Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) collaris ( Schneider, 1851 )

Tauber, Catherine, 2010, Revision of Neosuarius, a subgenus of Chrysopodes (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae), ZooKeys 44 (44), pp. 1-104 : 16-35

Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) collaris ( Schneider, 1851)

Figs 11a, 12a, 13–20

Chrysopa collaris Schneider, 1851: 80 [ZMB, Holotype (by monotypy): “Indiae occidentalis insula St. Thomae; unum tantum exemplar defectum …”]. Walker 1853: 245 [brief redescription]; Hagen 1861: 218 [brief redescription]; Kolbe 1888: 173 [species list]; Navás 1913–1914: 86 [species list]; Penny 1977: 17 [species list].

Chrysopa thoracica Walker, 1853: 243 [BMNH, Lectotype (by present designation): “St. Domingo”]. Hagen 1861: 218 [brief redescription]; McLachlan1868: 269 [taxonomic note]; Kolbe 1888: 173 [species list]; Navás 1925a: 86 [locality]; Navás 1925b: 8 [locality]; Smith 1931: 807 [redescription of adult, figure of larva, biology]; Banks 1938: 121 [taxonomic notes]; Alayo 1968: 41 [redescription]; Penny 1977: 21 [species list]; Adams and Penny 1985 [1987]: 436 [synonymy]; Penny et al. 1997: 53 [information on type, distribution]; Oswald 2007 [catalog listing, as a synonym of C. (N.) collaris ].

Chrysopa krugii Kolbe, 1888: 173 [ZMB, Lectotype (by present designation): no locality data]. Penny 1977: 21 [species list]; Adams and Penny 1985 [1987]: 436 [synonymy]; Penny et al. 1997: 53 [information on type, distribution]; Oswald 2007 [catalog listing, as a synonym of C. (N.) collaris ]. Herein, removed from synonymy and recognized as a distinct biological species (New Status).

Chrysopa signatalis Banks, 1911: 342 [USNM, Holotype (by original designation): “Brownsville, Texas ”]. Penny 1977: 21 [species list]; Adams and Penny 1985 [1987]: 436 [synonymy]; Penny et al. 1997: 53 [information on type, distribu- tion]; Flint 2002: 93 [type deposition]; Oswald 2007 [catalog listing, as a synonym of C. (N.) collaris ].

Chrysopa rufolinea Banks, 1914: 24 [MCZ, Lectotype (by present designation): “Cali Colombia, 1000 m ”]. Penny 1977: 21 [species list]; Banks 1944: 12 [locality record]; Adams and Penny 1985 [1987]: 436 [synonymy]; Penny et al. 1997: 53 [information on type, distribution]; Oswald 2007 [catalog listing, as a synonym of C. (N.) collaris ].

Chrysopa thoracica cerverina Navás, 1922a: 171 [MCZ, Lectotype (by present designation): “ Cuba: Havane”]. Navás 1925a: 8 [locality record]; Alayo 1968: 41 [redescription]; Penny 1977: 21 [species list]; Adams and Penny 1985 [1987]: 436 [synonymy; date of species description given as 1923]; Oswald 2007 [catalog listing, as a synonym of C. (N.) collaris ].

Chrysopa dampfina Navás, 1927 [ 1928]: 324 [MNHN, Lectotype (by previous designation): “Rio Belice, cerca de Belice, Honduras Británicas, en follaje de mangles, 6 de Septiembre de 1925”]. Penny 1977: 17 [species list]; Brooks and Barnard 1990: 279 [listed as ‘Chrysopa’ incertae sedis]; Legrand et al. 2008 [2009]: 127 [lectotype designation; synonymy with C. (Neosuarius) figuralis ]; Oswald 2007 [catalog listing]; (New Synonymy).

Chrysopa acolhua Banks, 1948 [1949]: 156 [MCZ, Holotype (by original designation): “Pungarabato, Guerrero, Mexico ”]. Adams and Penny 1985 [1987]: 436 [synonymy]; Penny et al. 1997: 53 [information on type, distribution]; Oswald 2007 [catalog listing, as a synonym of C. (N.) collaris ].

Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) collaris (Schneider) . Adams and Penny 1985 [1987]: 436 [species transferred to Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) , synonymies, redescription, illustrations]; Adams and Penny 1986: 121 [illustrations, distribution]; Brooks and Barnard 1990: 213, 272 [species list, illustrations]; Henry et al. 1992: 453 [distribution]; Penny et al. 1997: 53 [information on type, taxonomy, distribution in USA] ; Penny 2002: 222, 362 [diagnosis, notes, illustrations]; Eisner and Silberglied 1988: 15 [larval prey association]; Oswald et al. 2002: 578 [checklist of Mexican species] ; Tauber 2003: 472 [redescription (adult), description (larvae), biology]; Valencia Luna et al. 2006: 27 [species list (Morelos, Mexico)] ; Oswald 2007 [catalog listing, nomenclature].

Diagnosis. Externally, Chrysopodes (N.) collaris adults are recognized by a robust, green body, bright yellow, median dorsal stripe, and distinctive red to pink head markings (Figs 11a, 12a,13, 14). Well-marked individuals have oblique marks along the upper border of the antennal sockets, stripes along the margins of the eyes, crescent-shaped marks below the antennae, a transverse band across the fronto-clypeal suture, lateral marks on the clypeus, and broad genal stripes. The longitudinal venation of the forewings is mostly green, but the crossveins are usually brown, at least in part.

In the male, the gonarcus is arcuate; the arms and bridge are broad and well sclerotized. The paired dorsal rods of the mediuncus arise from beneath the gonarcal bridge. The mediuncus terminates in a microsetose, hook-shaped apical beak (Fig. 17). The

Figure ļļ. Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) collaris -group: Head, prothorax, dorsum. (a) C. (N.) collaris (b) C. (N.) figuralis (c) C. (N.) krugii (d) C. (N.) oswaldi (probably faded).

female terminalia are typified by a relatively wide, funnel-shaped spermatheca with a broad invagination and an elongate, loosely curved velum, the terminus of which attaches to the bursal duct ( Fig. 20 ). The spermathecal duct is relatively long, well sclerotized, and coiled. The most distinguishing characteristic of the females is the extraordinarily long bursal duct, most of which is ribbon-like and coiled (Figs 19, 20); it is at least longer than twice the length of the body. The subgenitale has a short neck (Fig. 18) and is rounded apically ( Fig. 20 ).

Description. Head (Figs 11a, 12a, 13,14): Width (frontal, including eyes) 1.4–1.7 mm; ratio, head: eye width = 2.0–2.7:1; distance (straight-line) between tentorial pits 0.48–56 mm. Distance between antennae ̴ 0.08–0.13 mm; length of frons (mid-antenna – midway between tentorial pits) ̴ 0.44–0.48 mm; length of clypeus ̴ 0.28–0.32 mm long. Antenna ̴1.1× length of forewing (11.1–12.9 mm). Vertex raised slightly, rounded throughout, truncate posteriorly; surface smooth, very small sculpturing on posterior margin, shiny throughout, without setae. Frons relatively flat, unsculptured; surface smooth, shiny throughout. Clypeus unsculptured; surface smooth; distal mar-

Figure ļ2. Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) collaris -group: Head, frontal. (a) C. (N.) collaris (b) C. (N.) figuralis (c) C. (N.) krugii (d) C. (N.) oswaldi .

gin straight; anterior margin with row of small setae. Labrum flat; surface smooth; distal margin setose, indented mesally.

Head coloration: Head yellow, with red markings of variable size and depth, ranging from absent to patches of deep red along eyes, extending on frons below antennae as crescent-shaped stipes; gena, lateral margin of clypeus red (see Fig. 14 for range of color variation). Antenna yellow, with amber colored setae. Maxillary palp with distal, penultimate, middle segments amber, with or without lateral brown marks; basal two segments pale. Labial palp pale to amber. Venter cream, unmarked.

Thorax (Figs 11a, 13): Pronotum 1.3–2.0× wider than long: ̴ 0.68–1.02 mm long; ̴ 1.03–1.50 mm wide; light green, with broad, mesal, yellow stripe; lateral margins with numerous long, pale setae (longest 0.2–0.3 mm long). Meso-, metanota light green, with yellow mesal stripe, short setae. Pleural areas pale green, without markings. Legs pale green, without markings; tarsi amber. Tarsal claws dark amber, recurved with deep cleft, quadrate base.

Wings (Fig. 15): Forewing 10.9–14.3 mm long, 3.4–4.5 mm wide, L:W ratio, 3.1– 3.2: 1. Costal margin slightly rounded to straight; apex broad, with very slight angle. Costal area not enlarged; height of tallest costal cell (#6, 7) = 3.2–4.5× length of first costal veinlet, 0.16–0.20× width of wing. Subcosta, radius sinuate; most subcostal veinlets, radial crossveins straight. Eleven to twelve closed radial cells (between R and Rs), height of tallest radial cell 1.4–1.8× width; other than radial crossveins, only gradate veins in contact with PsM. Four b cells, four to five b’ cells. First intramedian cell ovate,

Figure ļ3. Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) collaris : Variation in head and thoracic coloration: (a) USA: Florida (b) West Indies: Dominican Republic (c) Mexico, Jalisco (d) West Indies: British Virgin Islands.

0.6–0.9× width of third medial cell; inner row of four to six gradate veins; seven to nine outer gradate veins; both rows regularly stepped, parallel to each other throughout. Second cell beneath Rs with i.g. at base = 1.3–1.9 mm tall, 3.1–3.6× width; third cell = 1.1–1.9 mm tall, 2.7–3.9× width. Second gradate cell 1.1–1.4 mm tall, 2.2–3.4× width; third gradate cell 0.9–1.3 mm tall, 2.1–3.3× width. Length of second cell beneath Rs with i.g. at base = 1.2–1.6× length of second gradate cell. Three intracubital cells; distal one open, icu1, icu2 each shorter than icu3; icu1, icu2 similar in length. Vein 1A forked. Hindwing narrow, with somewhat acute apex; 9.7–12.9 mm long, 2.9–3.9 mm wide. Ten to twelve radial crossveins; three to five inner gradates; six to eight outer gradate veins; three b cells, plus small t cell; four 4 b’ cells; two intracubital cells, distal one open.

Wing coloration: Hyaline, with stigma transparent to slightly opaque. Longitudinal veins green; costal veinlets, crossveins variable from green to marked with brown at bases and tips, to brown throughout; inner gradates usually brown; outer gradates variable; outer gradates of hindwing usually green.

Abdomen (Figs 16, 18): Dorsum light green, with yellow mesal stripe, no other markings; venter cream colored; callus cerci light green. Tergites 6, 7: roughly quadrate, with convex ventral margins; length ̴1.7–2.6 times greater than height (lateral view, excluding extension on ♁); with medium-length, slender setae. Pleural regions P6, P7 with slightly shorter setae. Sternite 6: quadrate, with dorsal margins relatively straight; length ̴0.8× height (lateral view); with medium-length, slender setae. Spiracles oval, not enlarged, ̴ 0.05–0.07 mm diameter; atria not enlarged.

Figure ļ4. Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) collaris : Variation in facial coloration: (a) USA: Florida (b) Mexico: Sinaloa (c–e) Mexico: Baja (f) Mexico: Jalisco (g–h) West Indies: Dominican Republic.

Figure ļ5. Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) collaris : Forewing, hindwing ( Mexico: Baja California Sur).

Male (Figs 16, 17): T8 quadrate (lateral view), ventral extension very lightly sclerotized, with setae. T9+ectoproct fused dorsally, without suture or distal invagination; terminal edge straight vertically, bearing vertical field of dense, long, robust setae; ventral apodeme heavy, thick, rounded anteriorly, with two sharp ventral arms (anterior one variable in size, bending slightly inward; terminal one extending posteriorly around tip of ectoproct, then ventrally), with dorsal process extending around callus cerci (heavy anteriorly, less so posteriorly). Callus cerci oblong (0.27 mm tall, 0.14–0.16 mm wide), with 40–44 trichobothria. S8+9: length ̴1.5× proximal height, ̴2.5× mesal height, ̴10× distal height; ventral margin straight, without midline knob or apodeme; terminus upturned, rounded, with distal margin bearing dense patch of robust setae with slightly enlarged bases; terminus with eversible membranous pouch or fold, basal part of membrane with large patch of gonocristae. Subanal plate distinct, well sclerotized, with dense, robust setae. Gonarcus arcuate, loosely attached to T9+ectoproct dorsally via long, folded subanal membrane. Gonarcal bridge broad, flat (ventral view); lateral apodemes extending from distal margins of bridge, not greatly flared distally; span of gonarcal bridge ̴ 0.35 mm, span between gonarcal apodemes distally ̴ 0.5 mm. Gonarcal apodemes smooth, scalloped, rounded distally (dorsal view), roughly quadrate (lateral view). Mediuncus broad basally, with pair of robust rods extending from below gonarcal bridge, upward and outward, tapering. curving distally; dorsum rounded, distal end bent into ventrally projecting beak; dorsal surface with dense covering of microsetae; membrane below mediuncus flat, straight, with 4 to 5 very small gonosetae. Gonosaccus large, delicate, without gonosetae or much structure. Hypandrium internum broad, rounded anteriorly, with slender, elongate, curved comes.

Female (Figs 18–20): Tergite 8: depth of fully sclerotized portion less that onehalf length of sclerite; depth of less sclerotized ventral extension more than length of

g.c.

Figure ļ6. Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) collaris : Male terminus, lateral (anal region, gonarcal complex, membrane at tip of S8+9 everted). c.a. caudal arm of apodeme on T9+ectoproct c.c. callus cerci ev.m. eversible membrane g.c. gonarcal complex s.p. setose subrectal plate S7 seventh sternite S8+9 fused eighth and ninth sternites T7 seventh tergite T8 eighth tergite T9+ect fused ninth tergite and ectoproct v.a. ventrally projecting arm of apodeme on T9+ectoproct.

sclerite, with fairly long, slender setae. Ninth tergite + ectoproct (lateral view) tilted, ventral margin extending ̴1/2 way beneath T8; proximal margin straight throughout or slightly concave; distal margin extending well below lateral margin of gonapophyses laterales. Callus cerci very slightly taller than broad (0.11–0.17 mm tall, 0.10–0.14 mm wide), with approximately 30–32 trichobothria. Gonapophyses laterales 1/4th to 1/2 height of T9+ectoproct, slender, approximately 3.1–3.2 times taller than wide, rounded dorsally, ventrally, orientated posteroventrally (̴50–60° angle from midline), with robust setae. Seventh sternite (lateral view): length ̴1.6–1.7× height of proximal margin; dorsal margin sloping gently throughout; distal margin somewhat concave; with long, slender setae. Subgenitale broad, dome-like, without neck, with very small ventrally projecting process; base smooth, thick membrane, attached to S7 via leathery, folded, invaginated membrane. Pair of large, bulbous bursal glands with elongate, narrow ducts opening dorsolaterally on posterolateral margin of bursa, without accessory ducts. Bursa extending laterally full width of segment, posteriorly usually beyond spermatheca; dorsal surface leathery, with numerous, small, transverse folds, folds with rounded edges. Bursal duct extremely long (longer that 2× length of abdomen); section arising from bursa coiled, flat, ribbon-like, surface with small transverse folds; section arising from spermatheca round, curved, tubular, with smooth surface. Spermatheca funnel-shaped,

Figure ļ7. Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) collaris : Male genitalia. (a) gonarcus, lateral (gonosaccus everted) (b) gonarcus, dorsal (gonosaccus not shown) (c) hypandrium internum, dorsal view (above), lateral view (below). All images to scale shown. c combes g.b. gonarcal bridge gse gonosetae rod internal sclerotized rod of mediuncus.

with large, mesal velum that bends several times, tapers into bursal duct; ̴ 0.59–0.65 mm diameter, 0.60–0.65 mm in length to first bend; invagination elongate, tapered, extending through first sharp bend, at least part way through next section (total length ̴ 1.1–1.3 mm). Spermathecal duct ̴ 4 mm long, narrow, arising from posterior surface of spermatheca slightly on left side, with U-shaped curve within subgenitale; basal 1/3rd sclerotized, brownish; distal 2/3rd, brushy, very pale (only visible under compound microscope), becoming enlarged distally. Colleterial gland elongate, narrow, extending into seventh segment, with slightly grainy texture; no reservoir or accessory glands found. Transverse sclerotization well-formed, curved, ellipsoid plate, located ventrally within gonapophyses laterales, with longitudinal (to the body) rows of setae; membrane internal to transverse sclerotization with several rows of short, sparse setae.

Larvae. Illustrated by Smith (1931), described by Tauber (2003).

Eggs. Ovoid, stalked, laid singly without a discernible pattern; stalk with oily droplets; stalk length 3.2 – 3.9 mm ( Tauber 2003).

Biology. Adults of C. (N.) collaris were collected in all months throughout its range. Most collections of C. (N.) collaris have been made at light in coastal areas. Adults have also been collected on sandy beaches, in mangroves and coccoloba forests, on salt scrub, and frequently in horticultural settings, e.g., on Citrus, Hibiscus , Eugenia , bamboo ( Smith 1931, Eisner and Silberglied 1988). Other specimens were taken from disturbed forests and rainforests, up to 1275 meters. One collection was from a batinhabited cave.

Larvae on Eugenia in Florida were associated with colonies of mealybugs ( Plotococcus eugeniae Miller and Denno ) that produce white, waxy coverings ( Eisner and Silberglied 1988). Presumably, the C. (N.) collaris larvae transfer wax from the mealybugs to their dorsa.

T7

Figure ļ8. Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) collaris : Female terminus, exterior, lateral. c.c. callus cerci g.l. gonapophysis lateralis sg subgenitale S7 seventh sternite T7 seventh tergite T8 eighth tergite T9+ect fused ninth tergite and ectoproct. Setose subrectal plate not shown.

Developmental rates appear to be variable. In rearings at ̴21°C (LD 16:8, aphid prey), the egg stage was 7–10 d, the first instar was 9–10 d, the second instar 7–10 d, the third instar ̴14 d; no diapause was observed ( Tauber 2003). In other rearings (conditions unspecified, but probably> 21°C): the egg stage was 4 d, the larval stage 14 d, and the period within cocoon 11 d ( Smith 1931).

It is thought that this species could be useful in the biological control of insect pests, especially in orchards or ornamental plantings (e.g., Adams and Penny 1985).

Type material. Chrysopa collaris Schneider. Schneider (1851) specified that there was one type specimen. According to Adams’ notes and M. Ohl (personal communication, 2008), there are five specimens of C. collaris in the ZMB with the same accession number “337”. However, only one has locality data that is exactly as reported in Schneider’s original description and that also has its wings spread and its abdomen missing – conditions that correspond to the original description [specimen examined]. Adams labeled this specimen as the type in 1977; it is here identified as the Holotype (by monotypy). Its labels read: (1) “St. Thom, Puerto Rico, Moritz” [green, hand-written]; (2) “ collaris Schn. *” [white, hand-written]; (3) “Type” [red, printed]; (4) “337” [white]; (5) “This is the type. Schneider says one specimen without abdomen. Adams 1977” [white, hand-printed, Adams]; (4) “ HOLOTYPE Chrysopa collaris Schneider, 1851 ; det. C. A. Tauber ’09” [red].

Chrysopa thoracica Walker. The type is in the BMNH; according to D. Goodger ( BMNH), it is missing its abdomen. Walker (1853) did not mention how many speci-

Figure ļ9. Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) collaris : Female terminus, interior, lateral. b.c. bursa copulatrix b.d. bursal duct col.g. colleterial gland sp spermatheca sp.d. spermathecal duct. Bursal glands not shown.

mens he had when he prepared the description; thus this type should be considered the Lectotype (present designation). Its labels read: (1) “San Domingo” [upper surface], “45/60” [lower surface; British Museum registration number 1845–60]; (2) “thoracica”; (3) “ LECTOTYPE Chrysopa thoracica Walker, 1853 ; des. C. Tauber 2009” [red].

Because the abdomen is missing and the specimen lacks head markings, it is not possible to identify this specimen for certain. However, it is not likely to be an example of C. (N.) krugii for several reasons: (1) Walker mentioned that the wings had many dark “veinlets” – a characteristic that is more typical of C. (N.) collaris than C. (N.) krugii . (2) The prothorax does not have the red markings on the prothorax that are characteristic of C. (N.) krugii , nor does Walker mention any. Thus, the prothorax is more typical of C. (N.) collaris than C. (N.) krugii . (3) Walker’s (1853) original description did not refer to the red head markings that distinguish C. (N.) collaris specimens externally; indeed, McLachlan (1868: 269) stated that markings lateral to the antennae were lacking on the type specimen at the time he examined it. However, the population of C. (N.) collaris from Santo Domingo exhibits great variation in its head markings, and many specimens lack them altogether. (4) Finally, C. (N.) krugii currently is not known from Santo Domingo. Thus, I retain Adams’ synonymy of C. thoracica under C. collaris .

Chrysopa krugii Kolbe. See Chrysopodes (N.) krugii below.

Chrysopa signatalis Banks. Syntypes of this species are reported from two collections – the USNM and the MCZ (see Penny et al. 1997: 53). Banks (1911: 342) stated clearly that the “type” [singular] was in the Brooklyn Museum Institute and that the “cotype” [singular] was in his personal collection (now in the MCZ). The USNM acquired the Brooklyn collection, and thus the type (a female) that is in that collection is recognized as the Holotype (by original designation). O. S. Flint (personal communication) informed me that the specimen is in fairly good condition and facial markings that are typical of C. (N.) collaris are evident. The specimen’s labels read: (1) “ Brownsville Tex VI”; (2) “33”; (3) “Catal.No. 128”; (4) “Brooklyn Museum Colln. 1929”; (5) “Type No. 42778 U.S. N.M.”; (6) “ Chrysopa signatalis Bks. Type” [folded]; (7) “ Chrysopa signatalis Banks ”; (8) HOLOTYPE Chrysopa signatalis Banks 1911 ; det. C. Tauber ’09” [red].

A paratype (a female, examined) is in the USNM ; its label data are the same as those on the holotype, except: label (2) reads “34”; (5) reads “ Paratype 42778”; (6, 7) are not present; and (8) reads “ PARATYPE Chrysopa signatalis Banks 1911 ; det. C. A. Tauber ’09” [yellow].

A third type, a female in the MCZ, is identified as a paratype. Images of this specimen are on the MCZ Type Database ; the markings are those of C. (N.) collaris . Its labels read: (1) “ Brownsville , VI Tex” [white]; (2) “Collection N. Banks” [white]; (3) “cotype” [red, handwritten]; (4) “Type 11390” [red]; (5) “ Chrysopa signatalis Bks Cotype ” [white, red border; hand-written, Banks ]; (6) “ Suarius collaris Schneider det. P. Adams’ 82” [white, hand-written, Adams ]; (7) “ PARATYPE Chrysopa signatalis Banks 1911 ; det. C. A. Tauber ’09” [yellow].

Chrysopa rufolinea Banks. Banks (1914: 24) did not mention type specimens in his original description; however, the publication dealt with material from his collection (now in the MCZ). Three specimens are in the MCZ collection. One (a male, examined) bears a “type” label in Banks’ hand-writing, whereas the other two specimens bear “ Paratype ” labels. The former was considered the “ holotype ” by Penny et al. 1997: 53. Its label data read: (1) “Cali, Colombia / 1000 m ” [white, hand-written]; (2) Fassl coll” [white, hand-written]; (3) “Collection N. Banks” [white, printed]; (4) “Type” [red, hand-written]; (5) “ Chrysopa rufolinea Bks type” [white, red border, hand-written (Banks); (6) “ Type 11992” [red, printed]; (7) “ Chrysopa (Glenochrysa) collaris / ♁ Schneider det. P. Adams ’74 [white, hand-printed ( Adams )].

The other two specimens (examined, one female, one with abdomen missing) are C. rufolinea paralectotypes. Their label data are identical to the Holotype, except for the following: label (4) reads “ rufolinea” [white, hand-written]; (5) is missing; (6) reads “M.C.Z. Paratype 11992” [red, printed]; (7) is missing; (8) reads “ PARALECTOTYPE Chrysopa rufolinea Banks 1914 ; det. C. A. Tauber ’09” [yellow, printed].

Chrysopa thoracica cerverina Navás. Navás (1922a) did not specify how many specimens he used to describe the species; one type (a female, examined) is in the MCZ; I consider it to be the Lectotype (present designation). The specimen is in fairly good condition; its abdomen is present, but undissected. The facial markings are distinctive. Its labels read: (1) “Tropical / 3.VIII.1822 / C: Cervera” [white, handprinted]; (2) “ Chrysopa / thoracica Walk. / v. cerverina Nav. / P. Navás S. J. det.” [white, hand-printed (Navás) and printed]; (3) “Typus” [pink, hand-printed, probably Navás]; (4) “Type 15111” [red, printed]; (5) “ LECTOTYPE Chrysopa thoracica Walk. var. cerverina Navás 1923 ; des. C. A. Tauber ’09” [red]; (6) Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) / collaris (Schneider) / det. C. A. Tauber ’09”.

Chrysopa dampfina Navás. A unique type (a female in the MNHN, examined) was designated the Lectotype ( Legrand et al. 2008 [2009]: 127). Its labels read: –(1) “ Belice, ( Honduras), 6.IX.25” [green]; (2) “ Chrysopa dampfina Nav., P. Navás S.J. det.” [green]; (3) “Typus” [pink]; (4) clear ♀; (5) “Museum Paris, Longin Navas legit 19..” [green]; (6) “ LECTOTYPE / Chrysopa dampfina Navás, 1928 ; dés. J. Legrand and C. Tauber ’08” [red]; (7) “ Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) figuralis ( Banks, 1915) , det. C. A. Tauber ’08”. The specimen is teneral and badly discolored.

Chrysopa acolhua Banks. Banks (1948 [1949] r122: 156) stated that the type (singular) was in the MCZ. There is one specimen (a male) in the collection; apparently it is the one that Penny et al. (1997: 53) referred to as the “ Holotype ”, and I concur that it is the Holotype (by original designation). The images that are on the MCZ Type Database indicate that the facial markings are typical of C. (N.) collaris ; its labels read: (1) “Pungarabato, Guerrero 1260 m, 22–8-30, 1930, *1769, Jose Paner [?], coll” [white, hand-written]; (2) “ Mexico A. Dampf” [white, hand-written]; (3) “ Chrysopa acolhua Bks ” [white, hand-written]; (4) “M.C.Z. Type 27997” [red]; (5) “ Chrysopa thoracica Walk. det. P. Adams” [white]; (6) “ HOLOTYPE Chrysopa acolhua Banks, 1949 ; det. C. Tauber ’09” [red].

Specimens examined (in addition to the type material listed above). USA. Florida: Broward Co., Ft. Lauderdale, V-21-1928, D. M. Bates (1F, UMMZ). Collier Co., 10 mi. S. Monroe Station, XI/3/1953, D. Chaffee (1M, TAMU). Dade Co., Key Largo, IV/15/1966, C. V. Covell, Jr. (2M, TAMU), XII/27/1974, L. L. Buschman (1F, MCT), XII/3-XII-20/1965, at light, S. Kemp (11M, 11F, USNM); Miami, light trap, VII/1/1944, VIII/15/1944, D. G. Denning (2F, UMIN). Lee Co., Captiva Is., VI/15/1987, J. E. Eger (2M, 6F, TAMU). Duval Co., Jacksonville, W. H. Ashmead (1F, USNM). Manatee Co., Longboat Key, VII/12/1962, at black light in mangrove, edge of Bay, E. MacLeod (5M, 3F, 1?, TAMU), same I/6–8/1965, at light (1M, TAMU). Monroe Co., Big Pine Key, IV/22/1955, W. W. Warner (1F, USNM); Key Vaca, Crane Pt. Hammock, V/17/1990, E. G. Riley (1?, TAMU); Plantation Key, XI/27/1955, H. V. Weems, Jr. (1M, USNM); 2 mi NW Tavernier, VI/20/73, J. A. Powell (1M, CUIC, 1F, UCB); 9 mi NW Key Largo P.O., VI/18/1973, at light, J. Heppner, J. Powell (1F, UCB). Orange Co., UCF, Orlando, Maidencane Marsh, Malaise trap, I/11/2000, P. Russell, T. Smith, S. Fullerton (1M, CAS, det. N. Penny); Pinellas Co., Indian Rocks Beach, IX/10–11/1954, at light, E. MacLeod (1M, 7F, TAMU); ½ mi. W. Indian Rocks, IX/9/1957, E. MacLeod (1F, TAMU); St. Petersburg (1F, USNM). Polk Co., Lake Alfred, VIII/18/1996, Hibiscus, H. W. Brown (1F, M. J. & C. A. Tauber Lot 96:49, MCT). Volusia Co., VIII/6/1956, H. A. Denmark (1F, USNM). Texas: Cameron Co., Boca Chica, VIII/30/1960, O. S. Flint (1M, USNM); Brownsville, XI/1942, E. S. Ross (1F, TAMU, 3F, CAS, det. P. Adams), IX/29/1924, Weed & Pray, F. Mus. Exp. (1F, FMNH), VIII/29/1965, P. J. Spangler (1M, USNM), X/7/1972, J. E. Gillaspy (1M, USNM), IX/16/1942, T. M. Burns (1F, CAS); 6 mi. N. Brownsville, at light, VIII/20/1955, T. J. Cohn (2M, 5F, UMMZ); Harlingen, IX/10/1996, Grapefruit tree, R. Reeve (1M, USNM). Los Fresnos, II/15/2002, J. L. Tveten (1M, TAMU); Sabal Palm Grove Sanct., UV, X/18/2002 (1F, det. J. D. Oswald, TAMU); Sabal Palm Preserve, 3 mi. E Brownsville, XI/16/1990, P. Opler (1F, CSUFC). Hidalgo Co., Bentsen Rio Grande State Park, X/5/1989, at light, W. F. Chamberlain (1F, TAMU); McAllen, VII/2/1938, R. I. Sailer (1F, KU); Weslaco, light trap, XI/21/1940, Riherd (1M, TAMU). MEXICO. Baja California: 7 mi. S. Punta Colorado (arroyo), XII/23–30/1987, W. Bloomfield (11F, 5M, SDNHM). Baja California Sur: Los Barriles, III/30–31/1984, J. H. Lynch (3F, UCD); Los Barriles, VII/18/2004, W. D. Shepard (2F, UCB); El Salto, 8 mi. NE Todos Santos, X/9/1983, blacklight, Andrews & Faulkner (2F, SDNHM); Puerto Escondito, VI/25 - VII/10/1990, R. Shaver (1F, UCD); Ramal de Naranjas 5 mi. E. Highway 1, 7 mi. S. San Antonio, X/12/1983, blacklight, Andrews & Faulkner (2F, SDNHM); Ramal de Naranjas 6 mi. W. Highway 1 nr. Santa Anita, X/11/1983, blacklight, Andrews & Faulkner (17M, 22F, SDNHM); 12.2 mi. E. Ramal a los Naranjas, III/25/1986, Faulkner & Bloomfield (1F, SDNHM); I. Cerradvo, middle Westside, VII/15/1985, D. K. Faulkner (4M, 2F, SDNHM); Playa San Cristobal, IV/16–19/1984, Brown & Dodero (5M, 1F, SDNHM); Isla San Jose, SW end mangroves, VII/12/1985, D. K. Faulkner (1M, 4F, SDNHM); Isla Santa Margarita, NW island sand dunes, VII/7/1985, Faulkner (1M, 1F, SDNHM); San Isidro, V/21–29/1984, Faulkner, Brown (7M, 8F, SDNHM); 3.0 mi NE San Isidro (La Purisima) IV/3/198, Bloomfield, Faulkner (1M, 2F, SDNHM); 27.7 mi. NE Arroyo San Miguel, IV/1/1985, Bloomfield, Faulkner (1M, SDNHM); 1.5 mi. NW Miraflores, 700’, blacklight, X/28–29/1968, E. L. Sleeper & F. J. Moore (1F, CAS, det. N. Penny); 4.2 mi W. Miraflores, IX/30/1981, F. Andrews & D. Faulkner (2M, 2F, SDNHM); 2.5 mi. SE La Huerta, 2200’, blacklight, X/8–9/1968, E. L. Sleeper & F. J. Moore (1F, CAS, det. N. Penny); El Triunfo, X/3/1981, F. Andrews & D. Faulkner (1F, SDNHM); 12.2 mi SE San Perdito near Rancho Saucito, X/8/1981, F. Andrews & D. Faulkner (3M, 4F, SDNHM); El Cien, IX/26/1981, D. Faulkner & F. Andrews (2M, 1F, SDNHM); Rcho. Las Cruces, XI/8/1998, D. K. Faulkner (2M, SDNHM); Loreto, 23.46’ N, XII/10/1977 (1F, SD- NHM), VII/22/1984, S. E. Miller (1F, USNM); Sierra de la Laguna, 5 mi. S. San Antonio, IX/2–3/1983, D. B. Thomas & C. A. Olson (1F, UAZ); 80 mi. S. La Paz, IV/11/1970, B. Bartlett (1M, CAS, det. P. Adams); 10 km N Cabo San Lucas, III/7– 9/1988, N. D. Penny (3M, CAS, det. N. Penny); La Capilla, light sheet, VI/16/1997, W. D. Shepard (1M, UCB); 16 mi. SW San Pedro, light sheets, VI/7/1997, W. D. Shepard (1F, UCB); Las Barracas, ca. 30 km E. Santiago, Malaise trap, X/28-XI/5/1982 (1F, UCB); 24 km. E. San Jose del Gabo, XII/29/1978, P. Rude (1F, UCB). Chiapas: 10 mi. W. Palenque, 300 m., VII/31/1986, K. Wolfe (1F, SDNHM). Colima: Socorro Is., Revillagigedo Arch., Station 1, sea level, VI/5/1977, Station 2, 1,300 ft., VI/6/1977, C. Hogue & A. Evans, Steele Exped. 1977, Station 5, VI/8/1977, C. L. Hogue (8M, 14F, SDNHM; 4F, 2M, CAS, det. P. Adams); I. Soccoro, Bahia Braithwaite, VI/16/1987, D. K. Faulkner (1F, SDNHM); Isla Soccoro, Calete Grayson, VI/16/1987, UV light, D. K. Faulkner (1M, SDNHM); Revillagigedo Arch., Socorro Island, VII/24–31/1988, L. Baptista (7F, 1M, 1F CAS); Revillagigedo Arch., Socorro Island, Repla Bay, I/22/1996, L. Baptista (5F, 4M, CAS, det. N. Penny); Revillagigedo Arch., Gigedola Is 2000’, III/27/1932, Templeton Crocker Exped, 1932 (1F, CAS); Islas Revillagigedo, Isla Socorro, bay at north end, III/3/1975, flight trap, mangrove swamp, L. F. Gomez (1F, CAS); Isla San Benedicto, Herrera Crater, 600’, IV/15/1987, D. K. Faulkner (1F, SDNHM); Micro. Cerro Toto, North of Manzanillo, XII/30/1990, Faulkner & Bloomfield (1F, SDNHM). Guerrero: 18 mi. S Chilpancingo, VII/18/1963, F.D. Parker, L. A. Stange (2F, CAS); Iguala, VIII/18/1081, at blacklight, J. Chemsak, A. &M. Michelbacher (1M, 2F, UCB); Iguala, el. 750 m, at light, IX/9/1982, J. A. Powell, J. A. Chemsak (1F, UCB); Xalitla, 8 km. N. Mezcala, 580 m, IX/17–23/1982, J. A. Powell, J. A. Chemsak (1F, UCB). Jalisco: Ajijic, 5140’, VI/24/1964, UV light, W L. Nutting, (1M, UAZ); Mismalaya Rr., IV/24/1977, D. G. Denning (1F, UCD); Estac. Biol. Chamela, VIII/27/1996, W. Godwin, UV light (3M, 2F, TAMU), at light, VII/20–27/1984, J. A. Chemsak, J. T. Doyen (1M, UCB), VII-28-VIII/2/1084, J. A. Chemsak (1M, UCB), VII/20–27/1984, J. T. Doyen (1M, UCB), at lights, VII/28-VIII/2/1984 J. A. Chemsak, J. T. Doyen (1M, UCB), blacklight, XII/16–19/1992, Chemsak & Katasura (1M, UCB). Michoacán: Rio Huahua, 1.1 mi E, 52.6 mi. N Playa Azul, XII/31/1990, Bloomfield & Faulkner, (1F, SDNHM). Morelos: Acatilpa, VII/16/1965, Flint & Ortiz (1F, USNM). Nayarit: Metro. Santa Barbara, VIII/5/1984, VIII/16/1988, Bloomfield (1M, SDNHM); 1 mi. W Huajicori, III/19/1987, N. Bloomfield (1M, SDNHM); Laguna Sta. Maria, 20 air mi. SSE Tepic, XII/19/1963, M. J. Tauber, C. A. Toschi (1F, UCB). Nuevo León: Monterrey, XII/12/1991, at light, W. F. Chamberlain (1M, 1F, TAMU); Linares, at lights, IX/12–18/1976, J. A. Chemsak, J. A. Powell (2F, UCB). Oaxaca: Pte. Tlacotepec, S. Tehuantepec, VI/8/1966, Flint & Ortiz (2F, USNM, det P. A. Adams) 23 mi. S. Matias Romero, IV/5/1962, F. D. Parker, L. A.Stamge (2F, 1M, CAS); 3 mi W. El Camaron, VIII/6/1963, F. D. Parker, L. A. Stange (1M, 1?, CAS). Quintana Roo: Chetumal, VII/1955, N. J. Krauss (1F, USNM). San Luis Potosí: El Salto, VI/3/1967, O. S. Flint, Jr. (1M, USNM). Sinaloa: Copala, 605 m, XII/27/1978, C. L. Hogue, Cardwell Expedition CLH 235.1 (1M, LACM); Guachil (log river), VIII/30/1985, Brown, Bloomfield (2M, 2F, SDNHM); 5 mi. N. Mazatlan, VII/1/1965, J. A. & M. A. Chemsak, E. G. & J. M. Linsley (1M, UCB); 12 mi. S. Mazatlan, XII/17/1963, M. J. Tauber, C. A. Toschi, (1F, MCT); Mazatlan, VII/22/1954, W. M. Cazier, W. Gertsch Bradts (1F, AMNH); Microondas la Muralla, VIII/13/1985, Faulkner, Bloomfield (2M, 2F, SDNHM); Navajoa, VIII/5/1986, Faulkner (1F, SDNHM); 1 mi. E. Baviri, bat cave, IX/26/1986, Bloomfield (1F, SDNHM); 16 mi. S. Guamúchil, XI/13/1961, Menke & Stange (2M, LACM;), VI/16/1961, F. D. Parker (1F, UCD), L. A. Stange (7F, CAS); 34 mi N. Los Mochis, VIII/27/1963, F. D. Parker, L. A. Stange (1F, CAS); 8 mi S. Elota, VIII/26/1963, F. D. Parker, L. A. Stange (3F, 2M, CAS). Tamaulipas: Ciudad Mante, IX/26/1975, J. A. Powell (1M, UCB); Cd. Victoria, at light, II/28/1999, E. Chouvakhina (M. J. & C. A. Tauber Lot 99:51, MCT) Ciudad Victoria, VIII/10/1972, at black light, G. F. & S.Hevel (1M, USNM); 6 mi S. C. Victoria, 1050’, VIII/6/1963 (1M, USNM); 12 mi. SW. Cd Victoria, 4000’, at lights, IX/19/1976, J. A. Chemsak, J. Powell (1F, UCB); Guemes, VI/28/1965, P. J. Spangler (1F, USNM); Tampico: 50’, XII/29/1963, M. J. Tauber, C. A. Toschi (1F, 1 pupa, M. J. & C. A. Tauber Lot 63:36, 63:86#3, MCT). Veracruz: Fortin de las Flores, X/1– 2/1975, J. A. Powell (2F, UCB); Puente Nacionale, 6 mi. SE Rinconada, IX-30-1975, J. A. Powell (1F, UCB); Puente Nacional, VI/21/1962, D. H. Janzen (1M, UCB); 36 mi. S. Tantoyuca, 120 m., blacklight, VII/3/1985 (K. Wolfe & M. Valverdi (1F, SD- NHM); Citlaltepetl, 3000’, VI/21/1965, L. W. Swan (1F, CAS); Cotaxtla Exp. Sta., Cotaxtla, XII/2/1963, D. J. Janzen (1M, UCB). Yucatán: Chuminopolis, VIII/6- IX/8/1964, J.C. & D. Pallister (4M, 4F, 1?, AMNH), VII/7/1952, J. & D. Pallister (1F, AMNH); Merida, 10 ft., at light, VIII/14/1963, Scullen & Bollinger (2F, det. Adams, 1998; OSU); Merida, VII/29–30/1964, P. J. Spangler (5M, 7F, USNM); Merida, VIII/27-IX/13 /1964, J. C. & D. Pallister (1M, 2F, 1?, AMNH); Timajas, IV/28/1962, F. D. Parker, L. A. Stange (2F, CAS), VIII/18/1963, F. D. Parker, L. A. Stange (8F, CAS); 5 mi. NE Timajas, VIII/18/1963, F. D. Parker, L. A. Stange (4F, 1?, CAS). BELIZE. Roatan Island, French Harbor, 0–50 m, IX/1975, N. L. Krauss (1F, AMNH). COSTA RICA. Alajuela: 20 km. S. Upala, II/5/1991, F. D. Parker (1F, USU, det. Penny ’92). Guanacaste: Parque Nacional Guanacaste, El Hacha, Queb. Pedregal, 10.983 N, 85.539 W, 300 m, VII/27/1987, Holzenthal, Morse, Clausen (1M, det. Penny,’93, UMIN); 21 km S. Canas, E.J.N., M.Ag., VII/27/1990, at light, W. F. Chamberlain (1F, TAMU); 14 km. S. Cañas, V/16–23/1990, VIII/11/1990, II/1–7/1991, F. D. Parker (3F, USU, det. Penny ’92); 20 km. SW Cañas, IX/14/1990, N. D. Penny (1F, CAS, det. N. D. Penny); near Cañas, along river, at light, II/7/1969, J. Sheldon (1F, CAS, det. N. D. Penny); Taboga, VI/26–29/1967, Flint & Ortiz (1M, USNM); S. Cañas Exp Sta, III/8–18/1988, F. D. Parker (1F, USU); Las Canas Rio Corobici, VII/26/1967, O. S. Flint, Jr. (3M, 1F, USNM, det. P. A. Adams). Puntarenas: Boca de Barranca, VI/12–14/1972, Hogue & Duckweiler (M, LACM). EL SALVADOR. San Salvador VI/15/1958, O. L. Cartwright (1M, USNM); 13 km. N. San Salvador, II/4/1965 (6F, USNM, det. P. Adams); Universidad, II/2/1965 (1F, USNM); Cojutepeque, II/9/1965 (2F, USNM); Quezaltepeque, II/2/1965 (2F, USNM); Santa Teca, VI/3–6/1958, O. L. Cartwright (1F, USNM). GUATEMALA. El Progresso. San Agustin Ac. VIII/11–21/1965, Flint & Ortiz (2M, 3F, USNM, det. P. Adams). Retalhuleu: 4 mi. N. Retalhuleu, VII/16/1966, K.U. Survey Course, at blacklight (1F, KU). Zacapa: Rio Teculutan, VIII/18/1965, Flint & Ortiz (1F, USNM). HONDURAS. Fco., Morazan San Antonio de Oriente, El Zamarano, VI/22/1992, J. Gavilanez, Zea mays (1M, MCT, det. P. A. Adams); Francisco Prov., Morazán, Talanga, 87°17.92'N 87°14.17'W, 3250 ft., VI/4/1996, F. G. Andrews, A. J. Gilbert (2F, 1M, CAS, det. N. Penny); La Lima, II/9/1974 [or IX/2/1965], UFC NO 442-8. C. Evers (3F, USNM); La Lima, Cortes, VIII/1/1973, U.V. light, P. Adams, (7F, 7M, CAS, det. P. Adams). NICARAGUA. Domitila: Rivas Res. Sil. Pr., 400 ft., VI/5– 9/2006, W. D. Shepard (1F, UCB). Estelí: Ducuali, VI/13/1967 (2F, 1M, USNM). Managua: Tipitapa, VII/28/1967 (1F, USNM); Leon, U.V., II/12/1989, J. M. Maes (1F, 4M, CAS, det. N. Penny). PANAMA. Panamá: Balboa, X/1946, N. L. H. Krauss (1M, USNM); Port of Chorrera [Chorrea?], IX/9/1952 (1M, USNM); Las Cumbres, VII/9/1976, M. Daykin (1M, UCD); Rio Gatun, Port Limon, C. Z., IV/21/1944, K. E. Frick (1F, CAS); Barro Colorado, CZ, VI/18/1980, H. Wolda (1M, CAS, det. N. Penny). WEST INDIES. ANTIGUA. St John’s, VIII/1967, XII/1967, N. L. H. Krauss (4M, 1F, USNM), St. John’s, 0– 100 m., VIII/1979, N. L. H. Krauss (1M, AMNH), II/2–3/1965, H. E. Evans (3M, 2F, USNM); Coolidge Airport, XI/1967, N. L. H. Krauss (1M, 3F, USNM). BAHAMAS. South Bimini Island, VI/1951, C. & P. Vaurie, VIII/7, 1951 (2F, USNM). Cat Island: Bennetts Harbour, III/24/1953, E. B. Hayden (1M, AMNH); McQueen, I/23/1953, E. B. Hayden & L. Giovannoli (1M, AMNH). Grand Bahama Island: Freeport, VI/20–27/1987, W. E. Steiner, M. J. & R. Molineaux (1M, 5F, USNM). Great Abaco Island: Elbow Cay, Hopetown, VI/1–5/2002, D. G. Marqua (1M, 6F, TAMU). Great Exuma Island: Simons Pt., 23.31.50–75.47.30, I/14/1980, I/11/1980, I/26/1980, J. L. McCabe (5M, 7F, CUIC). New Providence: Nassau, IV/16/1953, E. B. Hayden (1F, AMNH), VIII/1963, N. L. H. Krauss (1M, AMNH). San Salvador Island: nr. Cockburn Town, III/18/1953, E. B. Hayden & G. B. Rabb (1F, AMNH); Rd S. CCFL, V/7– 12/1981, R. Rutkauskas, trap (5M, 1F, USNM); Dump Beach, VI/6/1980, A. G. Scarbrough (1F, USNM); San Salvador Isl., V/15/1981, J. R. Powers (1F, UCB). Turks and Caicos: South Caicos Island, II/11/1953, E. B. Hayden Jr. (2?, AMNH), II/11/1953, E.B. Hayden & G.B. Rabb (1M, 1F, AMNH); Grand Turk; SE side of North Creek, 21°29'25"N, 71°08'W, II/5/2001, at black light in mixed scrub near salt pond, W. E Steiner & J. M. Swearington (1F, USNM); Grand Turk, North Wells, 21°29'50"N, 71°08'20"W, II/7/2001, at black light in mixed scrub near salt pond, W. E Steiner & J. M. Swearington (4F, USNM); Grand Turk, VII/16/1954, G. R. Proctor (1F, CAS), VI/11957, T. H. Farr (2M, CAS). BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS. Anegada Island: Setting Point, 0 m, VII/17–19/1985, U. V. trap, S. & P. Miller (16M, 4F, USNM). Guana Island: 0–80 m, VII/5–23/1985, S. E. & P. M. Miller (8M, 10F, USNM), VII/15–23/1985, S. E. & P. M. Miller (5M, 4F, USNM), VII/13–26/1986, S. E. Miller & M. G. Pogue (11M, 13F, USNM), VII/9–23/1987, S. E. Miller & V. O. Becker (4F, BPBM), X/24–31/1990, S. B. Miller & T. M. Kuklenski (1M, 6F, BPBM); Guana I. VII/1–14/1984 (S. E. Miller & P. M. Miller (7M, 13F, USNM), VII/10–11/1988, Malaise trap, S. B. Miller & C. O’Connell (1M, BPBM), VII/13/1988, S. B. Miller & C. O’Connell (1M, BPBM); Guana I. hotel area, 18°29'N, 64°36'W, X/26–27/1992, IV/16/1993, R. R. Snelling (1M, 4F, LACM). Jost Van Dyke Island: E. end, XI/19-XII/2/1994, L. M. Wilson & J. B. Johnson (7M, 13F, USNM; 6M, 4F, CAS, det. N. D. Penny; 7M, 3F, M. J. & C. A. Tauber Lot 96:72, MCT). Tortula Island: Mt. Sage National Park, 460 m, VII/13–15/1987, S. E. Miller & V. O. Becker (3F, 3?, BPBM). Virgin Gorda Island: V. Gorda Peak, ca. 400m, VII/17–19/1986, S. E. Miller & M. G. Pogue (1M, USNM). CUBA: Isle of Pines (= Isla de la Juventud), Los Indios, VI/28/1950, Cuba Sur. 564 50-9369, on citrus grandis fruit (1M, USNM); Matsipote [?], II/9/1957, beating cocoloba, P. A. Adams (1?, CAS). DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: Azua: East side of crest, Sierra Martin Garcia, 7 km WNW Barrero, 18.21N, 70.58W, 860 m, VII/25–26/1992, C. Young, R. Davidson, S. Thompson, J. Rawlins, cloud forest adjacent to disturbed forest (1F, CMNH). Bahoruco: 5.8 km SW Neiba, eastern playa of Lago Enriquillo, 18.25.17N, 71.26.38W, ̴ 5 m, IV/3/2004, J. Rawlins, R. Davidson, C. Young, salt scrub on sandy playa, hand collected, Sample 50143 (3M, teneral, 18F; CMNH). Barahona: Paraiso, 20 m, 17°59.1’ N, 71°10.0’ W, III/21–22/1999, O. S. Flint, Jr. (2M, USNM). Independencia: 4 km S Los Pinos, Loma de Vientos, 18.35N, 71.46W, 455 m, VII/23/1992, R. Davidson, J. Rawlins, S. Thompson, C. Young, semiarid deciduous forest with pastures (1F, CMNH); Rio Las Damas, 2km S Duvergé, 10 m, 18°22.0’ N, 71°31.4’ W, III/24/1999, O. S. Flint (9M, 4F, USNM); Rio Guyabal, 4.5 km N. Postrer Reio, 150 m 18°34.7'N, 71°37.7'W, III/25/1999). S. Flint (3F, USNM). La Altagracia: Parque del Este, Caseta Guaraguao, 4.4 kn SE Bayahibe, 18.19.59W, 68.48.42W, 3 m, V/26–27/2004, C. Young, J. Rawlins, J. Fetzner, C. Nunez, semihumid forest near sea, limestone, hand collected, Sample 51144 (1M, 2F, CMNH). Maria Trinidad Sánchez: Nagua, VI/19/1977, Rominger (1F, ( UCD). Monte Cristi: 10 km S. Monte Cristi, 5m, V/23/1973, D. & M. Davis (1M, 2F, USNM; 1F, CAS, det.P. Adams). Pedernales: Pedernales, 10 m, 18°01.8’ N, 71°44.7’ W, III/18–20/1999). S. Flint, Jr. (2M, 6F, USNM); Sierra de Baoruco, Aceitillar, 25.2 km ENE Pedernales, 18.05.29W, 71.31.16W, 1272 m, VI/14/2003, C. Young, J. Rawlins, C. Nunez, R. Davidson, P. Acevedo, M. de la Cruz, dense broadleaf forest, pine, hand collected, Sample 42242, (4M, 2F, CMNH); RD-082 Trudillé, PNJ, 17°45.184'N, 71°31.670'W, VII/4/2002, D. Perez, B. Hierro, R. Bastardo, d/n (1M, 1F, USNM, det. O. Flint). Peravia: RD-052 Pueblo Nuevo, Bani, 97 m. (400 ft), 18°17.757'N, 70°19.601'W, VII/27/2002, D. Perez, R. Bastrado (1M, TAMU); 20 km SW Bani nr Calderas, Blacklight, XII/27/1986, J. Doyen, J. S. Blay (1F, UCB) San Cristóbal: X/25/1976, R. S. Rominger (1F, UCD), VI/8–9/1969, Flint & Gomez (1F, USNM). S. Domingo: X/9/1966, L. H. (1M, TAMU). GRAND CAYMAN. West Bay Dist., Seven Mile Beach, IV/18/2003, W. Reeves (1F, TAMU); Grand Cayman Is., III/26/1982, M. E. C. Giglioli (1?, UCD); East End, trap H, XI/23/1982, M. E. Giglioli (1F, UCD); ?? locality, III/13/1983, M. E. C. Giglioli (1F, CAS, det. N. D. Penny); 3 mi. N. Georgetown, V/26/1975, A. B. Gurney (1F, USNM); III/133/1983. HAITI. Port au Prince, Acc 2, 192, R. C. Smith (1? sex, poor condition, USNM, det. E. G. MacLeod). JAMAICA: Kingston, I/27–II/6/1975, B. Heineman (2M, 2F, AMNH); Mona, near Kingston, U. West Indies campus, weeds, VII/16/1962, J. Tomlinson (1F, CAS); St. Catherine Parish, Port Henderson, XI/13/1986, W. J. Pulawski (1M, teneral, CAS); St. Elizabeth Salt Pd., Parottee Beach, 17°58.1'N, 77°50.2'W, IV/19/2000, O. S. Flint (1F, USNM); Clar. Par 2 km. S. Rocky Pt., nr. Jackson Bay Cave, 5 m. XII/10/1975, Don & Mignon Davis (1M, USNM); Clarendon: Jackson Bay, 17°44.7'N, 77°12.6'W., V/13/1996, D. & W. Mathis, H. Williams (1F, USNM); Runaway Bay, at lite, VIII/4–9/1987, J. Brown (1F, UCB); St. Catherine Parish, Port Henderson, XI/13/1986, W. J. Pulawski (1M very teneral, CAS). NETHERLANDS ANTILLES. Curaçao, Willemstad, X/1950, N. L. Krauss (1F, USNM). PUERTO RICO. Puerto Rico Island: Bayamon, at light, VIII/7 [or VII/8]/1932, Anderson & Lesesne, San Juan No 3922 (2M, 1F, USNM); Ponce, Real Anón, hills above Rio Inabón, 18°7'N, 66°34'W, VI/28/2008, at light in gap of mixed montane rain forest, O. H. Garrido, A. R. Perez-Asso, W. E. Steiner, J. M. Swearingen (1F, USNM); Salinas LT, VI/6/1961, J. Maidenado (1M, USNM); Aguirre Cntr., IV/2–3/1931, M.D. Leonard (2M, USNM, det. E. MacLeod). Maguey Island: Parguera, XII/18/1962, P. & P. Spangler (1M, 5F, USNM). Caja de Muertos Island: Acc. No. 2:52–59, V/27– 30/1959 M. Medina (1M, 1F, USNM). Mona Island, Camp Copresi, X/27/1955 (2F, USNM, et. E. G. MacLeod); VIII/1939, Maartorell (1F, USNM, det. E. MacLeod). Vieques Island: Puerto Real, IV/29/1930, Cornell Univ. Lot 795, Sub 44 (sex?, USNM). ST. KITTS. Basseterre, 0–50 m, VII/1976, N. L. H. Krauss (1M, 1F, AMNH). U. S. VIRGIN ISLANDS. Saint Croix Island: Mt. Washington & Union, XII/29/1967, W. Cantelo (1M, USNM); St. Croix, Christiansted, XI/20–26/1985, G. E. Bohart (1F, USU); St. Croix, Christiansted, Constitution Hill, VIII/1936, hand net on bushes, at night, H. A. Beatty, No. 587 (3F, 1M, USNM); Orangegrove, W. end, VII/6–16/1967, E. L. Todd (1M. 5F, USNM). Saint John Island: Maho Bay, VIII/20–23/1984, L. D. French (3M, 1F, UCD). Saint Thomas Island: Estate Lilliandahl, X/25/1978, M. A. Ivie (4F, 1M, UCD). VENEZUELA. Aragua: Rancho Grande, 1100m, I/11–15/1966, S. S. & W. D. Duckworth (1M, USNM). Barinas: Rio Sto. Domingo Barinas, II/17/1976, C. M. & O. S. Flint, Jr. (1M, USNM). Lara: El Cuji, 7 mi. N. Barquisimeto, VI/1/1967, R. W. Poole (5M, 4F, det. Penny,’99, CUIC); 20 km. E Carora, IV/3/1981, A. S. Menke, L. Hollenberg (1F, USNM). CO- LOMBIA. Ant. Finca Fernandes Sopetran, II/14/1983, O. S. Flint, Jr. (1F, USNM).

Known distribution. USA: (Florida, Texas); Mexico; Central America; West Indies [ Antigua, British and USA Virgin Islands, Grand Cayman, Nassau, Jamaica, Dominican Republic, Turks & Caicos, Haiti ( Smith 1931)]. Records from South America include localities in Colombia, Venezuela, and Guyana (records above and Adams and Penny 1985). One specimen (a female) was collected on an aircraft in Central America (between VII/1944 and III/1945, J. H. Hughes - 903, USNM, det. E. G. MacLeod ’63).

Variation. Smith (1931) and Tauber (2003) noted considerable variation in the red coloration on the head and body among adult specimens (Figs 13, 14). Tauber (2003) recorded similar variation in the depth of the larval markings. In the current study, the most darkly marked adult specimens were from the USA, Mexico and Central America; on average, those from the Caribbean Islands had paler markings than the continental specimens. A notable exception is the occurrence of two unusually marked individuals (teneral males) from the Dominican Republic. Both have dark red marks on and surrounding the antennae as well as bright red marks that seem to spill from the head onto the anterior region of the prothorax (dorsum and venter). Some of the tarsi on these specimens are also marked with red.

In addition to the color variation, there is considerable variation in body size (see measurements in descriptions above); this variation appears to be especially pronounced in specimens from the Caribbean Islands [see ranges reported in descriptions above]. In addition, the male and female genitalia express some geographic variation. Some females (e.g., from the Caribbean islands and Venezuela) have shorter and more rounded bursal ducts than females from the continent. And, some male specimens (from the Caribbean islands and Venezuela), especially teneral ones, have delicate gonarcal structures so that the rods of the mediuncus appear to extend from the surface of the gonarcal bridge. However, with careful examination, it can be seen that the rods actually extend from below the bridge.

Figures

Figure 20. Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) collaris: Female genitalia, ventral. b.c. bursa copulatrix b.d. bursal duct b.g. bursal gland inv invagination sp spermatheca sp.d. spermathecal duct.