Hipposideros calcaratus, Dobson, 1877

Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier, 2019, Hipposideridae, Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, pp. 227-258 : 246

51.

Spurred Leaf-nosed Bat

Hipposideros calcaratus

French: Phyllorhine à éperons / German: Sporn-Rundblattnase / Spanish: Hiposidérido de espolones

Other common names: Spurred Roundleaf Bat

Taxonomy. Phyllorhina calcarata Dobson, 1877 ,

“Duke-of-York Island and adjacent coasts of New Ireland and New Britain,” Papua New Guinea.

Hipposideros calcaratus was formerly included in the bicolor species group, but is now placed in the calcaratus species group (species). Two subspecies recognized.

Subspecies and Distribution.

H. c. calcaratus Dobson, 1877 — Admiralty Is (Manus), Bismarck Archipelago, Solomon Is, Trobriand Is (Kiriwina), D’Entrecasteaux Is (Normanby), and Misima I; probably on other inshore Is of New Guinea.

H. c. cupidus K. Andersen, 1918 mainland New Guinea and Yapen I.

Descriptive notes. Head—body 49-4— 70 mm, tail 31-44 mm, ear 16-5— 25 mm, hindfoot 7-9— 12 mm, forearm 46-2—55-8 mm; weight 11-5 g. The Spurred Leaf-nosed Bat has large, funnel-shaped ears, with slighdy rounded tips. Noseleaf is simple, without supplementary leaflets. Intermediate leaf has a medial and well-developed protuberance. Posterior leaf is long, with three vertical septa. There is a small protuberance above each eye and behind both laterals of posterior noseleaf. Frontal sac of males is relatively small. Wing membrane is attached to side of foot. Pelage is long and soft, with dark brown on dorsum, and paler colors over shoulders; fur is whitish-grayish on ventral part, and naked wing membranes are blackish brown. This species can occasionally present a reddish or orange coloration.

Habitat. Forests and wet lowlands from sea level to 1000 m.

Food and Feeding. Diet of the Spurred Leaf-nosed Bat is based on insects; it probably hunts mainly Blattodea and Orthoptera. Its foraging habitat is still unknown, but forest areas and river bodies are possible feeding zones.

Breeding. Breeding colonies have been reported in caves, with aggregations of hundreds or thousands of individuals. Females give birth to one or two offspring in May-June or October—November.

Activity patterns. The Spurred Leaf-nosed Bat roosts in caves, tunnels, and other underground cavities. Echolocation call includes a F component of 125-130 kHz.

Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Spurred Leaf-nosed Bat is gregarious and can be found in large colonies.

Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Spurred Leaf-nosed Bat is common within its range. Although the trends are unknown, it is thought that the overall population is large. No major threats to this species are known at present, although habitat loss and human disturbance could be of some importance.

Bibliography. Bonaccorso & Reardon (2008f), Hill (1971c), Lavery eta/. (2014), Smith & Hill (1981), Vestjens & Hall (1977).

Figures

47. Short-tailed Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros curtus), 49. Aellen’s Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros marisae), 50. Schneider’s Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros speoris), 51. Spurred Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros calcaratus), 52. Fawn-colored Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros ceruinus), 53. Cox’s Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros coxi), 54. Cantor’s Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros galeritus), 55. Aba Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros abae), 56. Benito Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros beatus), 57. Sundevall’s Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros caffer), 58. Sooty Leaf-nosed (Bat Hipposiderosfuliginosus), 59. Lamotte’s Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros lamottei), 60. Noack’s Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros ruber), 61. Maghreb Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros tephrus), 62. Dusky Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros ater), 63. Bicolored Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros bicolor), 64. Short-headed Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros breviceps), 65. Least Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros cineraceus), 66. Large Mindanao Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros coronatus)

Subspecies and Distribution. H. c. calcaratus Dobson, 1877 — Admiralty Is (Manus), Bismarck Archipelago , Solomon Is, Trobriand Is (Kiriwina), D’Entrecasteaux Is (Normanby), and Misima I; probably on other inshore Is of New Guinea . H. c. cupidus K. Andersen, 1918 mainland New Guinea and Yapen I.