Closterocerus

Hansson, Christer, 2022, Eulophidae Of Costa Rica (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea), 4 The Genus Closterocerus Westwood S. Str., Taxonomic Monographs on Neotropical Hymenoptera (Oxford, England) 1 (1), pp. 1-137 : 5-6

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.5281/zenodo.6464279
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:FE033A11-ACCB-4C6D-B185-63420F8CA79B
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B38785-653C-B806-FDC9-6CCD25C7C8B6
treatment provided by	Felipe
scientific name	Closterocerus
status

Treatment

Genus CLOSTEROCERUS View in CoL View at ENA W estwood

Closterocerus Westwood, 1833:419 View in CoL . Type species: C. trifasciatus Westwood , by monotypy. Chrysocharella Girault, 1913:169 . Type species C. pulchra Girault , by original designation. Syn-

onymized by Bouček (1988:724).

Diagnosis. Antenna with pedicel ±flattened with a dorsal and a ventral longitudinal carina or edge ( Fig. 6 View Figs 6–13 ), scape and flagellum frequently, but not always, flattened ( Figs 7, 9 View Figs 6–13 ); antennal spicule long ( Fig. 7 View Figs 6–13 ); sensilla on flagellomeres slightly drawn out and asymmetric ( Fig. 11 View Figs 6–13 ); male scape with sense area restricted to apical part ( Fig. 9 View Figs 6–13 ); occiput usually with a median fold or groove (og), present at least close to occipital margin, sometimes reaching up on posterior vertex ( Figs 8 View Figs 6–13 , 101 View Figs 95–101 ); frons with subtorular sutures, these either white and easy to see ( Fig. 87 View Figs 83–87 ), or dark ( Figs 19 View Figs 14–19 , 204 View Figs 200–204 ); midlobe of mesoscutum with one to several pairs of setae ( Figs 10, 13 View Figs 6–13 ); fore wing usually with a stigmal hairline (sl) and with radial cell (rc) bare ( Fig. 238 View Figs 233–238 ), with infuscate patterns of varying shape; transepimeral sulcus (tps) strongly curved ( Fig. 12 View Figs 6–13 ).

Comments. The setae on the midlobe of the mesoscutum come in two shapes: either long and strong, and then with one or two pairs ( Fig. 13 View Figs 6–13 ), or short and weak, and then usually with at least three pairs ( Fig. 10 View Figs 6–13 ). The strong setae rarely break off, but if they do then the sockets are clearly visible. The weak setae frequently break off and since their sockets are small they are difficult to see with a stereomicroscope. Several of the species described below appear to be without setae on the midlobe of the mesoscutum, but it cannot be excluded that the setae have broken off (only SEM images can establish this). Due to these difficulties the number of weak setae is not used for identification purposes.

Biology - host associations. Closterocerus -species are koinobiont (i.e. a parasitoid whose host continues to feed and grow after parasitization) endoparasitoids in eggs or larvae of various phytophagous insects, mainly leafminers and gallmakers (see list in Hansson (1994)). All records from the Neotropical region ( Table 1) are from leafminers, mainly in various Lepidoptera groups ( Gelechiidae , Gracillariidae , Lyonetiidae , Tischeriidae ), but also in Coleoptera ( Buprestidae , Curculionidae ) and Diptera ( Agromyzidae ).

Distribution. Species of Closterocerus s.str. have been found in all major geographic regions: Africa (Waterston 1925), Asia (e.g. Waterston 1915, Li & Li 2021), Australia ( Bouček 1988), Europe (e.g. Westwood 1833), North America (e.g. Hansson 1994), South America (e.g. Ihering 1914, De Santis 1983).

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