Halipeurus raphanus Timmermann, 1961

Palma, Ricardo L., 2011, New taxa, new synonymies and new host records in the louse genus Halipeurus (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) parasitic on petrels (Aves: Procellariiformes), Zootaxa 3017, pp. 1-45 : 34

Halipeurus raphanus Timmermann, 1961

( Figs 10 , 17 , 36 , 52 , 54–55 , 60 )

“ Naubates sp.” Clay, 1940: 309, pl. I, fig. 2. Host: Oceanodroma macrodactyla Bryant, 1887 .

Halipeurus raphanus Timmermann, 1961: 415 , fig. 11. Type host: Oceanodroma macrodactyla Bryant, 1887 . Holotype 3 in NHML.

Halipeurus (Anamias) raphanus ; Timmermann, 1965: 155, fig. 95.

Halipeurus raphanus ; Marshall & Nelson, 1967: 335.

Halipeurus raphanus ; Mey, 1990: 71.

Halipeurus (Anamias) raphanus ; Price et al., 2003: 188.

DIAGNOSIS: Male: habitus as in Fig. 54 .; clypeal signature as in Fig. 10 ; terminalia (ventral view) as in Fig. 36 ; genitalia as in Fig. 60 . Female: habitus as in Fig. 55 ; clypeal signature as in Fig. 17 ; terminalia (ventral view) as in Fig. 52 .

Measurements of both sexes as in Table 1.

MATERIAL EXAMINED

Type

Ex Oceanodroma macrodactyla : Holotype 3, Mexico, no date ( NHML, Meinertzhagen Collection 12673). Non-types

Ex Oceanodroma homochroa (Coues, 1864) : 13, South Farallon I., California, U.S.A., 7 Jul. 1964, A.G. Marshall ( NHML 1968-213); 13, 2Ƥ, South Farallon I., California, U.S.A., Jul. 1965, A.G. Marshall & B. Nelson ( MONZ, NHML 1968-213); 33, 2Ƥ, Monterey Bay, California, U.S.A. ( LRPC; MONZ). Ex Oceanodroma tristrami Salvin, 1896: 1 Ƥ, Torishima Island, Japan, 23 Apr. 1959, Akiyama Collection ( NSMJ); 13, Pearl & Hermes Reef, Hawaiian Is, U.S.A., 15 Dec. 1970, J.L. Gressitt ( MONZ); 13, Tadanae-jima I., Izu Is, Tokyo Prefecture, Japan, 2 May 1999, F. Sato ( MONZ). New host record.

DISCUSSION: Halipeurus raphanus is morphologically closest to H. vincesmithi , but they can be separated in both sexes by features of their clypeal signatures, genitalia and terminalia, as discussed above under H. vincesmithi . The figure of the male genitalia published by Timmermann (1961) is schematic and shows both parameres bent outwards, diverging from the longitudinal midline. Those diverging parameres can also be seen in Clay’s (1940) photograph of the male, which later became the holotype. Having examined eight males, including the holotype, I believe that the bent parameres of the holotype are artefacts of mounting, and that the usual configuration of the genitalia is with straight parameres as shown in Fig. 60 .

The description of H. raphanus was based on the holotype only. Since its type host, Oceanodroma macrodactyla , is probably extinct ( Jouanin & Mougin 1979: 116, Dickinson 2003: 78), the probability of finding the female of H. raphanus was minimal until Marshall & Nelson (1967: 337) identified a sample containing five males, six females and five nymphs from a second host species, Oceanodroma homochroa . A third host species, O ceanodroma tristrami , has been identified in this paper, indicating that H. raphanus may still be found on more Oceanodroma species. Unaware of Marshall & Nelson’s (1967) record, Mey (1990: 71) listed H. raphanus as an extinct species together with seven other louse species. Like H. raphanus , at least one more of those presumed extinct lice has been recorded from an extant host different from the type host: Columbicola extinctus Malcomson, 1937 , a species originally described from the extinct passenger pigeon Ectopistes migratorius (Linnaeus, 1766) , has been found parasitising Columba fasciata Say, 1823 ( Clayton & Price 1999: 681) .

Figures

FIGURES 3 – 12. Male clypeal signature (hyaline margin omitted): 3, Halipeurus confusus. 4, Halipeurus pricei. 5, Halipeurus atlanticus. 6, Halipeurus pelagodromae. 7, Halipeurus pelagicus. 8, Halipeurus vincesmithi. 9, Halipeurus spadix subclavus. 10, Halipeurus raphanus. 11, Halipeurus fallacis. 12, Halipeurus nesofregettae.

FIGURES 15 – 19. Female clypeal signature (hyaline margin omitted): 15, Halipeurus pricei. 16, Halipeurus atlanticus. 17, Halipeurus raphanus. 18, Halipeurus fallacis. 19, Halipeurus nesofregettae.

FIGURES 34 – 37. Ventral view of male terminalia: 34, Halipeurus vincesmithi. 35, Halipeurus nesofregettae. 36, Halipeurus raphanus. 37, Halipeurus fallacis.

FIGURES 49 – 53. Ventral view of female terminalia: 49, Halipeurus vincesmithi. 50, Halipeurus nesofregettae. 51, Halipeurus fallacis. 52, Halipeurus raphanus. 53, Halipeurus noctivagus.

FIGURES 54 – 55. Halipeurus raphanus: 54, habitus of male from Oceanodroma homochroa. 55, habitus of female from Oceanodroma homochroa. Scale = 1 mm.

FIGURES 56 – 60. Male genitalia, dorsal view: 56, Halipeurus atlanticus. 57, Halipeurus confusus. 58, Halipeurus vincesmithi. 59, Halipeurus nesofregettae. 60, Halipeurus raphanus.