Lepidocephalichthys cf. guntea

Conway, Kevin W., 2011, Osteology of the South Asian Genus Psilorhynchus McClelland, 1839 (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Psilorhynchidae), with investigation of its phylogenetic relationships within the order Cypriniformes, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 163 (5), pp. 50-154 : 109-110

J. Lepidocephalichthys cf. guntea K. Barbatula barbatula L. Lefua costata is relatively straight, and without a large, heavily fenestrated flange of membrane bone ( Figs 11 , 32D–I , 33). A small flange of membrane bone is present along the anterior edge of epibranchial 1 in Cyprinus carpio . In this latter case the flange does not extend far anteriorly from the main shaft of the epibranchial bone and as such this taxon was interpreted as exhibiting the plesiomorphic condition, and was coded as such.

83. Pharyngorbranchial-1 element (modified from Siebert, 1987: character 1): (0) present and ossified; (1) present but cartilaginous; (2) absent (CI = 0.67; RI = 0.87).

In all cypriniform fishes, excluding members of the Gyrinocheilidae , pharyngobranchial 1 is absent ( Figs 11 , 32 , 33C–I). Members of the Catostomidae possess only its cartilaginous precursor, pharyngobranchial-1 cartilage ( Siebert, 1987; Engeman et al. 2009; Fig. 33A). In members of the Gyrinocheilidae and in all outgroup taxa, pharyngobranchial 1 is present ( Fig. 33B).

84. Pharyngobranchial 3 ( Siebert, 1987: character 9): (0) not overlapping Pb2; (1) overlapping Pb2 (CI = 0.5; RI = 0.94).

In members of the Cyprinidae and in certain members of the Botiidae the posterior edge of pharyngobranchial 2 is dorsally overlapped by the anterior edge of pharyngobranchial 3 ( Siebert, 1987; Cavender & Coburn, 1992; Figs 32 , 33). In other cypriniform fishes and in outgroup taxa pharyngobranchial 2 is not dorsally overlapped by pharyngobranchial 3 ( Figs 11 , 32 ).

85. Upper gill-arch cartilages ( Conway & Mayden, 2007): (0) articulating; (1) confluent (CI = 1.00; RI = 1.00).

In members of the genus Psilorhynchus the cartilage between the epibranchials and pharyngobranchials is confluent, and consequently there are no joints between these elements ( Fig. 11 ). In other cypriniform fishes and in outgroup taxa examined, the cartilage between the epibranchials and pharyngobranchials remain separate ( Figs 32 , 33). Complete confluence between epibranchial and pharyngobranchial cartilage has only been reported previously in kneriid gonorynchiforms ( Johnson & Patterson, 1997). Britz & Conway (2009) reported the confluence of the cartilage between epibranchial 4 and pharyngobranchial 3 in the miniature danionine cyprinids Paedocypris and Danionella . Members of the Gyrinocheilidae exhibit confluence of the cartilage between the medial tips of pharyngobranchials 2 and 3 ( Fig. 33B).

86. Foramen between pharyngobranchials 2 and 3: (0) absent; (1) present (CI = 1.00; RI = 1.00).

In members of the family Gyrinocheilidae a foramen is present between pharyngobranchials 2 and 3 ( Fig. 33B). In other cypriniform fishes and in outgroup taxa, no such foramen is present ( Figs 11 , 32 , 33A, C–I).

87. Pharyngobranchial uncinate processes (from Siebert, 1987: character 1): (0) present; (1) absent (CI = 1.00; RI = 1.00).

All cypriniform fishes lack pharyngobranchial uncinate processes ( Siebert, 1987; Figs 11 , 32 , 33). An

Figures

Figure 11. Upper gill arch endoskeleton of Psilorhynchus, left side in dorsal view. Anterior to top of page. A, Psilorhynchus sucatio, CAS 50289, 39.6-mm standard length (SL). B, Psilorhynchus balitora, UMMZ 244782, 31.2-mm SL. C, Psilorhynchus breviminor, ZRC 43452, paratype, 32.0-mm SL. D, Psilorhynchus gracilis, UMMZ 205345, paratype, 39.1-mm SL. E, Psilorhynchus robustus, CMK 17941, paratype, 58.1-mm SL. F, Psilorhynchus pseudecheneis, KU 29517, 41.5-mm SL. Cartilage highlighted in grey. Abbreviations: Eb1–4, epibranchials 1–4; Pb2–3, pharyngobranchials 2–3.

Figure 32. Upper gill arch endoskeleton of selected cyprinid fishes, left side in dorsal view. Anterior to top of page. A, Labeo cf. longipinnis UAIC 14180.55, 51.9-mm standard length (SL). B, Osteochilus hasselti, BMNH 2000.6.10.1625, 52.8-mm SL. C, Crossocheilus reticulatus, UAIC 14180.20, 39.6-mm SL. D, Balantiocheilos melanopterus, NRM 24037, 36.8-mm SL. E, Barbus barbus, AMNH 54635, 54.0-mm SL. F, Rasbora cephalotaenia, BMNH 2000.10.18.34–40, 52.4-mm SL. G, Rhodeus sericeus, AMNH 39117, 47.8-mm SL. H, Gobio gobio, AMNH 37609, 83.3-mm SL. I, Phoxinus phoxinus, AMNH 36873, 58.0-mm SL. Cartilage highlighted in grey. Abbreviations: Eb1–4, epibranchials 1–4; Eb5C, epibranchial 5 cartilage; Pb2–3, pharyngobranchials 2–3; Pb4C, pharyngobranchial 4 cartilage.