott (2003)

Adelpha cytherea (Linnaeus) : D’Abrera (1987b)

Adelpha iphicleola (H.W. Bates, 1864) leucates Fruhstorfer, 1915

Adelpha iphicla [sic] daceleia Fruhstorfer: Fruhstorfer (1915 a) TL [synonym]

Adelpha iphicla (Linnaeus) : Kaye (1921, no. 77), Barcant (1970, no. 101), Aiello (1984), Cock (2004a) [in part; misidentification]

Adelpha iphicleola leucates Fruhstorfer : Willmott (2003)

Adelpha iphicleola (H.W. Bates) : Beccaloni et al. (2008) [and/or A. iphiclus ]

Note 57

Adelpha iphiclus iphiclus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Adelpha iphicla (Linnaeus) : Kaye (1921, no. 77), Fountaine (unpublished), Barcant (1970, no. 101) [in part]

Adelpha iphiclus iphiclus (Linnaeus) : Neild (1996), Willmott (2003)

Adelpha iphiclus (Linnaeus) : Beccaloni et al. (2008) [and/or A. iphicleola ]

Note 57

Adelpha lycorias (Godart, [1824]) lara (Hewitson, 1850)

Adelpha lara (Hewitson) : Kaye (1921, no. 79), Fountaine (unpublished), Barcant (1970, no. 110), Aiello (1984), D’Abrera (1987b), (Cock 2004a)

Adelpha lycorias lara (Hewitson) : Neild (1996), Willmott (2003), Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Adelpha malea (C. Felder and R. Felder, 1861) aethalia (C. Felder and R. Felder, 1867)

Adelpha velia trinina Kaye : Kaye (1914) TL, Kaye (1921, no. 74), Barcant (1970, no. 106) [synonym]

Adelpha trinina Kaye : D’Abrera (1987b)

Adelpha malea aethalia (C. and R. Felder): Willmott (2003)

Adelpha melona (Hewitson, 1847) leucocoma Fruhstorfer, 1915

Adelpha melona (Hewitson) : Kaye (1921, no. 72), D’Abrera (1987b)

Adelpha melona nonsecta Kaye : Kaye (1925, 1940 no. 72) TL, Barcant (1970, no. 108) [synonym]

Adelpha melona leucocoma Fruhstorfer : Willmott (2003), Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Adelpha messana (C. Felder and R. Felder, 1867) delphicola Fruhstorfer, 1910

Adelpha aethalia (C. Felder and R. Felder) : Barcant (1970, no. 107) [misidentification]

Adelpa messana delphicola Fruhstorfer, A. thesprotia (C. and R. Felder) or A. erotia (Hewitson) (UNS needed for ID): Willmott (2003)

Note 58

Adelpha naxia (C. Felder and R. Felder, 1867) hieronica Fruhstorfer, 1913

Adelpha naxia (C. Felder and R. Felder) : Kaye (1921, no. 78), Barcant (1970, no. 102)

Adelpha naxia hieronica Fruhstorfer : Fruhstorfer (1913 -1920) TL, Willmott (2003), Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Adelpha plesaure Hübner, 1823 symona Kaye, 1925

Adelpha plesaure Hübner : Kaye (1921, no. 73)

Adelpha phliassa symona Kaye : Kaye (1925) TL, Kaye (1940, no. 73), Barcant (1970, no. 105)

Adelpha plesaure symona Kaye : Neild (1996), Willmott (2003), Cock (2004a), Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Adelpha seriphia (C. Felder and R. Felder, 1867) barcanti Willmott, 2003

Adelpha seriphia (C. Felder and R. Felder) : Kaye (1940, no. 71a), Barcant (1970, no. 109)

Adelpha seriphia barcanti Willmott : Willmott (2003) TL, Cock (2004b)

HELICONIINAE

Argynnini

Euptoieta hegesia (Cramer, 1779) meridiania Stichel, 1938

Euptoieta hegesia (Cramer) : Kaye (1921, no. 33), Barcant (1970, no. 64)

Acraeini

Actinote pellenea Hübner, 1821 trinitatis Jordan, 1913

Actinote pellenea trinitatis Jordan: Jordan (1913) TL, Kaye (1921, no. 16), Barcant (1970, no. 29), D’Abrera (1987a), Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Actinote byzas var. insularis Oberthür : Oberthür (1917) TL [synonym]

Actinote pellenea Hübner : Cock (1984)

Actinote thalia thalia (Linnaeus, 1758)

Actinote anteas Doubleday : Kaye (1921, no. 17), Fountaine (unpublished), Barcant (1970, no. 30), Cruttwell (1974), Preston and Preston (1983), Cock (1984), D’Abrera (1987a) [misidentification]

Actinote anteas anteas Doubleday : Cock (2004a) [misidentification]

Actinote thalia (Linnaeus) ?: Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Actinote thalia thalia (Linnaeus) : Neild (2008)

Heliconiini

Agraulis vanillae vanillae (Linnaeus, 1758)

Dione vanillae (Linnaeus) : Kaye (1921, no. 31)

Agraulis vanillae vanillae (Linnaeus) : Michener 1942, Alexander (1961a, b), Brower et al. (1963), Cock (2004a), Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Agraulis vanillae (Linnaeus) : Beebe et al. (1960), Flemming (1960), Barcant (1970, no. 57), Benson et al. (1976)

Dione juno juno (Cramer, 1779)

Dione juno (Cramer) : Kaye (1921, no. 30), Beebe et al. (1960), Flemming (1960), Barcant (1970, no. 56), D’Abrera (1984), Benson et al. (1976)

Dione juno juno (Cramer) : Alexander (1961a, b), Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Dryadula phaetusa (Linnaeus, 1758)

Colaenis phaerusa (Linnaeus) : Kaye (1921, no. 28) [misspelling]

Dryadula phaetusa phaetusa (Linnaeus) : Alexander (1961a, b)

Dryadula phaetusa (Linnaeus) : Beebe et al. (1960), Flemming (1960), Barcant (1970, no. 54), Benson et al. (1976), Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Dryas iulia (Fabricius, 1775) alcionea (Cramer, 1779)

Colaenis julia (Fabricius) : Kaye (1921, no. 29), Fountaine (unpublished), Poulton (1939),

[misspelling]

Dryas iulia (Fabricius) : Beebe et al. (1960), Flemming (1960), Benson et al. (1976)

Dryas iulia iulia (Fabricius) : Alexander (1961a, b), Beccaloni et al. (2008) [misidentification of subspecies]

Calaenis iulia (Fabricius) : Barcant (1970, no. 55)

Dryas iulia alcionea (Cramer) : Clench (1975)

Dryas julia julia (Fabricius) : D’Abrera (1984), Cock (2004a) [misspelling]

Philaethria dido dido (Linnaeus, 1763)

Metamorpha dido (Linnaeus) : Kaye (1921, no. 32)

Philaethria dido dido (Linnaeus) : Alexander (1961a), Beccaloni et al. (2008),Constantino and Salazar (2010)

Philaethria dido (Linnaeus) : Beebe et al. (1960), Flemming (1960), Barcant (1970, no. 58), Preston and Preston (1983), D’Abrera (1984), Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Philaethria dido complex: Benson et al. (1976)

Laparus doris (Linnaeus, 1771) n. ssp. Neukirchen MS

Heliconius doris doris (Linnaeus) : Kaye (1921, no. 20, with f. eratonius Staudinger and an un-named form), Alexander (1961a, b), Brower et al. (1963), Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Heliconius doris (Linnaeus) : Beebe et al. (1960), Cook and Brower (1969), Barcant (1970, no. 44), D’Abrera (1984),

Laparus doris (Linnaeus) : Benson et al. (1976), Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Note 59

Eueides aliphera aliphera (Godart, 1819)

Eueides aliphera aliphera (Godart) : Kaye (1921, no. 27)

Heliconius aliphera aliphera (Godart) : Alexander (1961a, b), Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Heliconius aliphera (Godart) : Beebe et al. (1960), Flemming (1960), Barcant (1970, no. 53)

Eueides aliphera (Godart) : D’Abrera (1984), Cock (2004a), Benson et al. (1976), Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Eueides isabella isabella (Stoll, 1781)

Eueides isabella isabella (Stoll) : Kaye (1921, no. 26, with ab. huebneri Ménétriés, a Colombian subsp.), D’Abrera (1984)

Heliconius isabella isabella (Stoll) : Alexander (1961a, b), Brower et al. (1963)

Heliconius isabella (Stoll) : Beebe et al. (1960), Flemming (1960), Barcant (1970, no. 52)

Eueides isabella (Stoll) : Benson et al. (1976)

Heliconius isabella huebneri Ménétriés : Beccaloni et al. (2008) [misidentification of subspecies]

Heliconius erato (Linnaeus, 1758) adana J.R.G. Turner, 1967

Heliconius hydara ab. adana Seitz: Seitz (1913) TL

Heliconius hydara (Hewitson) : Fountaine (unpublished)

Heliconius hydarus hydarus f. vitellina Stichel: Stichel (1919) TL [synonym]

Heliconius erato hydara Hewitson : Kaye (1921, no. 24) [misidentification of subspecies], Alexander (1961a, b), Brower et al. (1963), Cock (2004a), Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Heliconius erato (Linnaeus) : Beebe et al. (1960), Flemming (1960), Barcant (1970, no. 49), Turner (1971), Benson et al. (1976), Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Heliconius erato adana Turner : Turner (1967) TL [making Seitz’s infrasubspecific name available]

Heliconius ethilla ethilla Godart, 1819

Heliconius ethilla metalilis Butler f. depuncta Boullet and Le Cerf: Boullet and Le Cerf (1909) TL [synonym]

Heliconius numata ethilla (Godart) : Kaye (1921, no. 18, with forms metalilis, numismaticus, numata and guiensis), Alexander (1961a), Brower et al. (1963)

Heliconius numata (Cramer) : Beebe et al. (1960) Flemming (1960), Sheppard (1963), Turner (1968), Beccaloni et al. (2008) [misidentification]

Heliconius ethilla (Godart) : Cook and Brower (1969), Ehrlich and Gilbert (1973), Benson et al. (1976), Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Heliconius ethillus ethillus (Godart) : Barcant (1970, no. 47) [misspelling; yellow form]

Heliconius ethillus metalilis Butler : Barcant (1970, no. 47) [misspelling; brown form]

Heliconius ethilla ethilla (Godart) : Benson (1971), D’Abrera (1984)

Note 60

Heliconius hecale (Fabricius, 1776) barcanti K.S. Brown, 1976

Heliconius antiochus (Linnaeus) : Kaye (1921, no. 22) [misidentification]

Heliconius hecali cleari A. Hall : Barcant (1970, no. 50) [misspelling of hecale and clearei]

Heliconius hecale barcanti K.S. Brown : Brown (1976)

Note 61

Heliconius melpomene (Linnaeus, 1758) flagrans Stichel, 1919

Heliconius amaryllis flagrans Stichel : Stichel (1919) TL

Heliconius melpomene euryades Riffarth : Kaye (1921, no. 19), Alexander (1961a, b), Brower et al. (1963), Cock (2004a), Beccaloni et al. (2008) [misidentification of subspecies]

Heliconius euryades Riffarth : Fountaine (unpublished)

Heliconius melpomene (Linnaeus) : Beebe et al. (1960), Flemming (1960), Barcant (1970, no. 48), D’Abrera (1984), Benson et al. (1976), Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Heliconius ricini (Linnaeus, 1758) insulanus ( Stichel, 1909)

Eueides ricini (Linnaeus, 1758) insulanus (Stichel): Stichel (1909) TL

Eueides ricini (Linnaeus) : Kaye (1921, no. 25)

Heliconius ricini insulana (Stichel) : Alexander (1961a, b), Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Heliconius ricini (Linnaeus) : Beebe et al. (1960), Flemming (1960), Barcant (1970, no. 51), D’Abrera (1984), Benson et al. (1976)

Heliconius sara (Fabricius, 1793) williami Neukirchen, 1994

Heliconius sara thamar Hübner : Kaye (1921, no. 23) [synonym of ssp. sara ], Alexander (1961a, b), Brower et al. (1963)

Heliconius sara (Fabricius) : Beebe et al. (1960), Flemming (1960), Barcant (1970, no. 46), Benson et al. (1976)

Heliconius sara williami Neukirchen : Neukirchen (1994) TL

Heliconius sara sara (Fabricius) : Beccaloni et al. (2008) [misidentification of subspecies]

Heliconius wallacei Reakirt, 1866 kayei Neustetter, 1929

Heliconius wallacei wallacei Reakirt : Kaye (1921, no. 21), Alexander (1961a), Beccaloni et al. (2008) [misidentification of subspecies]

Heliconius wallacei latus Kaye : Kaye (1925) TL, Kaye (1940, no. 21) [preoccupied name]

Heliconius wallacei kayei Neustetter : Neustetter (1929) TL [replacement name for Heliconius wallacei latus Kaye ]

Heliconius wallacei Reakirt : Beebe et al. (1960), Flemming (1960), Barcant (1970, no. 45), D’Abrera (1984), Benson et al. (1976), Beccaloni et al. (2008)

Notes

Note 1. Enantia lina acutipennis Butler

G. Lamas (pers. comm. 2013) advises that the correct date of publication of Herbst is 1791, not 1792 as stated in Lamas (2004).

Note 2. Anteos clorinde (Godart)

Kaye first recorded this large and obvious species from Trinidad in a footnote in Kaye (1940). Barcant (1970, p. 184) states ‘This butterfly may have a unique distinction in Trinidad in its claim to recent introduction. There is little or no reference to its presence in Trinidad prior to the 1930s and to me it was then an unkown … A. chlorinde [sic] first made itself known in scarce numbers in 1932, flying among countless numbers of A. maerula which appeared in that year … Since that time the species has shown a regular and remarkable advance both in numbers and its more or less total occupation of the island. Today it is a fairly common resident in nearly all localities with little tendency to migration and its main attraction lies in Cassia and Ixora flowers.’ Thus, this species may well be a recent arrival in the island.

Note 3. Phoebis argante DJH 01 and DJH02

Janzen et al. (2009) demonstrate that in Costa Rica, P. argante as previously recognised comprises two species, distinguishable in adult markings, male genitalia and the early stages, but do not definitively resolve what names should be applied to each; although it seems likely that P. argante DJH 01 is the true P. argante (Fabricius, 1775) , and P. argante DJH 02 is P. larra (Fabricius, 1798) . Barcant (1970, plate 11.3) illustrates the male of P. argante DJH 02. Both species (or very similar South American species) occur in Trinidad.

Note 4. Pyrisitia proterpia (Fabricius)

This species is apparently no longer present in Trinidad. Kaye (1921, 1940) did not record it. Barcant (1970, p. 81) wrote ‘I have not seen it appear since 1927, when a series of six were taken in a newly hatched state just south of the Hollow in the Queen’s Park Savannah (F. Ambard). Another taken in the Hollow (May 1927, M.B.).’ There do not seem to have been any records since then, although there is one undated female from Trinidad in BMNH ex coll. H. Stichel, acquired in 1934. This seems to be an example of a temporary establishment that went extinct, although possibly it is a long term rare resident that became extinct.

Note 5. Eurema albula marginella (C. Felder and R. Felder)

Although Warren et al. (2013) treat the Trinidad population as ssp. albula (TL Suriname) it is a better match to ssp. marginella (TL Venezuela). The material in the BMNH from Suriname and French Guiana shows that the male has the UPH margin narrowly or very narrowly dark, whereas in Trinidad and much of Venezuela it is relatively broadly dark, matching the type of marginella, while Guyana is somewhat intermediate. Similarly in the female, material from Surinam and French Guiana has at most a weak UPH dark border, whereas Trinidad and Venezuela material has a weak to moderate border.

Note 6. Leucidia elvina (Godart)

Leucidia exigua Prittwitz is a synonym of L. elvina (Godart) , which only occurs in southeast Brazil and Argentina, so cannot be a Trinidad species. Kaye (1921) introduced the name L. exigua to the Trinidad list, stating that it can be recognized by ‘its very feeble flight and small size.’ This is likely to be a misidentification for L. brephos (Hübner) which Kaye (1921, 1940) did not record. Barcant (1970) includes both L. exigua and L. brephos , but while L. brephos is correctly identified, the name L. exigua seems to have been applied to very small specimens of E. albula with reduced dark markings.

Note 7. Eurema daira lydia (C. Felder and R. Felder)

This is a new record from Trinidad, which was previously confused with Eurema elathea vitellina . There are old specimens of both species from both Trinidad and Tobago in the BMNH. Kaye would have seen some of these and hence he wrote ‘Very variable and seasonally dimorphic as well as being sexually dimorphic. The black stripe along inner margin of male forewing is very variable and can be either straight, curved, heavy or slender, absent or united with outer margin’ ( Kaye 1921). Similarly, Barcant (1970, p. 82) wrote ‘Klots’ Field Guide to North America gives two forms described by Ploey [sic] under the species E. daira , both of which occur in Trinidad …’ and uses these names (incorrectly) for the legend to plate 26. Both species are variable and sexually dimorphic, although my superficial observations suggest that seasonal variation is continuous rather than dimorphic.

Note 8. Itaballia demophile calydonia (Boisduval)

The late J.H. Robert (in correspondence with A.F.E. Neild) has suggested that what is currently treated as ssp. calydonia may prove to be a valid species, highlighting the differences in the hind wing underside dark marginal border. He also raised the possibility that both fly in Trinidad, noting that Barcant (1970) observed that I. demophile occurs in two different sizes, which may represent demophile and calydonia. The limited amount of material that I have examined from Trinidad has the markings of calydonia, so the sympatric occurrence of the two taxa in Trinidad seems unlikely. Hence, pending a more careful examination of this question, calydonia is accepted as a subspecies of I. demophile here.

Note 9. Libytheana carinenta carinenta (Cramer)

This is not a resident species; the food plants, Celtis spp. are very rare and localised. It is rarely migrant into Trinidad, but sometimes in large numbers (Barcant 1970).

Note 10. Lycorea halia (Hübner)

G. Lamas will describe a new subspecies of L. halia from Trinidad, and type material in the BMNH has already been labelled up accordingly.

Note 11. Danaus plexippus nigrippus (Haensch)

The division of D. plexippus into two subspecies, the migratory D. p. plexippus found in Mexico and North America, and the non-migratory D. p. megalippe found in south-eastern USA, the Caribbean, Central America and South America north of the Amazon, has been widely recognised until recently ( Smith et al. (2005) and references therein). However, some authors have subdivided the non-migratory subspecies, recognising that megalippe is restricted to the main Caribbean islands, while the mainland subspecies is nigrippus (e.g., Lamas 2004, Hay-Roe et al. 2007). There have been two molecular studies on D. plexippus . Smith et al. (2005) did not specifically address this question in their study on the classification of Danaus butterflies, whereas Brower and Jeansonne (2004) did. The latter study, based on mitochondrial DNA sequences, included specimens from both Trinidad and Tobago, and concluded that there was no justification to recognise any subspecies of D. plexippus . Since the conclusions of Brower and Jeansonne (2004) do not seem to have been widely taken up (e.g. Hay-Roe et al. 2007, Warren et al. 2013), nigrippus is used here, noting that the question is not resolved.

Note 12. Melinaea crameri aurantia W.T.M. Forbes

This is considered a vagrant species for Trinidad, known from only a single specimen from Port of Spain, November 1950, now in the Angostura-Barcant Collection (Barcant 1970, p. 275). This individual matches the Sucre subspecies aurantia (as treated by Neild 2008), so most probably this is a vagrant from the Paria Peninsula.

Note 13. Mechanitis polymnia kayei R.M. Fox

The part of the type series in the BMNH shows some variation in the markings, including some overlap with ssp. bolivarensis R.M. Fox from Venezuela (as treated by Neild 2008).

Note 14. Ithomia iphianassa iphianassa Doubleday

This species is still only known from a single specimen from Staubles Bay in 1921(Barcant 1970, p. 172, plate 15), so is considered a vagrant.

Note 15. Pteronymia aletta aletta (Hewitson)

This species was first recorded from Trinidad by Kaye (1914): ‘specimens in Mr. H. J. Adams’ collection which were taken in St. Ann’s Valley by G.E. Tryhane. Caracciolo took the species also in 1906.’ Tryhane’s specimens on which this record was based are in the BMNH (2♂, 3♀ St. Ann’s Valley ), as well as a male from Tabaquite and a male and female labelled Trinidad ; none of these have dates of collection. Barcant (1970, p. 172) wrote ‘I have a strong measure of doubt whether this should be listed as a Trinidad species. I have never seen it in the island, in the wild nor in any collection’. I am aware of no records from the original ones at the beginning of the last century, and this seems to be a resident species in Trinidad that has become extinct.

Note 16. Brassolis sophorae sophorae (Linnaeus)

The subspecies of Brassolis sophorae are unclear and need further study ( Garzón-Orduña and Penz 2009). The present nomenclature follows that in the collection of the BMNH, where specimens from Trinidad are curated as ssp. sophorae .

Note 17. Dynastor darius anaxarete (Cramer)

The subspecies of Dynastor darius are currently being evaluated ( Garzón-Orduña and Penz 2009). The present nomenclature follows that in the collection of the BMNH, where a male from Trinidad (W.E. Broadway) is curated as ssp. anaxarete , described from Surinam.

Note 18. Dynastor macrosiris macrosiris (Westwood)

Casagrande (in Lamas 2004) recognises four subspecies, but the subspecies of D. macrosiris are currently being evaluated ( Garzón-Orduña and Penz 2009). The present nomenclature is based on the type locality ( French Guiana) of the nominate subspecies, as the collection of the BMNH collection is not divided into subspecies.

Note 19. Selenophanes cassiope cassiope (Cramer)

A small number of records since Boos (1979) indicate that this is a rare resident species.

Note 20. Cissia myncea isolata (Kaye)

Kaye (1921) named the Trinidad population: ‘ Trinidad specimens of this species have a distinct look to those from Guiana. They are smaller and darker, and the ocellated spots on the underside are usually smaller. It is possible that fresh specimens from Guiana would be as dark as the comparatively fresh Trinidad specimens, but in size there is a distinct reduction in all the specimens I have seen. I propose calling the island form Euptychia myncea, subsp. isolata .’ In the collection of the BMNH, isolata is treated as a variety rather than a subspecies, but this does not seem to be a published change, and the name was overlooked in Lamas (2004). Examining the collection of the BMNH, I saw little justification for treating the Trinidad population as a distinct subspecies, but retain the name pending a critical examination of the question.

Note 21. Cissia terrestris (Butler)

D’Abrera (1988) illustrates a Trinidad specimen as? terrestris . This is the species treated here as Magneuptychia ocypete .

Note 22. Magneuptychia modesta (Butler)

The name M. modesta has not appeared in the Trinidad literature before. My identification is based on the BMNH collection and the treatment by Brévignon (2008). The BMNH series is variable; many have spots in spaces 4 and 5 without a black centre, and a few have double spotting as observed in one of my specimens. I sent photos of my specimens to Prof. M. Singer, who confirmed (pers. comm. 2013) that they are the same species which he treated as Cissia alcinoe .

Note 23. Pareuptychia ocirrhoe (Fabricius)

Lamas (2004) indicates that the Trinidad population of P. ocirrhoe is a separate undescribed ssp. There is a long series in the BMNH which shows that adults have a much reduced UPF white area compared to material of the nominate subspecies from Venezuela and the Guyanas, supporting this view. However, specimens from Tobago (BMNH, J. Morrall, author’s collections) appear to be the nominate subspecies.

Note 24. Pareuptychia ocirrhoe ocirrhoe (Fabricius)

Since the 1990s the nominate subspecies has been captured in northern Trinidad, in the hills around Port of Spain (J. Morrall). This appears to represent an introduction, most likely from Tobago. At the moment the two subspecies appear to be persisting side by side, without blending, which would suggest they may actually represent separate species. This appears to be a wonderful opportunity to carry some intriguing evolutionary ecology studies.

Note 25. Pareuptychia sp.

A new record (S. Alston-Smith) from Inniss Field, which previously may have been overlooked as small specimens of P. ocirrhoe ( Trinidad ssp.). It resembles P. binocula (Butler) somewhat, but the male genitalia do not match those shown by Brévignon (2008) for this, or other Pareuptychia species , nor those illustrated by Forster (1964) for P. hesionides Forster and P. metaleuca (Boisduval) which might be expected to occur in Trinidad. A more comprehensive revision of the genus is needed.

Note 26. Pharneuptychia sp. ?nov.

This is a new record from Chacachacare Island only, discovered by S. Alston-Smith. Identification by A. Neild (pers. comm. 2012); this species which occurs in Venezuela will be dealt with in the next volume of Butterflies of Venezuela.

Note 27. Taygetis echo (Cramer)

Listed as an undescribed subspecies on the authority of the late L.D. Miller in Lamas (2004), the Trinidad population still lacks a subspecies name. Two Tobago specimens in the BMNH are similar to those from Trinidad.

Note 28. Taygetis rufomarginata tapulunmi Brévignon and T. virgilia Cramer

These two species have been confused under the name T. virgilia in Trinidad usage: one with the underside uniform brown, straight lines on the hindwing, and no rufous margin to the hind wing upperside ( T. rufomarginata tapulunmi ), and the other with the underside more reddish brown apart from the much paler submarginal area, convex lines on the hind wing, and a rufous margin to the hind wing upperside ( T. virgilia ) (Brévignon 2005, 2008). Neither is common in Trinidad, but equally, neither is rare. Barcant (1970, plate 13) applies the name T. virgilia correctly, so I assume Kaye (1921) did too. However, in the 1980s I had the names transposed and so believe the record by Preston and Preston (1983) is misapplied.

Note 29. Taygetis laches (Fabricius)

Taygetis laches (= andromeda ) is now recognised to be two species: T. laches and T. thamyra ( Janzen et al. 2009, Brévignon 2008). I have only seen T. laches from Trinidad (confirmed by comparison of the genitalia with those illustrated in Brévignon (2008)), but T. thamyra might also occur when more material is examined or careful search is made.

Note 30. Siderone galanthis galanthis (Cramer)

According to Hall (1935), this species occurs in two forms in Trinidad: the nominate form and form cancellariae, in which the male resembles the female and the deep intense red forewing band is partially interrupted. The material in A. Hall’s collection in BMBN divides clearly into the two forms. However, the single male type is actually a female, matching the two female types, so this appears to a form restricted to the female. Barcant (1970) considers the female to be continuously variable both in markings and colour ‘brown or pink centrally with no black band to top wing as shown in the male’ and by omission implies that the male is relatively constant, matching my limited observations.

Note 31. Memphis acidalia acidalia (Hübner)

This species was previously confused with Memphis moruus , but Neild (1996) reported M. acidalia from Trinidad in the BMNH, and there are also confirmed specimens of M. moruus there.

Note 32. Archaeoprepona amphimachus amphiktion Fruhstorfer

The use of subspecies amphiktion rather than amphimachus is based on the treatment in Neild (1996).

Note 33. Prepona laertes (Hübner, [1811])

The taxonomy of the species or group of species treated as P. laertes is complex and yet to be satisfactorily resolved (A. Neild pers. comm. 2013, D. Bonfanti, pers. comm. 2013). There are four subspecies and many names currently treated as P. laertes ( Lamas 2004) , one of which, Prepona pseudojoiceyi trinitensis Le Moult , was described from Trinidad, and has been treated as a synonym of Prepona laertes louisa Butler ( Lamas 2004) . Simply following the checklist, this name would be applied to the commoner form in Trinidad, but it is not that simple.

Barcant (1970) recognised two forms of this species in Trinidad: the commoner (Barcant 1970, plate 12) has a variable purple flush to the upper surface, and with pale yellow androconia hair pencils on the hind wing upper surface (resembling P. laertes amesia Fruhstorfer f. dives Fruhstorfer, Figs. 1151 and 1152 in Neild 1996), while the other rarer one has little or no purple flush and browner hair pencils (resembling P. laertes amesia f. amesia Fruhstorfer, Fig. 1154 and 1152 in Neild 1996). These represent two different species (A. Neild pers. comm. 2013), but pending revision of the group (which D. Bonfanti is working on), it is not yet clear which names should apply to these two taxa.

Note 34. Marpesia zerynthia zerynthia Hübner

This species is still only known from a single specimen from Pitch Lake around 1922 (Barcant 1970, p. 275), and so is considered a vagrant.

Note 35. Mestra hersilia hersilia (Fabricius)

Although Lamas (2004) treats M. hersilia as a subspecies of M. dorcas , as discussed in the introduction above, Warren et al. (2013) is followed here.

Note 36. Catonephele numilia (Cramer)

The female is present as two ‘subspecies’, numilia and esite in Trinidad; although Jenkins (1985) refers to this as intergradation at the border zone, local collectors consider it to be a case of dimorphism within a single population. The female form esite seems to be generally the less common of the two. This situation merits further study to evaluate whether the two forms interbreed, since if not, the sympatric occurrence of the two subspecies implies they should be treated as separate species. Jenkins (1985) suggests that intermediate forms also occur at the border zone, but I have not examined enough material from Trinidad to assess this.

Note 37. Eunica alpais alpais (Godart)

A vagrant species; since the original two captures at the top of the Arima-Blanchisseuse Road in 1934 (Barcant 1970), I have heard of one other at Las Cuevas Bay, around 1980 (J. Whellan in lit.). This seems to be a vagrant species in Trinidad.

Note 38. Eunica amelia amelia (Cramer)

There is only a single male specimen known from Trinidad. It is an early specimen, probably from the 19 th century, now in the BMNH and labelled only Trinidad. This specimen is illustrated by Neild (1996, plate 477). If this is a genuine record, then this is a vagrant species in Trinidad.

Note 39. Eunica anna (Cramer)

This is a new record from Trinidad by S. Alston-Smith, who discovered a very localised population near Matura.

Note 40. Eunica orphise (Cramer)

Kaye (1921) includes this species on the basis of a specimen captured by A. Hall. Barcant (1970, p. 276) considers this not to be a Trinidad species. Hall’s specimen, a male, is in the BMBN. It seems reasonable to consider this a unique vagrant.

Note 41. Eunica sydonia sydonia (Godart)

Kaye (1921, 1940) did not record this species, but Barcant (1970, p. 187) considered it ‘a very rare species becoming even scarcer. In former years specimens of both sexes could be found occasionally in the valleys around Port of Spain, sucking the sap of decaying fruit; favourite, Pomme-a-Raque. August 1932 Fondes Arnandes.’ A. Hall collected a male and female from St. Ann’s, Nov-Dec 1931 ( BMBN). I am not aware of any records subsequent to those of Barcant, and so conclude this is either a vagrant or occasional migrant, perhaps temporarily established in the early 1930s.

Note 42. Eunica volumna celma (Hewitson)

Kaye (1940) notes ‘a single female amongst the unarranged specimens at the Experimental Station’, and raises doubt as to its authenticity, as does Barcant (1970, p. 276). This may be the female specimen in MGCL (which hold’s Kaye’s collection) labelled Trinidad ( Jenkins 1990). Jenkins suggests that it is mislabelled as it is so far separated from the known distribution of this subspecies ( Colombia and Amazonian Brazil to Bolivia). However, it is found in southern Venezuela albeit rarely ( Neild 1996), although there seem to be no records from the Guianas. A 1974 record from Aripo Savannah (ffrench 1980) suggests this may be a genuine, but very rare, vagrant in Trinidad.

Note 43. Hamadryas feronia feronia (Linnaeus)

Jenkins (1983) and Lamas (2004) treat insularis Fruhstorfer (1916), described from Trinidad, as a synonym of the Central American subspecies farinulenta Fruhstorfer. However, here I follow Neild (1996) in treating the material from Trinidad and Venezuelan material as the nominate subspecies, rather than as ssp. farinulenta . Although implicit in Neild’s (1996) treatment, it was not formally stated that insularis Fruhstorfer is a synonym of feronia Linnaeus , syn. nov., and not of farinulenta Fruhstorfer.

Note 44. Hamadryas iphthime iphthime (H.W. Bates)

Kaye (1921) notes that A. Hall took this species in Trinidad, although Barcant (1970, p. 276) lists it as very unlikely. However, there is a female specimen from Trinidad in Hall’s collection in BMBN, collected February 1901, with no precise locality. It seems possible that collectors would have overlooked this species as H. feronia . There seems no reason to doubt the authenticity of the specimen, but it is not clear whether it represents a vagrant specimen or an uncommon overlooked resident.

Note 45. Temenis laothoe hondurensis Fruhstorfer

Neild (1996) treated T. laothoe columbiana Fruhstorfer (TL Colombia) as a synonym of T. laothoe hondurensis Fruhstorfer (TL Honduras), but Lamas (2004) treats them as separate subspecies. A comparison of Trinidad specimens with the types of both subspecies shown in Warren et al. (2013) indicates that Trinidad material of this species is a good match to hondurensis, and not to columbiana.

Note 46. Dynamine aerata (Butler)

This species was first noticed from Trinidad when Neild (1996) reported that there are three males in the BMNH. These three males were collected at Port of Spain, February [18]97 by Dr. Rendall. Dr. Rendall made a useful collection of butterflies and day flying moths, and there seems no reason to doubt these records. I know of no other records. This species might be overlooked as large individuals of D. artemisia , and so its current status merits further investigation.

Note 47. Dynamine artemisia ackeryi Neild

Males from Trinidad match ssp. ackeryi Neild , but females are transitional in appearance to the nominate subspecies, which Neild (1996) treats as occurring in Venezuela, but G. Lamas (pers. comm. 2013) considers to be restricted to south-eastern Brazil, Paraguay and northern Argentina.

Note 48. Dynamine setabis setabis (Doubleday)

Kaye (1921) records this species from Trinidad on the basis of two males captured Ariapita Road, December 1911 by Miss M. E. Fountaine. These specimens are not in the BMNH, and if they are in FNCN, I missed them (Cock 2004a). Barcant (1970, p. 163) wrote ‘Now a rather scarce species. In the 1930s it could be taken fairly regularly in the Chancellor Road vicinity.’ There is a male D. setabis in the Angostura-Barcant Collection labelled D. ines . I am aware of no records of this rather distinctive species since the 1930s, suggesting it may now be extinct in Trinidad.

Note 49. Smyrna blomfildia blomfildia (Fabricius)

This species was not known to Kaye (1921, 1940), and Barcant (1970, p. 88) considers this a ‘great rarity in Trinidad with recordings only from St. Ann’s, the Arima District and Forest Reserve’. There have been no records since these and this species is probably no longer resident – if it ever was. It may be considered a vagrant, potentially breeding for a generation or two. The food plants are Urticaceae , including Urera spp. ( Muyshondt and Muyshondt 1978), which occur in Trinidad ( Freeman and Williams 1928).

Note 50. Anartia amathea (Linnaeus)

Although Lamas (2004) recognises four subspecies of A. amathea, Neild (2008) treats A. amathea as a somewhat variable monotypic species. However, Blum et al. (2003) found that Tpi and allozyme data suggest that Caribbean (i.e. Trinidad and Grenada) populations of A. amathea are genetically distinct from Central American (i.e. Panama) populations. Nevertheless, we follow Neild (2008), but note that if subspecies were to be accepted, the Trinidad population would belong to the nominate subspecies, described from Surinam.

Note 51. Junonia zonalis C. Felder and R. Felder and J. genoveva (Cramer)

In line with common practice until recently, Kaye (1921) and Barcant (1970) treated these two taxa as a single variable species. Turner and Parnell (1985) demonstrated that there were two species of Junonia in Jamaica (which they treated as J. evarete (Cramer) and J. genoveva (Cramer)) separated by markings, habitat and food plants. Neild (2008) provides a detailed analysis of the names and found that Turner and Parnell (1985) had transposed these two species names by matching Jamaican phenotypes to the original species from Surinam. Neild (2008) designated neotypes for both species to ensure stability going forward. Brévignon and Brévignon (2012) built on this and in a detailed study of the biology, male genitalia and adult markings demonstrated a group of four species in French Guiana (as well as J. litoralis ; see note 53). No one seems to have studied the Junonia spp. of Trinidad carefully as yet, but the two species, Junonia zonalis (with the underside of the antenna club pale; ♀ plate 14.12 in Barcant 1970) and J. genoveva (with the distal part of the underside of the antenna club dark; ♂ plate 18.5 in Barcant 1970), both occur in Trinidad. Based on the antenna colour, J. zonalis might be confused with J. evarete , J. wahlbergi Brévignon and J. divaricata C. Felder and R. Felder , all of which occur in French Guiana (Brévignon and Brévignon 2012), but do not seem to occur in Trinidad, and J. genoveva might be confused with J. litoralis (note 53). The Trinidad food plant record of Ruellia tuberosa (Acanthaceae) (F.C. Urich in Beccaloni et al. 2008) may be referred to J. zonalis , but the food plants of the Trinidad species need further study to confirm this.

Note 52. Junonia zonalis C. Felder and R. Felder

The Trinidad population, which seems relatively constant, resembles Figs. 177- 8 in Neild (2008), with a dark brown uph discal area with no trace of blue-green. Based on the treatment by Neild (2008), it would have been appropriate to call it J. evarete zonalis Felder and Felder. Neild (2008) designated a lectotype for zonalis from Cuba, and considered this to match the majority of northern and western Venezuelan specimens. However, Brévignon and Brévignon (2012) raise zonalis to species level. At that time, they treated the nominate form as restricted to the Greater Antilles, but its range does extend to Venezuela (C. Brévignon, pers. comm. 2013).

Note 53. Junonia litoralis Brévignon

This species was recently described from French Guiana (Brévignon 2009), and is also known from Venezuela (Brévignon and Brévignon 2012). It is the only mainland species of the genus to feed on black mangrove, Avicennia germinans (Acanthaceae) (Brévignon 2009, Brévignon and Brévignon 2012), although J. neildi Brévignon (which Turner and Parnell (1985) treated as P. evarete ) does so in the Greater and Lesser Antilles (Brévignon 2004). This is a new island record for Trinidad, collected on the inland edge of Caroni Swamp (S. Alston-Smith, M.J.W. Cock).

Note 54. Castilia and Janatella

In a recent study of the molecular phylogeny of Phyciodina, Wahlberg and Freitas (2007) found that Castilia and Janatella , two genera introduced by Higgins (1981), are amongst several genera polyphyletic or nested within the genus Eresia . They suggested that they should be synonymised with Eresia , but did not formally do so.

Note 55. Eresia clio clio (Linnaeus)

This species is only known from one specimen from Trinidad (Barcant 1970, p. 173). Contrary to what Barcant states, this species is not restricted to western South America, but occurs in Venezuela and has been reported from the Paria Peninsula ( Neild 2008). Hence it is not unreasonable to consider the single record from Trinidad a vagrant.

Note 56. Tegosa claudina (Eschscholtz)

Higgins (1981) introduced the name T. similis to replace the unavailable homonym thymetus Fabricius, 1787, giving the distribution from Mexico to Argentina including Trinidad. Higgins’ Trinidad record was based on one or more dissected males. Further material was identified by dissection in the 1980s and published by Cock (1982b, 1984). However, Freitas (1991) reared broods from single females of T. claudina , and showed that T. similis fell within the range of variation of that species, based on morphology of genitalia and wing pattern variation. Hence the two are now treated as synonyms in Lamas (2004) and here, although some more recent publications retain the name T. similis (e.g. Wahlberg and Freitas 2007).

Note 57. Adelpha iphiclus iphiclus (Linnaeus) and A. iphicleola leucates Fruhstorfer

Willmott (2003) recognises both species as occurring in Trinidad, but acknowledges they are so similar that some specimens cannot be reliably allocated to one or the other on known characters. He lists 11 specimens of A. iphiclus iphiclus from Caura, Cochrane, Macqueripe Bay , Siparia and Tabaquite, and 77 specimens of A. iphicleola leucates from all parts of the island ; clearly the latter is more common. The early stages of the two species are anticipated to be more or less identical, but careful vouchered studies might be useful. DNA barcoding has confirmed that these are two separate, but closely related species in Mexico ( Prado et al. 2011), and should be further evaluated elsewhere for this difficult species pair.

Note 58. Adelpha messana delphicola Fruhstorfer

Barcant (1970, p. 132) records this species from Trinidad for the first time, but his identification as A. aethalia was in error ( Neild 1996, Willmott 2003). Barcant stated that his ‘pair of aethalia come from the St. Ann’s Ridge 1600 feet, Sept. 1958 ’. There are two males and a female in the Angostura-Barcant Collection; one male is shown with the underside visible (K. Caesar photograph), on which the name given here is based (confirmed by K. Willmott, 2013).

Note 59. Laparus doris (Linnaeus)

Lamas (2004) indicated that that W. Neukirchen recognised a distinct subspecies of L. doris from Trinidad. Names are frequently applied to morphs or forms of Heliconiinae rather than to interbreeding populations. In Trinidad, L. doris comprises a trimorphic population, which is treated in the BMNH (curated by K.S. Brown Jr.) as follows: f. delila (Hübner), the red form (slightly variable yellow spots mid UPF, most with spots beyond the cell, but not all; one H. Caracciolo specimen in BMNH with dark dusting to UPF yellow spots; red rays UPH rather constant), f. viridana (?) Stichel, the green form (extent of green rays UPH slightly variable; UPF constant) and f. doris (Linnaeus) (the blue form; blue rays slightly variable; one A. Hall specimen from Arima in BMNH with very reduced blue area and no rays; UPF constant). The type of viridana is from Colombia, and the discal green rays UPH are more extensive (Ackery and Smiles 1976) than is the case in Trinidad specimens.

Note 60. Heliconius ethilla ethilla (Godart)

This species occurs in two sympatric forms in Trinidad: ethilla and metalilis, which Turner (1968) refers to as the yellow form and brown form respectively. These are listed as subspecies in Lamas (2004). The two forms interbreed but remain distinct, the colour difference being defined by a single locus ( Turner 1968). Hence, there is a single interbreeding dimorphic population in Trinidad, which might be treated as a local subspecies, but for the moment might best be referred to as H. ethilla ethilla (Godart) with forms ethilla (Godart) and metalilis (Butler).

In his discussion of the forms of H. ethilla , which he refers to as H. numata ethilla, Kaye (1921) mentions forms numata Cramer and guiensis Riffarth from Trinidad. These are synonyms of H. numata , a separate, similar and very variable species not recorded from Trinidad, but known from the nearby mainland. In the absence of any confirmed records of H. numata from Trinidad, these are considered to be local variants of H. ethilla , although the possibility of H. numata also occurring in Trinidad should not be completely discounted.

Note 61. Heliconius hecale barcanti K.S. Brown

A vagrant species, still only known from a single male specimen taken at Rio Claro in August 1951 (Barcant 1970, p. 106). Brown (1976) described this subspecies from the Paria Peninsula, Venezuela, and by reference to the illustration in Barcant (1970, plate 5), and suggests the Trinidad specimen was a vagrant from the Paria Peninsula.

Species not recognised from Trinidad

The following species are considered to have been erroneously recorded from Trinidad.