Stangeia, AND

Alipanah, Helen, Gielis, Cees, Sari, Alireza, Sarafrazi, Alimorad & Manzari, Shahab, 2011, Phylogenetic relationships in the tribe Oxyptilini (Lepidoptera, Pterophoridae, Pterophorinae) based on morphological data of adults, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 163 (2), pp. 484-547 : 527

STANGEIA AND BUCKLERIA

In all the MPTs obtained from the EW and SAW-RIbased analysis, Stangeia was the sister group of Stenodacma . Although no synapomorphic character is shared between the members of these two genera, they are close to each other in the wing shape and arrangement of the scale teeth in the dorsum of the fore wing. Unlike the species of Trichoptilus and Megalorhipida , in the third lobe of hind wing of Stenodacma and Stangeia , the basal pronounced individual white scales of the dorsum are not so long.

Both Stangeia and Buckleria are Euro-Indo- Australian elements and derived from Megalorhipida , i.e. an evolutionary line separated from the Sphenarches ancestral form ( Adamczewski, 1951). According to Gielis (1993), the four genera Buckleria , Crombrugghia , Dejongia , and Oxyptilus , based on the wing venation (common stalk of vein R2 with R3 and R4) and the shape of the sacculus (terminal vesicular process of the sacculus), constituted a monophyletic clade. However, Buckleria differs from Crombrugghia and Oxyptilus in the wing shape, pattern, and venation, and characteristics of the male and female genitalia. We believe that the similarity of Buckleria in the wing shape and pattern to Stangeia , Megalorhipida , Trichoptilus , Stenodacma , and Dejongia is more than is seen for the genera included in clade K ( Fig. 16 ). This is consistent with the postulated origination theory of this genus proposed by Adamczewski (1951). In both the EW and SAW analyses, the genus Buckleria was the sister group of all members of Oxyptilini (together with Sphenarches and Antarches ) ( Figs 16 , 17 ).

As already mentioned, the monophyly of Buckleria is supported by five synapomorphic characters (characters 112, 135, 136, 141, and 144). In all studied species of Buckleria , except B. vanderwolfi that here is synonymized with Trichoptilus negotiosus (see Nomenclatural changes below), the arrangement of scales covering the posterior margin of the eighth abdominal tergite of males is the same (72: 3). This information was not available for B. vanderwolfi (missing data). Moreover, in B. paludum and B. brasilia , the single sclerotized area at the posterior margin of the lamella antevaginalis is crescentshaped, with a deep median cleft (162: 2), but we had no information about the shape of this structure in B. vanderwolfi or B. parvulus . If these two characters are also present in B. vanderwolfi and B. parvulus , the genus can be supported by seven synapomorphies.

Figures

Figure 16. Strict consensus trees of six equally most parsimonious trees obtained in the initial analysis using equally weighed characters. Numbers below the branches show Bremer support values and the capital letters show the clades included in Oxyptilini and are discussed in the text. Tree length = 943, consistency index = 0.4549, retention index = 0.7976.

Figure 17. Strict consensus trees of six equally most parsimonious trees obtained in the equally weighted analysis (left), and that of 380 most parsimonious trees obtained from successive approximation weighting based on maximum retention index values (right). Numbers above and below (underlined) the branches show bootstrap and jackknife values, respectively.