Phyllonorycter, Hubner, 1822

Prins, Jurate De & Kawahara, Akito Y., 2012, Systematics, revisionary taxonomy, and biodiversity of Afrotropical Lithocolletinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), Zootaxa 3594 (1), pp. 1-283 : 60-62

Key to the species groups of Afrotropical Phyllonorycter based on male genitalia*

1. Tegumen trilobed (with two lateral appendages) ( Figs 191 , 198 )................................... grewiaecola group

– Tegumen simple, without lateral appendages................................................................ 2

2. Tegumen reduced, truncate, short, shorter than sternum VIII; tuba analis not protruded............................... 3

– Tegumen ca. as long as sternum VIII or longer or tuba analis protruded........................................... 4

3. Saccus slender, strongly folded on the junction with vinculum, transtilla reactangular, aedoeagus shorter than valva ( Figs 224 , 227 , 230 , 231, 234 )........................................................................ leucaspis group

– Saccus straight, transtilla with broader and thicker lateral sides, aedoeagus long, ca.1.5× longer than valva ( Figs 275, 277 )........................................................................................... ruwenzori group

4. Valva narrow, slender and long, more than 25× longer than broad................................................ 5

– Valva broad, or has different shapes with appendages, of mid-length or short, less than 25× long than broad.............. 9

5. Valva narrow, sinuated, cucullus narrow, apical 1/3 of valva densely setose, transtilla broad U-shaped; tegumen of medium length, tuba analis protruded almost as long as length of tegumen, vinculum broad, crescent, saccus short, sternum VIII with small notch caudally ( Fig. 237, 239 )........................................................... loxozona group

– Valva straight or slightly bent, but not sinuated.............................................................. 6

6. Valva narrow, slender but with an enlarged cucullus; transtilla narrow, U-shaped; tegumen very long, almost as long as valva; saccus short, extended ( Figs 176, 179 ).......................................................... agassizi group

– Valva narrow slender along all its length or with acuting apex.................................................. 7

7. Valva about as broad basally as apically, straight; transtilla butterfly-shaped with thick lateral sides; tegumen truncate at apex; vinculum triangular shaped, saccus not extended; aedoeagus broad at coecum and very slender at vesica ( Figs 182–184 )............................................................................................. chionopa group

– Apex of valva acute, sharp or bearing a sharp spine at narrow apex.............................................. 8

8. Valva bent ventrad, with sharp acuting apex, no spines; transtilla complete, arc-shaped, narrow, tegumen of mid-length, basally ca. as long as broad ( Fig. 221 )............................................................. lemarchandi group

– Valva gently acuting towards slightly rounded apex, apex bears a sharp spine; transtilla incomplete; tegumen long, ca. 3× longer than broad basally ( Figs 170, 171 )......................................................... achilleus group

9. Valva with flap or weakly sclerotized digitate projections or appendices......................................... 10

– Valva without ventral projections, may bear a spine subapically................................................ 11

10. Valva with digitate projection on cucullus, bifurcated; saccus short, shorter than width of vinculum ( Fig. 173 ).. adderis group

– Valva with ventral or basal projections and appendices; saccus of mid-length, longer than sternum VIII, or very long ( Figs 185–190 , 257–274 )......................................................... encaeria group, rhynchosiae group

11. Valva with sclerotized suture on its ventral surface ( Figs 206, 208 , 211, 214 )........................... hibiscina group

– Valva without suture on its ventral surface................................................................. 12

12. Valva with enlarged, gently rounded apical part, no special projections at apex, lacking spines and/or bristles............ 13

– Valva broad basally, attenuate apically, with or without triangular small projection at apex, with bristles and/or spine...... 14

13. Saccus very long ca. 2× longer than valva ( Figs 254–256 ).......................................... obandai group

– Saccus ca. 2× shorter than valva ( Fig. 252 ).................................................... melhaniae group

14. Sternum VIII very big, broad also apically, deeply bifurcated caudally ( Figs 202, 205 )................... grewiella group

– Sternum VIII sharply acuminating caudally or gently acuminating, with more or less rounded apex attaining very shallow, tiny cleft............................................................................................... 15

15. Saccus slender, extended, cylindrical shaped ( Figs 240–251 ).................................... melanosparta group

– Vinculum broad, saccus is not differented from vinculum ( Fig. 217 )............................... jabalshamsi group

* Males of the gato , hibiscola , mida , silvicola and umukarus groups are unknown.

Key to the species groups of Afrotropical Phyllonorycter based on female genitalia*

1. Anterior apophyses replaced by sterigmatic appendices ( Figs 333–335 )............................ melanosparta group

– Anterior apophyses present.............................................................................. 2

2. Posterior, anterior apophyses and sterigmatic appendices present ( Figs 312, 313 )..................... grewiaecola group

– Posterior and anterior apophyses present, sterigmatic appendices absent.......................................... 3

3. Ductus bursae sharply sinuoid at initial part, corpus bursae, big, long, broad, cylindrical, without signum ( Figs 328–330 )............................................................................................ leucaspis group

– Ductus bursae without sharply sinoid curve at initial part, but straight, corpus bursae of different shapes, with or without signum................................................................................................ 4

4. Sterigmatic cuticle sclerotization on segment VII fold-shaped or arch-shaped...................................... 5

– Sterigmatic cuticle sclerotization on segment VII absent or tube-shaped (antrum appressed to segment VII)............. 12

5. Corpus bursae without signum........................................................................... 6

– Corpus bursae with signum.............................................................................. 8

6. Anterior margin of segment VII ringed with strong sclerotization ( Fig. 323 )........................... hibiscola group

– Anterior margin of segment VII without sclerotized ring....................................................... 7

7. Cuticle heavily wrinkled at subposterior sector of segment VII ( Fig. 311 )................................. gato group

– Cuticle smooth at subposterior sector of segment VII ( Figs 307–310 ).................................. encaeria group

8. Anterior margin of sterigmatic fold convex, signum spine-like, located on corpus bursae close to anterior margin of segment VII ( Fig. 350 )............................................................................. silvicola group

– Anterior margin of sterigmatic fold not separated from cuticle of segment VII, signum band, or stellate located in the median part of corpurs bursae or caudally......................................................................... 9

9. Lamella post-vaginalis attain a complex, highly sclerotized structure, covered with aggregation of spines ( Figs 338, 339 )............................................................................................... mida group

– Lamella post-vaginalis small, contains other structure than aggregation of spines or imperceptible..................... 10

10. Ostium bursae with highly sclerotized margin; corpus bursae with signum area covered with fine short spines and a stellate signum ( Figs 342–348 )..................................................................... rhynchosiae group

– Ostium bursae without sclerotized margin, corpus bursae with long (bar-, rod-, needle-shaped) signum or no signum...... 11

11. Sterigma enlarged and thick posteriorly, smooth signum area diamond shaped, with a needle-like sclerotized signum crossing the signum area ( Fig. 351 )................................................................... umukarus group

– Sterigma narrow but strongly sclerotized arc-shaped suture, corpus bursae with band-like signum covered with short spines ( P. dombeyae without signum) ( Figs 316–318 , 320–322 )............................................. hibiscina group

12. Ostium bursae opens at or close to posterior margin of segment VII............................................. 14

– Ostium bursae opens close to anterior margin of segment VII.................................................. 13

13. Sterigma small, M-shaped situated at subanterior sector of segment VII, ductus bursae very long running along entire abdomen of moth, corpus bursae mall, slender without signum ( Figs 340, 341 ).................................. obandai group

– Anterior apophyses very short, initiate at anterior margin of segment VIII, ostium bursae opens at anterior margin of segment VII, sterigmatic cuticle sclerotization on segment VII absent ( Fig. 305 )............................... achilleus group

14. Signum located at posterior sector of corpus bursae close to incerption of ductus bursae to corpus bursae............... 15

– Signum located at median/caudal sector of corpus bursae or no signum on corpus bursae............................ 17

15. Posterior part of sterigmatic appendage loose, appresed but not fused with cuticle of segment VII ( Figs 336, 337 )................................................................................................. melhaniae group

– Sterigmatic plate or cuticle aberrations absent.............................................................. 16

16. Signum plate round, crossed by slender, dentate signum ( Fig. 324 )................................. jabalshamsi group

– Signum heavily sclerotised area with sharp and thick small spines ( Fig. 349 )........................... ruwenzori group

17. Ductus bursae short, corpus bursae located in segment VI ( Figs 325, 326 ).......................... lemarchandi group

– Ductus bursae long, corpus bursae located anterad segment VI................................................. 18

18. Antrum well developed, melanized, tube shaped, broader than girth of ductus bursae ( Figs 331 , 332 )....... loxozona group

– Antrum not differentiated from ductus bursae.............................................................. 19

20. Posterior apophyses ca. 2× longer than anterior apophyses ( Fig. 314 )................................. grewiella group

– Posterior apophyses ca. as long as anterior apophyses ( Fig. 306 ).................................... chionopa group

* Females of the adderis and agassizi groups are unknown.

Figures

FIGURE 230. Male genitalia. Scale bar 100 µm. 230, Phyllonorycter ololua, holotype, genitalia prep. MRAC/KMMA 00369, in RMCA.

FIGURES 191–197. Male genitalia. Scale bar 100 µm. 191–197, Phyllonorycter grewiaecola. 191–193, genitalia prep. MRAC/KMMA 00273, in RMCA. 191, ventral view. 192, sternum VIII. 193, aedoeagus. 194–197, genitalia prep. TMSA 14603, in TMSA. 194, valva. 195, aedoeagus. 196, sternum VIII. 197, fultura superior.

FIGURES 198–200. Male genitalia. Scale bar 100 µm. 198–200, Phyllonorycter grewiaephilos, paratype, genitalia prep. MRAC/KMMA 00264, in RMCA. 198, ventral view. 199, sternum VIII. 200, aedoeagus.

FIGURES 224–226. Male genitalia. Scale bar 100 µm. 224–226, Phyllonorycter albertinus, holotype, genitalia prep. De Prins 3504, in BMNH. 224, ventral view. 225, sternum VIII. 226, aedoeagus.

FIGURES 227–229. Male genitalia. Scale bar 100 µm. Phyllonorycter leucaspis, paratype, genitalia prep. MRAC/KMMA 00424, in RMCA. 227, ventral view. 228, sternum VIII. 229, aedoeagus.

FIGURES 231–236. Male genitalia. Scale bar 100 µm. 231–233, Phyllonorycter ruizivorus, holotype, genitalia prep. De Prins 3723, in BMNH. 231, ventral view. 232, sternum VIII. 233, aedoeagus. 234–236, Phyllonorycter trochetellus, holotype, genitalia prep. De Prins 3720, in BMNH. 234, ventral view. 235, sternum VIII. 236, aedoeagus.

FIGURES 275–277. Male genitalia. Scale bar 100 µm. 275–277, Phyllonorycter ruwenzori, holotype, B.M. genitalia prep. 10147, in BMNH. 275, ventral view. 276, sternum VIII. 277, aedoeagus.

FIGURES 237–239. Male genitalia. Scale bar 100 µm. 237–239, Phyllonorycter loxozona, paratype, B.M. genitalia prep. 3924, in BMNH. 237, ventral view. 238, sternum VIII. 239, cucullus.

FIGURES 176–181. Male genitalia. Scale bar 100 µm. 176–181, Phyllonorycter agassizi, holotype, genitalia prep. MRAC/ KMMA 00655, in RMCA. 176, ventral view. 177, sternum VIII. 178, aedoeagus. 179, valva. 180, aedoeagus (enlarged). 181, sternum VIII (enlarged).

FIGURES 182–184. Male genitalia. Scale bar 100 µm. 182–184, Phyllonorycter chionopa, the drawings are made by Willy De Prins after the additional description and the drawing of Triberti (2004: 81; fig. 6: A–C). 182, ventral view. 183, tip of valva. 184, aedoeagus.

FIGURES 217–223. Male genitalia. Scale bar 100 µm. 217–220, Phyllonorycter jabalshamsi, paratype, genitalia prep. MRAC/KMMA 00421, in RMCA. 217, ventral view. 218, sternum VIII. 219, aedoeagus. 220, vesica. 221–223, Phyllonorycter lemarchandi, genitalia prep. De Prins 3560, in MNHN. 221, ventral view. 222, sternum VIII. 223, aedoeagus.

FIGURES 170–175. Male genitalia. Scale bar 100 µm. 170–172, Phyllonorycter achilleus, holotype, genitalia prep. MRAC/ KMMA 00381, in RMCA. 170, ventral view. 171, valva. 172, aedoeagus. 173–175, Phyllonorycter adderis, holotype, genitalia prep. MRAC/KMMA 00462, in RMCA. 173, ventral view. 174, sternum VIII. 175, aedoeagus.

FIGURES 185–190. Male genitalia. Scale bar 100 µm. 185–187, Phyllonorycter encaeria, holotype, the drawing is made by Willy De Prins after the genitalia prep. Vári 4156, in TMSA. 185, ventral view. 186, sternum VIII. 187, aedoeagus. 188–190, Phyllonorycter kazuri, holotype, genitalia prep. MRAC/KMMA 00348, in RMCA. 188, ventral view. 189, sternum VIII. 190, aedoeagus.

FIGURES 257–258. Male genitalia. Scale bar 100 µm. Phyllonorycter farensis, holotype, genitalia prep. MRAC/KMMA 00279, in RMCA. 257, ventral view. 258, aedoeagus.

FIGURES 259–264. Male genitalia. Scale bar 100 µm. 259–261, Phyllonorycter fletcheri, holotype, genitalia prep. De Prins 3653, in BMNH. 259, ventral view. 260, sternum VIII. 261, aedoeagus. 262–264, Phyllonorycter gozmanyi, holotype, genitalia prep. MRAC/KMMA 00278, in RMCA. 262, ventral view. 263, aedoeagus. 264, sternum VIII.

FIGURES 265–270. Male genitalia. Scale bar 100 µm. 265–267, Phyllonorycter maererei, paratype, genitalia prep. De Prins 3718, in ZMUC. 265, ventral view. 266, sternum VIII. 267, aedoeagus. 268–270, Phyllonorycter ocimellus, paratype, genitalia prep. MRAC/KMMA 00349, in RMCA. 268, ventral view. 269, sternum VIII. 270, aedoeagus.

FIGURES 271–274. Male genitalia. Scale bar 100 µm. 271–272, Phyllonorycter pavoniae, holotype, the drawing is made by Willy De Prins after the genitalia prep. Vári 7140, in TMSA. 271, lateral view. 272, aedoeagus.273–274, Phyllonorycter rhynchosiae, paratype, the drawing is made by Willy De Prins after the genitalia prep. Vári 7498, in TMSA. 273, lateral view. 274, aedoeagus.

FIGURES 206–210. Male genitalia. Scale bar 100 µm. 206–210, Phyllonorycter brachylaenae. 206–207, the drawing is made by Willy De Prins after the genitalia prep. Vári 7523, in TMSA. 206, lateral view. 207, aedoeagus. 208–210, genitalia prep. De Prins 3709, in ZMHB. 208, ventral view. 209, sternum VIII. 210, aedoeagus.

FIGURES 211–216. Male genitalia. Scale bar 100 µm. 211–213, Phyllonorycter dombeyae, holotype, genitalia prep. MRAC/ KMMA 00458, in RMCA. 211, ventral view. 212, sternum VIII. 213, aedoeagus. 214–216, Phyllonorycter hibiscina, genitalia prep. MRAC/KMMA 00360, in RMCA. 214, ventral view. 215, sternum VIII. 216, aedoeagus.

FIGURES 254–256. Male genitalia. Scale bar 100 µm. Phyllonorycter obandai, holotype, genitalia prep. MRAC/KMMA 00251, in RMCA. 254, ventral view. 255, sternum VIII. 256, aedoeagus.

FIGURES 252–253. Male genitalia. Scale bar 100 µm. 252–253, Phyllonorycter melhaniae, holotype, the drawing is made by Willy De Prins after the genitalia prep. Vári 7495, in TMSA. 252, lateral view. 253, aedoeagus.

FIGURES 201–205. Male genitalia. Scale bar 100 µm. 201–205, Phyllonorycter grewiella. 201–202, holotype, the drawing is made by Willy De Prins after the genitalia prep. Vári 7523, in TMSA. 201, valva. 202, sternum VIII. 203–205, genitalia prep. De Prins 3717, in ZMUC. 203, ventral view. 204, sternum VIII. 205, aedoeagus.

FIGURES 240–242. Male genitalia. Scale bar 100 µm. 240–242, Phyllonorycter aarviki, paratype, genitalia prep. MRAC/ KMMA 00658, in RMCA. 240, ventral view. 241, sternum VIII. 242, aedoeagus.

FIGURES 243–245. Male genitalia. Scale bar 100 µm. 243–245, Phyllonorycter anchistea, holotype, the drawing is made by Willy De Prins after the genitalia prep. Vári 7138, in TMSA. 243, lateral view. 244, aedoeagus. 245, valva.

FIGURES 246–251. Male genitalia. Scale bar 100 µm. 246–248, Phyllonorycter melanosparta, the drawing is made by Willy De Prins after the genitalia prep. Vári 6925, in TMSA. 246, lateral view. 247, aedoeagus. 248, valva. 249–251, Phyllonorycter melanosparta, genitalia prep. MRAC/KMMA 00377, in RMCA. 249, ventral view. 250, sternum VIII. 251, aedoeagus.

FIGURES 332–333. Female genitalia. Scale bar 200 µm. 332, Phyllonorycter loxozona, holotype, the drawing is made by Willy De Prins after the genitalia prep. 6110, in BMNH. 333, Phyllonorycter aarviki, holotype, genitalia prep. MRAC/KMMA 00370, in RMCA.

FIGURES 334–335. Female genitalia. Scale bar 200 µm. 334, Phyllonorycter anchistea, paratype, the drawing is made by Willy De Prins after the genitalia prep. Vári 7139, in TMSA. 335, Phyllonorycter melanosparta, genitalia prep. MRAC/ KMMA 00374, in RMCA.

FIGURES 312–313. Female genitalia. Scale bar 200 µm. 312, Phyllonorycter grewiaecola, genitalia prep. MRAC/KMMA / 00277, in RMCA. 313, Phyllonorycter grewiaephilos, paratype, genitalia prep. MRAC/KMMA 00265, in RMCA.

FIGURES 328–329. Female genitalia. Scale bar 200 µm. 328, Phyllonorycter caudasimplex, holotype, the drawing is made by Willy De Prins after the original description, examination of the genitalia prep. 21279, in BMNH and the drawing of Bland (1980: 33, fig. 2c). 329, Phyllonorycter leucaspis, paratype, the drawing is made by Willy De Prins after the original description, examination of the genitalia prep. trb 2793 in ZMHB and the drawing of Triberti (1980: 81–82, fig. 6d).

FIGURES 330–331. Female genitalia. Scale bar 200 µm. 330, Phyllonorycter ruizivorus, paratype, genitalia prep. 32528, in BMNH. 331, Phyllonorycter didymopa, holotype, the drawing is made by Willy De Prins after the genitalia prep. Vári 7169, in TMSA.

FIGURES 322–323. Female genitalia. Scale bar 200 µm. 322, Phyllonorycter turensis, holotype, genitalia prep. De Prins 3493, in BMNH. 323, Phyllonorycter hibiscola, paratype, genitalia prep. MRAC/KMMA 00384, in RMCA.

FIGURES 310–311. Female genitalia. Scale bar 200 µm. 310, Phyllonorycter lantanae, genitalia prep. De Prins 3703, in BMNH. 311, Phylonorycter gato, holotype, genitalia prep. MRAC/KMMA / 00486, in RMCA.

FIGURES 306–307. Female genitalia. Scale bar 200 µm. 306, Phyllonorycter chionopa, holotype, the drawing is made by Willy De Prins after the genitalia prep. Vári 7727, in TMSA. 307, Phyllonorycter encaeria, the drawing is made by Willy De Prins after the genitalia prep. Vári 7504, in TMSA.

FIGURES 308–309. Female genitalia. Scale bar 200 µm. 308, Phyllonorycter kazuri, paratype, genitalia prep. MRAC/KMMA 00348, in RMCA. 309, Phyllonorycter lantanae, holotype, the drawing is made by Willy De Prins after the genitalia prep. Vári 7548, in TMSA.

FIGURES 350–351. Female genitalia. Scale bar 200 µm. 350, Phyllonorycter silvicola, holotype, genitalia prep. MRAC/ KMMA 00386, in RMCA. 351, Phyllonorycter umukarus, holotype, genitalia prep. MRAC/KMMA 00487, in RMCA.

FIGURES 338–339. Female genitalia. Scale bar 200 µm. 338, Phyllonorycter mida, paratype, genitalia prep. 3715, in ZMUC. 339, Phyllonorycter tsavensis, paratype, genitalia prep. Vári 7501, in TMSA.

FIGURES 340–342. Female genitalia. Scale bar 200 µm. 340–341, Phyllonorycter obandai, genitalia prep. De Prins 3503, in BMNH. 340, segments VII–X, ventral view. 341, corpus bursae. 342, Phyllonorycter farensis, paratype, genitalia prep. MRAC/ KMMA 00282, in RMCA.

FIGURES 343–344. Female genitalia. Scale bar 200 µm. 343, Phyllonorycter gozmanyi, paratype, genitalia prep. MRAC/ KMMA 00281, in RMCA. 344, Phyllonorycter mwatawalai, holotype, genitalia prep. MRAC/KMMA 00525, in RMCA.

FIGURES 345–346. Female genitalia. Scale bar 200 µm. 345, Phyllonorycter ocimellus, paratype, genitalia prep. MRAC/ KMMA 00353, in RMCA. 346, Phyllonorycter pavoniae, paratype, the drawing is made by Willy De Prins after the genitalia prep. Vári 7497, in TMSA.

FIGURES 347–349. Female genitalia. Scale bar 200 µm. 347–348, Phyllonorycter rhynchosiae, paratype, the drawing is made by Willy De Prins after the genitalia prep. Vári 7123, in TMSA. 347, segments VII–X, lateral view. 348, corpus bursae. 349, Phyllonorycter ruwenzori, paratype, genitalia prep. 32534, in BMNH.

FIGURES 314–317. Female genitalia. Scale bar 200 µm. 314–315, Phyllonorycter grewiella, genitalia prep. MRAC/KMMA 00262, in RMCA. 314, segments VII–X, lateral view. 315, corpus bursae. 316–317, Phyllonorycter acutulus, holotype, genitalia prep. MRAC/KMMA 00419, in RMCA. 316, segments VII–X, ventral view. 317, corpus bursae.

FIGURES 318–319. Female genitalia. Scale bar 200 µm. 318, Phyllonorycter brachylaenae, genitalia prep. De Prins 3710, in ZMHB. 319, Phyllonorycter dombeyae, paratype, genitalia prep. MRAC/KMMA 00459, in RMCA.

FIGURES 320–321. Female genitalia. Scale bar 200 µm. 320, Phyllonorycter hibiscina, paratype, the drawing is made by Willy De Prins after the genitalia prep. Vári 7187, in TMSA. 321, Phyllonorycter ipomoellus, holotype, genitalia prep. MRAC/ KMMA 00484, in RMCA.

FIGURES 303–305. Female genitalia. Scale bar 200 µm. 303–304, Cameraria torridella, paratype, genitalia prep. MRAC/ KMMA 00291, in RMCA. 303, corpus bursae. 304, segments VII–X, ventral view. 305, Phyllonorycter achilleus, paratype, genitalia prep. MRAC/KMMA 00380, in RMCA.

FIGURES 336–337. Female genitalia. Scale bar 200 µm. 336, Phyllonorycter melhaniae, paratype, the drawing is made by Willy De Prins after the genitalia prep. Vári 7496, in TMSA. 337, Phyllonorycter rongensis, holotype, genitalia prep. MRAC/ KMMA 00383, in RMCA.

FIGURES 324–327. Female genitalia. Scale bar 200 µm. 324, Phyllonorycter jabalshamsi, paratype, genitalia prep. De Prins 3711, in ZMUC. 325–327, Phyllonorycter lemarchandi, paratype, genitalia prep. De Prins 3558, in MNHN. 325, segments VII–X, lateral view. 326, corpus bursae. 327, accessory bursae.